{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:02:55Z","timestamp":1786982575452,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["3 Biotech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The objective of this study was to determine the effect of application of pesticides on morphology, viability, and germination of pollen grains of Blackberry (\n                    <jats:italic>Rubus glaucus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Benth.) and Tree tomato (\n                    <jats:italic>Solanum betaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Cav.). The study was performed at Patate, Tungurahua province, Ecuador and was divided into two phases. Phase one dedicated to the study of morphology, viability, and identification of nutrient solution for better germination of pollen grains and phase two for the analysis of the effect of conventional, organic, and biological pesticides on pollen grain germination and pollen tube length. To study pollen morphology, pollens were extracted by hand pressure and was analyzed by optical and electron microscopy. The viable pollen grains were identified by staining with 1% acetocarmine. Even though Tree tomato and Blackberry pollen grains are morphologically similar, their exine shapes differ. We observed four times increase in pollen germination rate when suspended in nutrient solution (Sucrose with Boric acid) than control (water). Pollen grains under nutrient solution were subjected to different groups of pesticides for the period of 2, 4, and 6\u00a0h. With respect to pesticide affect, the Blackberry pollen grain germination followed the following order: Lecaniceb\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Beauveb\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Metazeb\u00a0=&gt;\u00a0Myceb\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Control. However, the effect on Tree tomato pollen grains was as follows: Lecaniceb\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Myceb\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Cantus\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Bacillus thuringiensis\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Kripton\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Control. As per as pollen grain germination is concerned, we observed that the chemical pesticides are more harmful than other pesticides. So, it is necessary to perform screening test for different pesticides and their effect on pollen grain germination before applying to the fields.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-017-0781-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T07:11:56Z","timestamp":1497597116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The effects of pesticides on morphology, viability, and germination of Blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) and Tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) pollen grains"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Flavio","family":"Padilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrahan","family":"Oleas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darwin","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangeppagari","family":"Manjunatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh R.","family":"Kundapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naga Raju","family":"Maddela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bugude","family":"Rajeswari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"781_CR1","unstructured":"Arredondo B (2008) Polinicide effect of copper salts in CV Hass avocado flowers. Thesis Retrieved November 2013 in Quillota\u2013Chile. pp 11\u201312. http:\/\/ucv.altavoz.net\/prontus_unidacad\/site\/artic\/20080812\/asocfile\/20080812094258\/sarredondo.pdf"},{"key":"781_CR2","unstructured":"Debrot A, Arnal E, Solorsano R, Ramoa F (2005) Diagnosis of diseases of Tree tomato in Venezuela Aragua and Miranda states. Retrieved May 2011, from INIA-CINIAP. Revista Digital del Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias de Venezuela. http:\/\/www.rlc.fao.org\/ is\/agriculture\/produ\/cdrom\/content\/Book 10\/cap03_ 4.htm"},{"key":"781_CR3","unstructured":"Del Hierro CAG (2013). Morphological study of the impact of conventional, biological and ecological pesticides in pollen grain tomato tree. Thesis, Biotechnology Engineering, University of the Armed Forces-ESPE"},{"key":"781_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzales, Candau P (1989) Palynology contribution to the Rosaceae. Acta Bot\u00e1nica Malacitana, 14, pp 105\u2013116. Malaga. Universidad de Sevilla, Publicada 11 de enero de 1989. http:\/\/www.biolveg.uma.es\/abm\/Volumenes\/vol14\/14_Gonzalez.pdf","DOI":"10.24310\/abm.v14i.9343"},{"key":"781_CR5","unstructured":"INCAP and FAO (1992) Cultivation of Blackberry, Rubus glaucus. Retrieved June 2011 Table of food composition ICBF 6ta Ed.: http:\/\/www.angelfire.com\/ia2\/ingenieriaagricola\/mora.htm"},{"key":"781_CR6","unstructured":"Malc Gehrke Rodney V (2008) Reproductive phenology of ata\u00fafo handle associated with the incidence of child handle. Produce Chiapas http:\/\/www.fec-pag7-16chiapas.com.mx\/sistema\/biblioteca_digital\/fenologia-reproductiva-del-mango-ataulfo.pdf"},{"key":"#cr-split#-781_CR7.1","unstructured":"Palaz\u00f3n I, Palaz\u00f3n C, Balduque R (1991) Pesticides applied in bloom and pollination. In: Aragon SD"},{"key":"#cr-split#-781_CR7.2","unstructured":"(ed) Retrieved on February 25, 2012, 27 page. http:\/\/library.wur.nl\/WebQuery\/clc\/566752"},{"key":"781_CR8","unstructured":"PAVUC (2008) With commercial fruit crops Underutilised potential Andean Blackberry (Rubus spp.). Retrieved January 2012 from pp 3\u20134 http:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/docs\/publications\/1206\/120694401-6_en.pdf"},{"key":"781_CR9","unstructured":"Ricaurte C (1999) Study of the morphology of the pollen grain in Tree tomatoes (Cyphomandra betacea) and the effect of the application of fungicides on germination. Thesis. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, pp 16 (22): 57\u201367. Sangolqui- Ecuador"},{"key":"781_CR10","volume-title":"Influence of pesticides on germination of pollen grains in the Tree tomato Cyphomandra betacea SENT","author":"N Soria","year":"1996","unstructured":"Soria N (1996) Influence of pesticides on germination of pollen grains in the Tree tomato Cyphomandra betacea SENT. Benjamin Araujo Higher Agricultural Technical Institute, Patate"},{"key":"781_CR11","unstructured":"Tobon C, Vasquez G (1998) Factors associated with the generation and adoption of Technology in exotic fruit, Bibliotheca digital. Agronet. Antioquia: CORPOICA. pp 13\u201315"},{"key":"781_CR12","unstructured":"Tomlik W, Ham WV (2004) Pollen morphology of the genus Rubus L. In: Poloniae AS (ed) Obtained from studies Malesian kind of subgenres Chamaebatus L. and L. Idaeobatus 73 (3): 207\u2013227. https:\/\/pbsocietyorg.pl\/journals\/index.php\/ASBP\/article\/view\/asbp.1995.027"}],"container-title":["3 Biotech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13205-017-0781-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13205-017-0781-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13205-017-0781-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T18:06:48Z","timestamp":1630606008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13205-017-0781-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-017-0781-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-572X","2190-5738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-572X","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-5738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"We declare that we have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"154"}}