{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:57:11Z","timestamp":1785225431561,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008211","name":"Drexel University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GAANN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAANN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Eng Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Computational models of the cardiovascular system continue to increase in complexity. As more elements of the physiology are captured in multiscale models, there is a need to efficiently integrate subsystems. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a coupling methodology, called functional mock-up interface (FMI), as applied to multiscale cardiovascular modeling.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The multiscale model is composed of two subsystems: a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled to a lumped parameter model (LPM). The LPM is packaged using the FMI standard and imported into the CFD subsystem using an FMI co-simulation architecture. The functionality of an FMI coupling was demonstrated in a univentricular parallel circulation by means of compatible tools, including ANSYS CFX and Python. Predicted pressures and flows were evaluated in comparison with clinical data and a previously developed computational model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The two models exchanged pressure and flow data between their boundaries at each timestep, demonstrating sufficient inter-subsystem communication. The models recreated pressures and flows from clinical measurements and a patient-specific model previously published.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>FMI integrated with ANSYS CFX is an effective approach for interfacing cardiovascular multiscale models as demonstrated by the presented univentricular circulatory model. FMI offers a modular approach towards tool integration and is an advantageous strategy for modeling complex systems.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-024-00767-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T17:36:31Z","timestamp":1736184991000},"page":"202-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pediatric Cardiovascular Multiscale Modeling using a Functional Mock-up Interface"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3773-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Garven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randy M.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Throckmorton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"767_CR1","unstructured":"Assessing the Credibility of Computational Modeling and Simulation in Medical Device Submissions. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 2023."},{"key":"767_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308044","author":"PD Morris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris, P. D., et al. Computational fluid dynamics modelling in cardiovascular medicine. Heart. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308044.","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"767_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007910100063","author":"A Quarteroni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Quarteroni, A., et al. Coupling between lumped and distributed models for blood flow problems. Comput Visual Sci. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007910100063.","journal-title":"Comput Visual Sci."},{"key":"767_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00078","author":"CJ Arthurs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arthurs, C. J., et al. Reproducing Patient-Specific Hemodynamics in the Blalock-Taussig Circulation Using a Flexible Multi-Domain Simulation Framework: Applications for Optimal Shunt Design. Front Pediatr. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00078.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"767_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.07.042","author":"C Corsini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corsini, C., et al. The influence of systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunts and peripheral vasculatures in the univentricular circulations: Focus on coronary perfusion and aortic arch hemodynamics through computational multi-domain modeling. J. Biomech. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.07.042.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"767_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-018-00396-w","author":"A Ceballos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ceballos, A., et al. Patient-Specific Multi-Scale Model Analysis of Hemodynamics Following the Hybrid Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Effects of Reverse Blalock-Taussig Shunt Diameter. Cardiovasc Eng Tech. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13239-018-00396-w.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Eng Tech."},{"key":"767_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.10.023","author":"E Kung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kung, E., et al. Predictive modeling of the virtual hemi- Fontan operation for second stage single ventricle palliation: Two patient- specific cases. J Biomech. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.10.023.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"767_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027271","author":"E Kung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kung, E., et al. A simulation protocol for exercise physiology in Fontan patients using a closed loop lumped-parameter model. J Biomech. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4027271.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"767_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038751","author":"H Lan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lan, H., et al. A Re-Engineered Software Interface and Workflow for the Open-Source SimVascular Cardiovascular Modeling Package. J Biomech Eng. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4038751.","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng."},{"key":"767_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2016.05.031","author":"A Quarteroni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quarteroni, A., et al. Integrated Heart\u2014Coupling multiscale and multiphysics models for the simulation of the cardiac function. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cma.2016.05.031.","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg."},{"key":"767_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26868\/25222708.2019.211239","author":"W Mazurowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mazurowski, W., et al. BESP: An Integrated Artificial Intelligence-Based Platform for Building and Environment Simulation. Proceedings of the 16th IBPSA Conference. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26868\/25222708.2019.211239.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 16th IBPSA Conference"},{"key":"767_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CPEEE51686.2021.9383360","author":"J Robles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robles, J., et al. Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control for a Variable Speed Wind Turbine System using Face Mock-Up Interface co-simulation. 11th International Conference on Power Energy and Electrical Engineering (CPEEE). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CPEEE51686.2021.9383360.","journal-title":"11th International Conference on Power Energy and Electrical Engineering (CPEEE)"},{"key":"767_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2023.105022","author":"T Guilbaud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guilbaud, T., et al. Investigating the Functional Mock-up Interface as a Coupling Framework for the multi-fidelity analysis of nuclear reactors. Prog Nucl Energy. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnucene.2023.105022.","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Energy."},{"key":"767_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104840","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., et al. A finite element model of the cardiac ventricles with coupled circulation: Biventricular mesh generation with hexahedral elements, airbags and a functional mockup interface to the circulation. Compt Biol Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104840.","journal-title":"Compt Biol Med."},{"key":"767_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaa188","author":"N Alphonso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alphonso, N., et al. Guidelines for the management of neonates and infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaa188.","journal-title":"European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery"},{"key":"767_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j:jtcvs:2012:04:028","author":"RG Ohye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ohye, R. G., et al. Cause, timing, and location of death in the Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j:jtcvs:2012:04:028.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"767_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped:2017:00078","author":"C Arthurs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arthurs, C., et al. Reproducing Patient-Specific Hemodynamics in the Blalock-Taussig Circulation Using a Flexible Multi-Domain Simulation Framework: Applications for Optimal Shunt Design. Front. Pediatr. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped:2017:00078.","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"767_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped:2013:00031","author":"G Biglino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biglino, G., et al. Modeling single ventricle physiology: review of engineering tools to study first stage palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Front. Pediatr. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped:2013:00031.","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"767_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0002","author":"R Prather","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prather, R., et al. Patient-specific multiscale computational fluid dynamics assessment of embolization rates in the hybrid Norwood: effects of size and placement of the reverse Blalock-Taussig shunt. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0002.","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"767_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000002043","author":"M Hirschhorn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirschhorn, M., et al. Next generation development of hybrid continuous flow pediatric total artificial heart technology: design-build-test. ASAIO. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAT.0000000000002043.","journal-title":"ASAIO"},{"key":"767_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.734310","author":"E Garven","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garven, E., et al. Tunable Blood Shunt for Neonates With Complex Congenital Heart Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.734310.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol."},{"key":"767_CR22","unstructured":"Modelon AB. FMI Compliance Checker [GitHub Repository]. 2014; https:\/\/github.com\/modelica-tools\/FMUComplianceChecker"},{"key":"767_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05985-3","author":"R Prather","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prather, R., et al. Parametric investigation of an injection-jet self-powered Fontan circulation. Sci Rep. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-05985-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"767_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-018-0342-5","author":"M Ni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ni, M., et al. Computational Investigation of a Self-Powered Fontan Circulation. Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13239-018-0342-5.","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology."},{"key":"767_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-014-1055-7","author":"C Celestin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Celestin, C., M. Guillot, and R. Ascuitto. Computational Fluid Dynmaics Characterization of Blood Flow in Central Aorta to Pulmonary Artery Connections: Importance of Shunt Angulation as a Determinant of Shear Stress-Induced Thrombosis. Ped Cardio. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-014-1055-7.","journal-title":"Ped Cardio."},{"key":"767_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112072003003","author":"R Nerem","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nerem, R., W. Seed, and N. Wood. An experimental study of the velocity distribution and transition to turbulence in the aorta. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022112072003003.","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"767_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72309-8","author":"K Saqr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saqr, K., et al. Physiologic blood flow is turbulent. Sci Rep. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72309-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"767_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16079-5","author":"K Saqr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saqr, K., and I. Zidane. On non-Kolmogorov turbulence in blood flow and its possible role in mechanobiological stimulation. Sci Rep. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-16079-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"767_CR29","unstructured":"Menter F, Kuntz M, Langtry R. Ten Years of Industrial Experience with the SST Turbulence Model. Proceeding of the 4th International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer. 2003."},{"key":"767_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11131930","author":"E Kardampiki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kardampiki, E., et al. The Hemodynamic Effect of Modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt Morphologies: A Computational Analysis Based on Reduced Order Modeling. Electronics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics11131930.","journal-title":"Electronics."},{"key":"767_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03175-4","author":"C Stokes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stokes, C., et al. The Influence of Minor Aortic Branches in Patient-Specific Flow Simulations of Type-B Aortic Dissection. Ann Biomed Eng. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03175-4.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"767_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2024.101747","author":"M Shorofsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shorofsky, M., et al. Patient-specific computational fluid dynamic modeling accurately predicts systolic pressure gradients across stenotic right ventricular outflow tracts. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2024.101747.","journal-title":"Progress in Pediatric Cardiology."},{"key":"767_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.12.003","author":"T Schmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt, T., et al. Superior performance of continuous over pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices in the single ventricle circulation: A computational study. J Biomech. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.12.003.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"767_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hatledal LI et al. Enabling Python Driven Co-Simulation Models with\u00a0PythonFMU. Proceeding of the 34th International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation. 2020; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7148\/2020","DOI":"10.7148\/2020"},{"key":"767_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008881","author":"CJ Arthurs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arthurs, C. J., et al. CRIMSON: An open-source software framework for cardiovascular integrated modelling and simulation. PLOS Comput Biol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008881.","journal-title":"PLOS Comput Biol."}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13239-024-00767-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13239-024-00767-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13239-024-00767-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T05:02:38Z","timestamp":1742965358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13239-024-00767-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13239-024-00767-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-408X","1869-4098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-408X","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-4098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study tested a modeling methodology in comparison to a previously published model and its associated clinical data. All data was obtained in a fully anonymized form from published research articles and publicly available online databases.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}