{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:15:23Z","timestamp":1776867323054,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Eng Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The application of catheter-based treatments for a growing range of structural heart diseases (SHD) has significantly increased over the past five years, driven by technological advances in medical navigation systems, particularly those based on medical imaging. Multimodal cardiac imaging plays a crucial role in these systems by combining complementary anatomical, morphological, and functional information, thereby increasing diagnostic accuracy and improving the effectiveness of cardiovascular interventions and clinical outcomes. However, multimodal imaging poses challenges, including intermodality misalignment and the need to determine optimal integration methods for data from different imaging modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article reviews the state-of-the-art image-based medical navigation systems used in catheter-based cardiac procedures. The review covers the period from 2019 to 2023 and includes a total of 44 articles. The methodologies in these studies are grouped into six main categories: Image Enhancement and Tracking, Image Fusion and Reconstruction, 3D Modeling\/Printing, Extended Reality, and Artificial Intelligence (AI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most studies involve multimodality imaging, combining or transferring information across different modalities. The review emphasizes that current multimodal imaging techniques enhance the accuracy of procedures such as left atrial appendage closure (LAAC), transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), and catheter ablation therapy. These techniques rely on combinations of imaging modalities such as fluoroscopy, ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT) to enable real-time guidance and precise navigation during minimally invasive interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By integrating data from multiple sources, these systems improve diagnostic reliability and procedural success, meeting the complex demands of SHD treatment. Despite advances, real-time surgical guidance remains a major challenge, underscoring the need for continued research in this area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-026-00830-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T19:02:10Z","timestamp":1774897330000},"page":"99-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Image-Based Medical Navigation Systems for Cardiac Interventions: Recent Technological Advances"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7818-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds C. N.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L.","family":"Vila\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9651-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siobh\u00e1n","family":"Moane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1995-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/S13239-014-0183-9\/TABLES\/4","volume":"5","author":"KH Dellimore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dellimore, K. H., S. E. Franklin, and A. R. Helyer. A review of catheter related complications during minimally invasive transcatheter cardiovascular intervention with implications for catheter design. Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol. 5(3):217\u2013232, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13239-014-0183-9\/TABLES\/4.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ATHORACSUR.2011.03.014","volume":"92","author":"PY Etienne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Etienne, P. Y., S. Papadatos, E. El Khoury, D. Pieters, J. Price, and D. Glineur. Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the edwards sapien valve: feasibility, technical considerations, and clinical advantages. Ann.Thorac. Surg. 92(2):746\u2013748, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ATHORACSUR.2011.03.014.","journal-title":"Ann.Thorac. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCIN.2020.12.038","volume":"14","author":"M Hensey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hensey, M., R. A. Brown, S. Lal, J. Sathananthan, J. Ye, A. Cheung, P. Blanke, J. Leipsic, R. Moss, R. Boone, and J. G. Webb. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement: an update on current techniques, technologies, and future directions. Cardiovasc. Interv. 14(5):489\u2013500, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCIN.2020.12.038.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"issue":"20","key":"830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JACC.2012.08.966","volume":"60","author":"GJ Dehmer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dehmer, G. J., D. Weaver, M. T. Roe, S. Milford-Beland, S. Fitzgerald, A. Hermann, J. Messenger, I. Moussa, K. Garratt, J. Rumsfeld, and R. G. Brindis. A contemporary view of diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention in the United States: a report from the CathPCI registry of the national cardiovascular data registry, 2010 through June 2011. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 60(20):2017\u20132031, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JACC.2012.08.966.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"830_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PCAD.2021.11.013","volume":"69","author":"M Alfadhel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfadhel, M., T. Nestelberger, R. Samuel, C. McAlister, and J. Saw. Left atrial appendage closure\u2013current status and future directions. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 69:101\u2013109, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PCAD.2021.11.013.","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"830_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2017.09.15","volume":"6","author":"JA Terr\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Terr\u00e9, J. A., I. George, and C. R. Smith. Pros and cons of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg. 6(5):444, 2017.","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"issue":"24","key":"830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.08.111","volume":"10","author":"A Fraisse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fraisse, A., M. Latchman, S. R. Sharma, S. Bayburt, P. Amedro, G. Di Salvo, and A. E. Baruteau. Atrial septal defect closure indications and contra-indications. J. Thorac. Dis. 10(24):2874, 2018.","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"830_CR8","first-page":"45","volume":"2","author":"H Calkins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Calkins, H., V. K. A. Kumar, and J. Francis. Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Supraventricular Tachycardia. Indian Pacing. Electrophysiol. J. 2(2):45, 2002.","journal-title":"Indian Pacing. Electrophysiol. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"830_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-020-02274-0","volume":"16","author":"I Vernikouskaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vernikouskaya, I., D. Bertsche, W. Rottbauer, and V. Rasche. 3D-XGuide: open-source X-ray navigation guidance system. Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg. 16(1):53\u201363, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-020-02274-0.","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.638487","volume":"8","author":"F Fortuni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fortuni, F., K. Hirasawa, J. J. Bax, V. Delgado, and N. Ajmone Marsan. Multi-modality imaging for interventions in tricuspid valve disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 8:1\u201317, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.638487.","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1091\/ac12d6","author":"MEMK Abdelaziz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, M. E. M. K., L. Tian, M. Hamady, G. Z. Yang, and B. Temelkuran. X-ray to MR: the progress of flexible instruments for endovascular navigation. Prog. Biomed. Eng. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2516-1091\/ac12d6.","journal-title":"Prog. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMIR.2021.07.003","volume":"52","author":"MU Aziz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aziz, M. U., P. Manapragada, and S. P. Singh. Non coronary applications of cardiac computed tomography: a review. J. Med. Imagin Radiat. Sci. 52(3):S51\u2013S64, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMIR.2021.07.003.","journal-title":"J. Med. Imagin Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"830_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM12175664","author":"JM Farina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farina, J. M., T. Barry, R. Arsanjani, C. Ayoub, and T. Z. Naqvi. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous catheter-based cardiac interventions. J. Clin. Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/JCM12175664.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AHJ.2022.12.007","volume":"258","author":"R L\u00f3pez-Galvez","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Galvez, R., J. M. Rivera-Caravaca, V. Rold\u00e1n, E. Orenes-Pi\u00f1ero, M. A. Esteve-Pastor, C. L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda, D. Saura, J. Gonz\u00e1lez, G. Y. H. Lip, and F. Mar\u00edn. Imaging in atrial fibrillation: a way to assess atrial fibrosis and remodeling to assist decision-making. Am. Heart J. 258:1\u201316, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AHJ.2022.12.007.","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102869","volume":"88","author":"L Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, L., W. Ding, L. Huang, X. Zhuang, and V. Grau. Multi-modality cardiac image computing: a survey. Med. Image Anal.88:102869, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2023.102869.","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"issue":"8","key":"830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2020.03.014","volume":"39","author":"C Nobre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nobre, C., M. Oliveira-Santos, L. Paiva, M. Costa, and L. Gon\u00e7alves. Fusion imaging in interventional cardiology. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia. 39(8):463\u2013473, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.repc.2020.03.014.","journal-title":"Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia"},{"key":"830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803045","author":"H Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, H., C. Shan, A. F. Kolen, and H. N. De With Peter. Automated catheter localization in volumetric ultrasound using 3D patch-wise U-net with focal loss. Proc-Int. Conf. Image Proc. ICIP. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803045.","journal-title":"Proc-Int. Conf. Image Proc. ICIP."},{"key":"830_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MEDIA.2020.101634","author":"H Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, H., I. Smal, J. Daemen, and T. van Walsum. Dynamic coronary roadmapping via catheter tip tracking in X-ray fluoroscopy with deep learning based Bayesian filtering. Med. Image Anal. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MEDIA.2020.101634.","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/J.WNEU.2017.07.154","volume":"109","author":"JP Du","year":"2018","unstructured":"Du, J. P., D. H. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Fan, Q. N. Wu, and D. J. Hao. Accuracy of pedicle screw insertion among 3 image-guided navigation systems: systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 109:24\u201330, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.WNEU.2017.07.154.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranne, A., Kuang, L., Velikova, Y., Navab, N., & Baena, F. R. y. (2024). CathFlow: self-supervised segmentation of catheters in interventional ultrasound using optical flow and transformers. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.14465","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS58592.2024.10802113"},{"issue":"3","key":"830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0230821","volume":"15","author":"F Griese","year":"2020","unstructured":"Griese, F., S. Latus, M. Schl\u00fcter, M. Graeser, M. Lutz, A. Schlaefer, and T. Knopp. In-Vitro MPI-guided IVOCT catheter tracking in real time for motion artifact compensation. PLOS ONE.15(3):e0230821, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0230821.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-1119","volume":"11","author":"OM Omisore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omisore, O. M., W. Duan, W. Du, Y. Zheng, T. Akinyemi, Y. Al-Handerish, W. Li, Y. Liu, J. Xiong, and L. Wang. Automatic tool segmentation and tracking during robotic intravascular catheterization for cardiac interventions. Quant. Imag. Med. Surg. 11(6):2688\u20132710, 2021.","journal-title":"Quant. Imag. Med. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"830_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/MRM.29822","volume":"91","author":"R Vidya Shankar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vidya Shankar, R., L. Huang, R. Neji, G. Kowalik, A. P. Neofytou, R. Mooiweer, T. Moon, N. Mellor, R. Razavi, K. Pushparajah, and S. Roujol. Real-time automatic image-based slice tracking of gadolinium-filled balloon wedge catheter during MR-guided cardiac catheterization: a proof-of-concept study. Mag. Resonan. Med. 91(1):388\u2013397, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MRM.29822.","journal-title":"Mag. Resonan. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3102670","volume":"69","author":"Y Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, Y., D. Zhou, L. Ye, R. J. Housden, A. Fazili, and K. S. Rhode. A tensor-based catheter and wire detection and tracking framework and its clinical applications. IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng. 69(2):635\u2013644, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2021.3102670.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/POR.S181220","volume":"10","author":"PC Zei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zei, P. C., T. D. Hunter, L. M. Gache, G. O\u2019Riordan, T. Baykaner, and C. Brodt. Low-fluoroscopy atrial fibrillation ablation with contact force and ultrasound technologies: a learning curve. Pragmat. Obs. Res. 10:1\u20137, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/POR.S181220.","journal-title":"Pragmat. Obs. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1002\/MP.16334","volume":"50","author":"SJ Mathews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathews, S. J., C. Little, E. Zhang, P. Beard, T. Mastracci, R. Rakhit, and A. E. Desjardins. Bend-insensitive fiber optic ultrasonic tracking probe for cardiovascular interventions. Med. Phys. 50(6):3490\u20133497, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MP.16334.","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1827","volume":"21","author":"R Rosu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosu, R., G. Cismaru, L. Muresan, M. Puiu, G. Gusetu, S. Istratoaie, D. Pop, and D. Zdrenghea. Intracardiac echocardiography for transseptal puncture. A guide for cardiac electrophysiologists. Med. Ultrasonograp. 21(2):183\u2013190, 2019.","journal-title":"Med. Ultrasonograp."},{"key":"830_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ABE420","author":"YL Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, Y. L., R. James Housden, A. Fazili, A. V. Arujuna, and K. S. Rhode. Real-time registration of 3D echo to x-ray fluoroscopy based on cascading classifiers and image registration. Phys.Med. Biol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ABE420.","journal-title":"Phys.Med. Biol."},{"key":"830_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJCARD.2021.01.035","volume":"331","author":"T Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, T., G. Liu, Y. Mu, W. H. Xu, Y. T. Guo, J. Guo, and Y. D. Chen. Application of cardiac computed tomographic imaging and fluoroscopy fusion for guiding left atrial appendage occlusion. Int. J. Cardiol. 331:289\u2013295, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IJCARD.2021.01.035.","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"830_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/CCD.28324","volume":"94","author":"EK Grant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grant, E. K., J. P. Kanter, L. J. Olivieri, R. R. Cross, A. Campbell-Washburn, A. Z. Faranesh, I. Cronin, K. S. Hamann, M. L. O\u2019Byrne, M. C. Slack, R. J. Lederman, and K. Ratnayaka. X-ray fused with MRI guidance of pre-selected transcatheter congenital heart disease interventions. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv.: Off. J. Soc. Cardiac Angiogr. Interv. 94(3):399\u2013408, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CCD.28324.","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv.: Off. J. Soc. Cardiac Angiogr. Interv."},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1007\/S12350-021-02574-1","volume":"29","author":"H Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang, H., R. R. Bober, C. Zhao, C. Zhang, H. Zhu, Z. He, Z. Xu, and W. Zhou. 3D fusion between fluoroscopy angiograms and SPECT myocardial perfusion images to guide percutaneous coronary intervention. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 29(4):1870\u20131884, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12350-021-02574-1.","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"issue":"167","key":"830_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3791\/62063","volume":"2021","author":"M Grab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grab, M., C. Hopfner, A. Gesenhues, F. K\u00f6nig, N. A. Haas, C. Hagl, A. Curta, and N. Thierfelder. Development and evaluation of 3D-printed cardiovascular phantoms for interventional planning and training. J. Vis. Exp.: JoVE. 2021(167):1\u201314, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/62063.","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp.: JoVE"},{"key":"830_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3205\/ZMA001544","author":"BS Brunner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brunner, B. S., A. Thierij, A. Jakob, A. Tengler, M. Grab, N. Thierfelder, C. J. Leuner, N. A. Haas, and C. Hopfner. 3D-printed heart models for hands-on training in pediatric cardiology\u2013the future of modern learning and teaching? GMS J. Med. Educ. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3205\/ZMA001544.","journal-title":"GMS J. Med. Educ."},{"key":"830_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.8783","author":"V Shee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shee, V., L. He, S. Liu, X. Huang, Y. Chen, L. Xie, X. Deng, and J. Peng. Personalized fluoroscopic angles in WatchmanTM left atrial appendage closure landing zone assessment a three-dimensional printed simulation study. Cureus. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/CUREUS.8783.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"830_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000109","DOI":"10.1002\/AISY.202000109","volume":"2","author":"S-J Jang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jang, S.-J., M. Torabinia, H. Dhrif, A. Caprio, J. Liu, S. C. Wong, and B. Mosadegh. Development of a Hybrid Training Simulator for Structural Heart Disease Interventions. Adv. Intell. Syst. 2(12):2000109, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/AISY.202000109.","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"830_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2022.02.010","volume":"16","author":"M Pasquali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pasquali, M., L. Fusini, G. Italiano, A. Maltagliati, G. Tamborini, M. Penso, D. Andreini, A. Redaelli, O. Pappalardo, and M. Pepi. Feasibility study of a mixed reality tool for real 3D visualization and planning of left atrial appendage occlusion. J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomograp. 16(5):460\u2013462, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcct.2022.02.010.","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomograp."},{"key":"830_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging7120274","author":"D Franson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Franson, D., A. Dupuis, V. Gulani, M. Griswold, and N. Seiberlich. A system for real-time, online mixed-reality visualization of cardiac magnetic resonance images. J. Imag. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging7120274.","journal-title":"J. Imag."},{"key":"830_CR38","unstructured":"Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging - Wikipedia. (n.d). 2024 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"key":"830_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, J., Al\u2019Aref, S. J., Singh, G., Caprio, A., Moghadam, A. A. A., Jang, S. J., Chiu Wong, S., Min, J. K., Dunham, S., & Mosadegh, B. (2019). An augmented reality system for image guidance of transcatheter procedures for structural heart disease. PLoS ONE, 14(7): 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0219174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219174"},{"key":"830_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2022.08.009","volume":"45","author":"J Chahine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chahine, J., L. Mascarenhas, S. A. George, J. Bartos, D. Yannopoulos, G. Raveendran, and S. Gurevich. Effects of a mixed-reality headset on procedural outcomes in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 45:3\u20138, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carrev.2022.08.009.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"830_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvdhj.2022.07.072","volume":"3","author":"D Bloom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bloom, D., J. N. Colombo, N. Miller, M. K. Southworth, C. Andrews, A. Henry, W. B. Orr, J. R. Silva, and J. N. Avari Silva. Early preclinical experience of a mixed reality ultrasound system with active GUIDance for NEedle-based interventions: The GUIDE study. Cardiovasc. Digit. Health J. 3(5):232\u2013240, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvdhj.2022.07.072.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Digit. Health J."},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR42","first-page":"340","volume":"4","author":"A Redondo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Redondo, A., C. Baldr\u00f3n, J. M. Aguiar, J. R. G. Juanatey, A. S. Rom\u00e1n, and I. J. Amat-Santos. Use of extended realities in interventional cardiology: mixed reality for TAVI procedure. REC: Interv. Cardiol. 4(4):340\u2013342, 2022.","journal-title":"REC: Interv. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-023-00147-0","volume":"7","author":"M Alonso-Felipe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alonso-Felipe, M., J. M. Aguiar-P\u00e9rez, M. \u00c1. P\u00e9rez-Ju\u00e1rez, C. Baladr\u00f3n, J. Peral-Oliveira, and I. J. Amat-Santos. Application of mixed reality to ultrasound-guided femoral arterial cannulation during real-time practice in cardiac interventions. J. Healthc. Inform. Res. 7(4):527\u2013541, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41666-023-00147-0.","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"830_CR44","unstructured":"(PDF) Towards ultrasound-based navigation: deep learning based IVC lumen segmentation from intracardiac echocardiography. (n.d). (2024) https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/356987296_Towards_ultrasound-based_navigation_Deep_learning_based_IVC_lumen_segmentation_from_intracardiac_echocardiography"},{"key":"830_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCVM.2023.1233093","author":"AP Neofytou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neofytou, A. P., G. T. Kowalik, R. Vidya Shankar, L. Huang, T. Moon, N. Mellor, R. Razavi, R. Neji, K. Pushparajah, and S. Roujol. Automatic image-based tracking of gadolinium-filled balloon wedge catheters for MRI-guided cardiac catheterization using deep learning. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FCVM.2023.1233093.","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"830_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2549407","author":"JD Dormer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dormer, J. D., M. F. I. Bhuiyan, N. Rahman, N. Deaton, J. Sheng, M. Padala, J. P. Desai, and B. Fei. Image guided mitral valve replacement registration of 3D ultrasound and 2D X-ray images. Proc. SPIE-The Int. Soc. Opt Eng. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2549407.","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE-The Int. Soc. Opt Eng."},{"key":"830_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Min, L., Yang, H., Shan, C., Kolen, A. F., & de With, P. H. N. (2020). Feasibility study of catheter segmentation in 3D Frustum ultrasounds by DCNN. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2549084","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2549084"},{"key":"830_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2022.102037","author":"H Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, H., C. Shan, A. F. Kolen, P. H. N. With, and d. Weakly-supervised learning for catheter segmentation in 3D frustum ultrasound. Comput. Med. Imag. Grap. Off. J. Comput. Med. Imag. Soc. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2022.102037.","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imag. Grap. Off. J. Comput. Med. Imag. Soc."},{"key":"830_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2022.102069","author":"I Vernikouskaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vernikouskaya, I., D. Bertsche, W. Rottbauer, and V. Rasche. Deep learning-based framework for motion-compensated image fusion in catheterization procedures. Comput. Med. Imag. Grap. Off. J. Comput. Med. Imag. Soc. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2022.102069.","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imag. Grap. Off. J. Comput. Med. Imag. Soc."},{"key":"830_CR50","unstructured":"(PDF) Ultra-DenseNet for Low-dose X-ray Image Denoising in cardiac catheter-based procedures. (n.d). (2024) https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/335638426_Ultra-DenseNet_for_Low-dose_X-ray_Image_Denoising_in_cardiac_catheter-based_procedures"},{"key":"830_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7778","DOI":"10.3390\/APP13137778","volume":"13","author":"M Aghasizade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aghasizade, M., A. Kiyoumarsioskouei, S. Hashemi, M. Torabinia, A. Caprio, M. Rashid, Y. Xiang, H. Rangwala, T. Ma, B. Lee, A. Wang, M. Sabuncu, S. C. Wong, and B. Mosadegh. A coordinate-regression-based deep learning model for catheter detection during structural heart interventions. Appl. Sci. 13:7778, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/APP13137778.","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"830_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCMG.2020.12.034","volume":"14","author":"JF Ooms","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ooms, J. F., D. D. Wang, R. Rajani, S. Redwood, S. H. Little, M. L. Chuang, J. J. Popma, G. Dahle, M. Pfeiffer, B. Kanda, M. Minet, A. Hirsch, R. P. Budde, P. P. De Jaegere, B. Prendergast, W. O\u2019Neill, and N. M. Van Mieghem. Computed tomography-derived 3D modeling to guide sizing and planning of transcatheter mitral valve interventions. JACC. Cardiovasc. Imag. 14(8):1644\u20131658, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCMG.2020.12.034.","journal-title":"JACC. Cardiovasc. Imag."},{"issue":"7","key":"830_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/S10554-023-02823-Z","volume":"39","author":"N Stephenson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stephenson, N., K. Pushparajah, G. Wheeler, S. Deng, J. A. Schnabel, and J. M. Simpson. Extended reality for procedural planning and guidance in structural heart disease - a review of the state-of-the-art. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imag. 39(7):1405\u20131419, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10554-023-02823-Z.","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imag."},{"key":"830_CR54","unstructured":"The radiology assistant: cardiac anatomy. (n.d.). 2024, https:\/\/radiologyassistant.nl\/cardiovascular\/anatomy\/cardiac-anatomy"},{"key":"830_CR55","unstructured":"Chest x-ray - tests for heart conditions - BHF. (n.d). 2024, https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/informationsupport\/tests\/chest-x-ray"},{"key":"830_CR56","unstructured":"Echocardiogram (echo) - Dysautonomia-MVP Center - Paula Moore M.D. (n.d.). 2024, https:\/\/www.mvpctr.com\/echocardiogram\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"830_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2020.1870193","volume":"76","author":"S Afzal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Afzal, S., K. Piayda, K. Hellhammer, V. Veulemans, G. Wolff, H. Heidari, D. St\u00fcwe, D. Kanschik, A. Polzin, M. Kelm, and T. Zeus. Real-time echocardiography-fluoroscopy fusion imaging for left atrial appendage closure: prime time for fusion imaging? Acta Cardiol. 76(9):1004\u20131012, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00015385.2020.1870193.","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/CCD.27920","volume":"93","author":"C Butter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butter, C., H. Kaneko, G. Tambor, M. Hara, M. Neuss, and F. Hoelschermann. Clinical utility of intraprocedural three-dimensional integrated image guided transcatheter aortic valve implantation using novel automated computed tomography software: A single-center preliminary experience. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv.: Off. J. Soc. Card. Angiogr. Interv. 93(4):722\u2013728, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CCD.27920.","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv.: Off. J. Soc. Card. Angiogr. Interv."},{"issue":"9","key":"830_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CARREV.2018.10.024","volume":"20","author":"K Houissa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Houissa, K., N. Ryan, J. Escaned, N. L. Cruden, N. Uren, T. Slots, P. Kayaert, and S. G. Carlier. Validation of a novel system for co-registration of coronary angiographic and intravascular ultrasound imaging. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med.: Incl. Mol. Interv. 20(9):775\u2013781, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CARREV.2018.10.024.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med.: Incl. Mol. Interv."},{"issue":"6","key":"830_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/CCD.28493","volume":"95","author":"JM Zimmermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zimmermann, J. M., O. J. Steffen, L. Vicentini, M. Schmid Daners, M. Taramasso, F. Maisano, and M. Meboldt. Novel augmented physical simulator for the training of transcatheter cardiovascular interventions. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv.: Off. J. Soc. Cardiac Angiograp. Interv. 95(6):1202\u20131209, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CCD.28493.","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv.: Off. J. Soc. Cardiac Angiograp. Interv."},{"issue":"5","key":"830_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000524","volume":"84","author":"WY Jian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jian, W. Y., S. M. Lin, S. K. Tsai, and B. Hwang. Transthoracic echocardiography monitoring during atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect device closures using a three-dimensional printed transducer holder. J. Chin. Med. Assoc.: JCMA. 84(5):550\u2013554, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000524.","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc.: JCMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"830_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/PACE.14599","volume":"45","author":"F Akerstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akerstr\u00f6m, F., N. Drca, M. Jensen-Urstad, and F. Braunschweig. Feasibility of a novel algorithm for automated reconstruction of the left atrial anatomy based on intracardiac echocardiography. Pacing and Clin. Electrophysiol.: PACE. 45(11):1288\u20131294, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/PACE.14599.","journal-title":"Pacing and Clin. Electrophysiol.: PACE"},{"key":"830_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPBIOMED.2021.104366","author":"A Prakosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prakosa, A., M. K. Southworth, J. N. Avari Silva, J. R. Silva, and N. A. Trayanova. Impact of augmented-reality improvement in ablation catheter navigation as assessed by virtual-heart simulations of ventricular tachycardia ablation. Comput. Biol. Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPBIOMED.2021.104366.","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"830_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103465","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3098527","volume":"9","author":"D Jeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeong, D., D. Kim, J. Ryu, and K. H. Cho. Deep-learning-based registration of diagnostic angiogram and live fluoroscopy for percutaneous coronary intervention. IEEE Access. 9:103465\u2013103480, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3098527.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"830_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Singh, V., Qi, G. J., & Chen, T. (2019). Cascade attention machine for occluded landmark detection in 2D X-ray angiography. Proceedings -2019 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACV.2019.00017","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2019.00017"},{"key":"830_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Torabinia, M., Caprio, A., Jang, S. J., Ma, T., Tran, H., Mekki, L., Chen, I., Sabuncu, M., Wong, S. C., & Mosadegh, B. (2021). Deep learning-driven catheter tracking from bi-plane X-ray fluoroscopy of 3D printed heart phantoms. Mini-Invasive Surgery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/2574-1225.2021.63","DOI":"10.20517\/2574-1225.2021.63"},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3244415","volume":"8","author":"I Abdulhafiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdulhafiz, I., and F. Janabi-Sharifi. A hybrid approach to 3D shape estimation of catheters using ultrasound images. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 8(4):1912\u20131919, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2023.3244415.","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"830_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2022.102106","author":"T Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, T., M. Hedayat, V. V. Vaitkus, M. Belohlavek, V. Krishnamurthy, and I. Borazjani. A learning-based, region of interest-tracking algorithm for catheter detection in echocardiography. Comput. Med. Imag. Gr. Off. J. Comput. Med. Imag. Soc. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2022.102106.","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imag. Gr. Off. J. Comput. Med. Imag. Soc."}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13239-026-00830-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13239-026-00830-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13239-026-00830-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:22:09Z","timestamp":1776864129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13239-026-00830-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13239-026-00830-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-408X","1869-4098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-408X","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-4098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Nothing to report.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors and Editorial Board Members"}}]}}