{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:45:54Z","timestamp":1792125954037,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["3 Biotech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-026-05094-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:05:24Z","timestamp":1792123524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green-synthesized Capsicum annuum\u2013MgO nanoparticles modulate biofilm formation and virulence-gene expression in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus and reduce MCF-7 cell viability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Abeer Hassan","family":"Kadhum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan A. Aal","family":"Owaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Z.","family":"Al-Saffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mais Emad","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jameel R.","family":"Al-Obaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5094_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2020.61.2.9","volume":"61","author":"R Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali R, Shanan ZJ, Saleh GM, Abass Q (2020) Green synthesis and the study of some physical properties of MgO nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity. Iraqi J Sci 61(2):266\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24996\/ijs.2020.61.2.9","journal-title":"Iraqi J Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"5094_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4239","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104239","volume":"28","author":"R Alonso-Villegas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alonso-Villegas R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Amaro RM, Figueroa-Hern\u00e1ndez CY, Rodr\u00edguez-Buenfil IM (2023) The genus Capsicum: a review of bioactive properties of its polyphenolic and capsaicinoid composition. Molecules 28(10):4239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28104239","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5094_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030082","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4991186","volume":"1862","author":"B Amelia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amelia B, Saepudin E, Cahyana AH, Rahayu DU, Sulistyoningrum AS, Haib J (2017) GC-MS analysis of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud essential oil from Java and Manado. AIP Conf Proc 1862:030082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4991186","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc"},{"issue":"8","key":"5094_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237567","volume":"15","author":"M Amina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amina M, Al Musayeib NM, Alarfaj NA, El-Tohamy MF, Oraby HF, Al Hamoud GA, Bukhari SI, Moubayed NMS (2020) Biogenic green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Saussurea costus biomasses for a comprehensive detection of their antimicrobial, cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and photocatalysis potentials. PLoS ONE 15(8):e0237567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0237567","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"5094_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2692","volume":"28","author":"BC Aranha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aranha BC, Hoffmann JF, Barbieri RL, Rombaldi CV, Chaves FC (2017) Untargeted metabolomic analysis of Capsicum spp. by GC\u2013MS. Phytochem Anal 28(5):439\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pca.2692","journal-title":"Phytochem Anal"},{"issue":"8","key":"5094_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-017-2854-x","volume":"243","author":"RE Brito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brito RE, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez J, Montoya MR, Rodr\u00edguez Mellado JM (2017) Comparison of the volatile antioxidant contents in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of a set of commercial spices and condiments. Eur Food Res Technol 243(8):1439\u20131445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00217-017-2854-x","journal-title":"Eur Food Res Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5094_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5818","DOI":"10.3390\/app12125818","volume":"12","author":"LD Chel-Guerrero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chel-Guerrero LD, Scampicchio M, Ferrentino G, Rodr\u00edguez-Buenfil IM, Fragoso-Serrano M (2022) In vitro assessment of antiproliferative activity and cytotoxicity modulation of Capsicum chinense by-product extracts. Appl Sci 12(12):5818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12125818","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"17","key":"5094_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175215","volume":"26","author":"B Chilczuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chilczuk B, Marciniak B, Kontek R, Materska M (2021) Diversity of the chemical profile and biological activity of Capsicum annuum L. extracts in relation to their lipophilicity. Molecules 26(17):5215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26175215","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5094_CR9","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2023) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI supplement M100, 33rd edn. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA","edition":"33"},{"issue":"1","key":"5094_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1809962","volume":"11","author":"HO Eltwisy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eltwisy HO, Abdel-Fattah M, Elsisi AM, Omar MM, Abdelmoteleb AA, El-Mokhtar MA (2020) Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus on primary human skin fibroblast cells. Virulence 11(1):1142\u20131157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2020.1809962","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"6","key":"5094_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061130","volume":"10","author":"HO Eltwisy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eltwisy HO, Twisy HO, Hafez MHR, Sayed IM, El-Mokhtar MA (2022) Clinical infections, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Microorganisms 10(6):1130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10061130","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"5094_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4314\/bcse.v35i1.14","volume":"35","author":"A Fatiqin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fatiqin A, Amrulloh H, Simanjuntak W (2021) Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract for antibacterial activity. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 35(1):161\u2013170. http:\/\/repository.lppm.unila.ac.id\/id\/eprint\/30102","journal-title":"Bull Chem Soc Ethiop"},{"issue":"2","key":"5094_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.18596\/jotcsa.1247385","volume":"11","author":"H Hemmami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hemmami H, Ben Amor I, Zeghoud S, Laouini SE, Nleonu EC, Pohl P, Simal-Gandara J (2024) A systematic review of synthesis MgO nanoparticles and their applications. J Turk Chem Soc Sect A 11(2):731\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18596\/jotcsa.1247385","journal-title":"J Turk Chem Soc Sect A"},{"issue":"4","key":"5094_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s43994-024-00170-w","volume":"11","author":"F Ibadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ibadi F, Yousif E, Al-Ani A, Al-Mashhadani M, Al-Saffar AZ, Basem A, Bufaroosha M, Hashim H, Husain A, Jawad AH, Hairunisa N (2025) Organotin complexes with Schiff\u2019s base ligands: insights into their cytotoxic effects on lung cancer cells. J Umm Al-Qura Univ Appl Sci 11(4):657\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43994-024-00170-w","journal-title":"J Umm Al-Qura Univ Appl Sci"},{"key":"5094_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"M Khudiar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khudiar M, Jessim AI, Zuhair Azeez A, Fakhry SS, Alwash SJ, Farhan YI, Abdulbaqi AA (2016) Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus spp. isolated from local food markets at Baghdad city. Iraqi J Sci 57:1\u20138","journal-title":"Iraqi J Sci"},{"key":"5094_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"99","author":"S K\u0131rmusao\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"K\u0131rmusao\u011flu S (2019) Biofilm and screening antibiofilm activity of agents. Antimicrobials Antibiotic Resist Antibiofilm Strateg Act Methods 99:1\u201317","journal-title":"Antimicrobials Antibiotic Resist Antibiofilm Strateg Act Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"5094_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2021.1955922","volume":"24","author":"J Lidikov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lidikov\u00e1 J, \u010ceryov\u00e1 N, \u0160nirc M, Vollmannov\u00e1 A, Musilov\u00e1 J, T\u00f3thov\u00e1 M, Heged\u0171sov\u00e1 A (2021) Determination of bioactive components in selected varieties of pepper (Capsicum L). Int J Food Prop 24(1):1148\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10942912.2021.1955922","journal-title":"Int J Food Prop"},{"issue":"4","key":"5094_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2009\u2013 \u2206\u2206CT method. Methods 25(4):402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"5094_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S406243","volume":"16","author":"Y Mao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mao Y, Liu P, Chen H, Wang Y, Li C, Wang Q (2023) Baicalein inhibits the Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and the LuxS\/AI-2 system in vitro. Infect Drug Resist 16:2861\u20132882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S406243","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"5","key":"5094_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13302","volume":"42","author":"E Montassier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montassier E, Gastinne T, Vangay P, Al-Ghalith GA, Bruley des Varannes S, Massart S, Knights D (2015) Chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 42(5):515\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.13302","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"5094_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71149-0","volume":"14","author":"A Muhaymin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muhaymin A, Mohamed HEA, Hkiri K, Safdar A, Azizi S, Maaza M (2024) Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Hyphaene thebaica extract and their photocatalytic activities. Sci Rep 14:20315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-71149-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10325","key":"5094_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, Han C, Bisignano C, Rao P, Wool E, Johnson SC, Browne AJ, Chipeta MG, Fell F, Hackett S, Haines-Woodhouse G, Kashef Hamadani BH, Kumaran EAP, McManigal B, Agarwal R, Amoenus-Hammond S, Antony CM, Tasak N (2022) Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399(10325):629\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"30","key":"5094_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19947","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c02297","volume":"6","author":"FA Qais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qais FA, Ahmad I, Altaf M, Alotaibi SH (2021) Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles using Capsicum annuum extract and its antiquorum sensing and antibiofilm activity against bacterial pathogens. ACS Omega 6(30):19947\u201319961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.1c02297","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"5094_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143614","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1143614","volume":"11","author":"RB Rotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rotti RB, Sunitha DV, Manjunath R, Roy A, Mayegowda SB, Gnanaprakash AP, Alghamdi S, Almehmadi M, Abdulaziz O, Allahyani M, Aljuaid A, Alsaiari AA, Ashgar SS, Babalghith AO, Abd El-Lateef AE, Khidir EB (2023) Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and its antibacterial properties. Front Chem 11:1143614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2023.1143614","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"5094_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946","volume":"11","author":"MA Salam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salam MA, Al-Amin MY, Salam MT, Pawar JS, Akhter N, Rabaan AA, Alqumber MAA (2023) Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health. Healthcare 11(13):1946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11131946","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"5094_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"060006","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0065362","volume":"2372","author":"MI Salman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salman MI, Emran MA, Al-Shammari AM (2021) Spheroid-formation 3D engineering model assay for in vitro assessment and expansion of cancer cells. AIP Conf Proc 2372:060006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0065362","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"5094_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020102","volume":"10","author":"S Shinde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shinde S, Lee LH, Chu T (2021) Inhibition of biofilm formation by the synergistic action of EGCG-S and antibiotics. Antibiotics 10(2):102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10020102","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5094_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0251-7","volume":"6","author":"LB Shrestha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shrestha LB, Bhattarai NR, Khanal B (2017) Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation among coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 6(1):83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-017-0251-7","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"5094_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6702","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CERAMINT.2015.01.112","volume":"41","author":"V Srivastava","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srivastava V, Sharma YC, Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 M (2015) Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoflower and its application for the removal of divalent metallic species from synthetic wastewater. Ceram Int 41(5):6702\u20136709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CERAMINT.2015.01.112","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"5094_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14062167","volume":"14","author":"B Sultana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sultana B, Anwar F, Ashraf M (2009) Effect of extraction solvent\/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plant extracts. Molecules 14(6):2167\u20132180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules14062167","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"5094_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.488-496.2006","volume":"74","author":"L Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu L, Li H, Vuong C, Vadyvaloo V, Wang J, Yao Y, Otto M, Gao Q (2006) Role of the luxS quorum-sensing system in biofilm formation and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Immun 74(1):488\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.74.1.488-496.2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["3 Biotech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13205-026-05094-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13205-026-05094-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13205-026-05094-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:05:26Z","timestamp":1792123526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13205-026-05094-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-026-05094-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-572X","2190-5738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-572X","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-5738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the College of Science Research Ethics Committee, University of Baghdad (Ref: CSEC\/1224\/0125). All procedures involving human-derived clinical isolates were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to specimen collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"466"}}