{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:14:56Z","timestamp":1776867296217,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Eng Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurate assessment of cardiac preload remains a clinical challenge, particularly in heart failure patients where preload manipulation is impractical or contraindicated. Ejection fraction (EF), while widely used, reflects a combination of preload, contractility, and afterload, and may obscure the specific contribution of preload. Inspired by a preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) model for heart function, a concise, three factor expression for ejection fraction (EF) can be obtained where EF is directly proportional to preload, directly proportional to contractility, and inversely proportional to afterload. The contractility and afterload factors are common metrics; whereas the preload factor, filling fraction (FF), is a novel, dimensionless preload metric that sets a physiologic upperbound on EF. Unfortunately, FF measurement requires an estimate of the volume intercept or dead-space volume of the left ventricle, and such a measure has, conventionally, required preload manipulation with extrapolation to the volume axis. To address this, we propose a single-beat extrapolation method for estimating the volume intercept using end-diastolic and end-systolic measurements. In-silico testing across 10,000 synthetic left ventricular geometries demonstrates strong agreement between the estimated intercept and actual, prescribed dead-space volumes. This method enables non-invasive computation of FF from single-beat data without the need for in vivo preload manipulation. Potential clinical applications include characterizing cardiac function, stratifying heart failure subtypes, and enhancing diagnostic precision when EF is preserved but preload reserve is impaired. Future validation in clinical imaging datasets is warranted to assess real-world applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-025-00809-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T19:13:53Z","timestamp":1772478833000},"page":"237-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Filling Fraction and Single Beat Method for Estimating Dead-Space Volume of Left Ventricle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Melanie P.","family":"Hager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George V.","family":"Letsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5988-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Criscione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"809_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. 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Janicki, \u201cInstantaneous force-velocity-length relations: experimental findings and clinical correlates,\u201d Am J Cardiol, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 740\u20137, Nov 1977, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9149(77)90191-6","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"809_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.21.4.423","volume":"21","author":"EH Sonnenblick","year":"1967","unstructured":"E. H. Sonnenblick, J. Ross, Jr., J. W. Covell, H. M. Spotnitz, and D. Spiro, \u201cThe ultrastructure of the heart in systole and diastole. Chantes in sarcomere length,\u201d Circ Res, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 423\u201331, Oct 1967, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.res.21.4.423","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"809_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Reichek, J. Wilson, M. St John Sutton, T. A. Plappert, S. Goldberg, and J. W. 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Lababidi et al., \u201cNew algorithm for estimating left ventricular filling pressure by echocardiography,\u201d Circulation, vol. 152, no. 7, pp. 424\u2013435, Aug. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.125.074974","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"809_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009124","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009124","volume":"8","author":"WG O\u2019Dell","year":"2019","unstructured":"W. G. O\u2019Dell, \u201cAccuracy of left ventricular cavity volume and ejection fraction for conventional estimation methods and 3D surface fitting,\u201d J. Am. Heart Assoc., vol. 8, no. 6, p. e009124, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.118.009124","journal-title":"J. Am. 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