{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:32:06Z","timestamp":1793460726235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007172","name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1013077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1013077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007172","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Eng Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Branch pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis is a significant congenital heart defect causing elevated pulmonary blood pressure, trans-stenotic pressure drop, and abnormal differential blood flow to the lungs. We propose combined pressure-flow diagnostic parameters,\n pressure drop coefficient<\/jats:italic>\n (\n CDP<\/jats:italic>\n ) and\n normalized energy loss<\/jats:italic>\n (\n \u0112<\/jats:italic>\n \n loss<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n ) for improved delineation of stenosis severity. In extension to our previous benchtop experimental study, we performed\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n experiments using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI) to evaluate the diagnostic parameters and stenosis severity non-invasively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Subject-specific branch PA test sections representing the main, left, and right PAs (MPA, LPA, and RPA) with a discrete LPA stenosis were manufactured from medical images using additive manufacturing. Three clinically-relevant stenosis severities, 70% area stenosis (AS), 80% AS, and 90% AS, were evaluated at 2 LPM cardiac output under pathophysiologic hemodynamics generated using a mock circulatory loop. 2D (all severities) and 3D (only 70% AS) PC MRI scans were performed to compute the velocity (or flow) and derived pressure drop across the PA test section. The CDP\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n and\n \n \n $${\\overline{E} }_{loss, LPA}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n E<\/mml:mi>\n \u00af<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n l<\/mml:mi>\n o<\/mml:mi>\n s<\/mml:mi>\n s<\/mml:mi>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n L<\/mml:mi>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n A<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n were evaluated for the three stenosis severities using MRI measurements and compared against results from the benchtop study.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The CDP\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n increased with an increase in LPA stenosis severity [70% AS: 11 (2D PC), 11.5 (3D PC); 80% AS: 34.6; 90% AS: 154.2]. These values resulted in an absolute difference of within 107 (2D PC) and 3 (3D PC) compared to the benchtop values. Interestingly, the CDP\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n computed by all three methods (benchtop, 2D and 3D PC MRI) showed distinct and non-overlapping ranges for each stenosis severity [70% AS: 11.0\u201314.5; 80% AS: 34.6\u201360.7; and 90% AS: 154.2\u2013261.6]. The\n \n \n $${\\overline{E} }_{loss, LPA}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n E<\/mml:mi>\n \u00af<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n l<\/mml:mi>\n o<\/mml:mi>\n s<\/mml:mi>\n s<\/mml:mi>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n L<\/mml:mi>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n A<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n (absolute) generally increased with an increase in LPA stenosis severity, except for 90% [70% AS: \u2212\u2009435\u00a0mJ per Q\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n (2D PC), \u2212\u2009376\u00a0mJ per Q\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n (3D PC); 80% AS: \u2212\u2009945\u00a0mJ per Q\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n ; 90% AS: \u2212\u2009933\u00a0mJ per Q\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n (Q\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013LPA flow rate)].\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The CDP\n LPA<\/jats:sub>\n demonstrates an improved diagnostic capability over\n \n \n $${\\overline{E} }_{loss, LPA}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n E<\/mml:mi>\n \u00af<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n l<\/mml:mi>\n o<\/mml:mi>\n s<\/mml:mi>\n s<\/mml:mi>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n L<\/mml:mi>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n A<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n in accurately delineating unilateral PA stenosis severity. Further, PC MRI is a comprehensive and safe clinical modality for the non-invasive diagnosis of branch PA stenosis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-026-00843-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T18:41:39Z","timestamp":1779993699000},"page":"519-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Invasive Evaluation of Pulmonary Artery Stenosis in Congenital Heart Disease Patients Using Phase Contrast MRI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-9560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupak K.","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin A.","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreyash M.","family":"Manegaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel O.","family":"Ajiboye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"843_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.05.003","volume":"147","author":"JI Hoffman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoffman, J. 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