{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:34:16Z","timestamp":1772120056180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys Eng Sci Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-023-01306-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T11:02:20Z","timestamp":1695294140000},"page":"1387-1397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Regression fitting megavoltage depth dose curves to determine material relative electron density in radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6580-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Karl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2709-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared G.","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3564-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George B.","family":"Warr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1306_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abbd17","author":"CK McGarry","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGarry CK et al (2020) Tissue mimicking materials for imaging and therapy phantoms: a review. Phys Med Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/abbd17","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1306_CR4","unstructured":"Andreo P, Burns D, Smyth V (2001) Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: an international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water IAEA. Technical Report Series No. 398. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/publications\/5954\/absorbed-dose-determination-in-external-beam-radiotherapy"},{"issue":"20","key":"1306_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8136","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa86ea","volume":"62","author":"N Kostiukhina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kostiukhina N et al (2017) Advanced Radiation DOSimetry phantom (ARDOS): a versatile breathing phantom for 4D radiation therapy and medical imaging. Phys Med Biol 62(20):8136\u20138153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa86ea","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1306_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4939874","volume":"43","author":"NI Niebuhr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Niebuhr NI et al (2016) Technical Note: Radiological properties of tissue surrogates used in a multimodality deformable pelvic phantom for MR-guided radiotherapy: tissue surrogates for a multimodality phantom. Med Phys 43(2):908\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.4939874","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1306_CR7","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ed) (1989) Tissue substitutes in radiation dosimetry and measurement (ICRU 44). International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda"},{"key":"1306_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.01.013","volume":"159","author":"T Yemby Huamani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yemby Huamani T, Arnold Mullisaca P, Giancarlo Apaza V, Chen F, Jos\u00e9 Vega R (2019) Construction and characterization of materials equivalent to the tissues and organs of the human body for radiotherapy. Radiat Phys Chem 159:70\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.01.013","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"1306_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12700","volume":"45","author":"A Steinmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steinmann A et al (2018) Developing and characterizing MR\/CT-visible materials used in QA phantoms for MRgRT systems. Med Phys 45(2):773\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.12700","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1306_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/1\/009","volume":"41","author":"U Schneider","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schneider U, Pedroni E, Lomax A (1996) The calibration of CT Hounsfield units for radiotherapy treatment planning. Phys Med Biol 41(1):111\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/1\/009","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1306_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.5247","volume":"16","author":"S Burleson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burleson S, Baker J, Hsia AT, Xu Z (2015) Use of 3D printers to create a patient-specific 3D bolus for external beam therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 16(3):166\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.5247","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"1306_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12839","volume":"45","author":"DF Craft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Craft DF, Kry SF, Balter P, Salehpour M, Woodward W, Howell RM (2018) Material matters: analysis of density uncertainty in 3D printing and its consequences for radiation oncology. Med Phys 45(4):1614\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.12839","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1306_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.05.051","volume":"38","author":"OL Dancewicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dancewicz OL, Sylvander SR, Markwell TS, Crowe SB, Trapp JV (2017) Radiological properties of 3D printed materials in kilovoltage and megavoltage photon beams. Phys Med 38:111\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.05.051","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1306_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2015.05.003","volume":"25","author":"RR Gallas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallas RR, H\u00fcnemohr N, Runz A, Niebuhr NI, J\u00e4kel O, Greilich S (2015) An anthropomorphic multimodality (CT\/MRI) head phantom prototype for end-to-end tests in ion radiotherapy. Z Med Phys 25(4):391\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.zemedi.2015.05.003","journal-title":"Z Med Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1306_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.09.013","volume":"32","author":"J Madamesila","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madamesila J, McGeachy P, Villarreal Barajas JE, Khan R (2016) Characterizing 3D printing in the fabrication of variable density phantoms for quality assurance of radiotherapy. Phys Med 32(1):242\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.09.013","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1306_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2161407","volume":"33","author":"J Seco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seco J, Evans PM (2006) Assessing the effect of electron density in photon dose calculations: effect of electron density in photon dose calculations. Med Phys 33(2):540\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.2161407","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"1306_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/1\/4\/305","volume":"1","author":"JE O\u2019Connor","year":"1957","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor JE (1957) The variation of scattered X-rays with density in an irradiated body. Phys Med Biol 1(4):352\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/1\/4\/305","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1306_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-7990\/ab70af","volume":"2","author":"R Tino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tino R, Leary M, Yeo A, Kyriakou E, Kron T, Brandt M (2020) Additive manufacturing in radiation oncology: a review of clinical practice, emerging trends and research opportunities. Int J Extreme Manuf 2(1):012003\u201304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2631-7990\/ab70af","journal-title":"Int J Extreme Manuf"},{"issue":"6","key":"1306_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594456","volume":"5","author":"DR White","year":"1978","unstructured":"White DR (1978) Tissue substitutes in experimental radiation physics. Med Phys 5(6):467\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.594456","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1306_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-015-0327-8","volume":"38","author":"V Moutrie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moutrie V, Kairn T, Rosenfeld A, Charles PH (2015) Use of a megavoltage electronic portal imaging device to identify prosthetic materials. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 38(1):93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-015-0327-8","journal-title":"Australas Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"key":"1306_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karl A (2016) The production of custom bolus using 3D printers for applications in radiation therapy. Thesis, University of Canterbury. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26021\/8811","DOI":"10.26021\/8811"},{"issue":"5","key":"1306_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.12.015","volume":"33","author":"R Bibb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bibb R, Thompson D, Winder J (2011) Computed tomography characterisation of additive manufacturing materials. Med Eng Phys 33(5):590\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.12.015","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1306_CR21","unstructured":"Gammex (2006), Tissue Characterization Phantom Model 467 User\u2019s Guide [manual]. Middleton, WI U.S.A: Gammex"},{"issue":"2","key":"1306_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.182","volume":"5","author":"G Kemmer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kemmer G, Keller S (2010) Nonlinear least-squares data fitting in Excel spreadsheets. Nat Protoc 5(2):267\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2009.182","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1306_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598248","volume":"25","author":"DA Low","year":"1998","unstructured":"Low DA, Harms WB, Mutic S, Purdy JA (1998) A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions. Med Phys 25(5):656\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.598248","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1306_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.10.029","volume":"67","author":"S Diamantopoulos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diamantopoulos S, Platoni K, Patatoukas G, Karaiskos P, Kouloulias V, Efstathopoulos E (2019) Treatment plan verification: a review on the comparison of dose distributions. Physica Med 67:107\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.10.029","journal-title":"Physica Med"},{"key":"1306_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5338-6","volume-title":"Handbook of splines","author":"G Micula","year":"1999","unstructured":"Micula G, Micula S (1999) Handbook of splines. Springer, Dordrecht. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-011-5338-6"},{"key":"1306_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burleson S, Baker J, Hsia AT, Xu Z (2015) Use of 3D printers to create a patient-specific 3D bolus for external beam therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 16(3):Art. no. 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.5247","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.5247"}],"container-title":["Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13246-023-01306-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13246-023-01306-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13246-023-01306-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1701927234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13246-023-01306-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-023-01306-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2406549\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2662-4729","2662-4737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-4729","type":"print"},{"value":"2662-4737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}