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This study proposed developing a procedure to reconstruct nonlinear fourth-order elastic properties of the cornea based on a mathematical model derived from the theory of Hamilton et al. and using the torsional wave elastography (TWE) technique. In order to validate its diagnostic capability of simulated pathological conditions, two different groups were studied, non-treated cornea samples (n=7), and ammonium hydroxide (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$NH_4OH$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>H<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>4<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>H<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) treated samples (n=7). All the samples were measured in-plane by a torsional wave device by increasing IOP from 5 to 25 mmHg with 5 mmHg steps. The results show a nonlinear variation of the shear wave speed with the IOP, with higher values for higher IOPs. Moreover, the shear wave speed values of the control group were higher than those of the treated group. The study also revealed significant differences between the control and treated groups for the Lam\u00e9 parameter <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mu$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> (25.9\u20136.52 kPa), third-order elastic constant <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic> (215.09\u201344.85 kPa), and fourth-order elastic constant <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic> (523.5\u2013129.63 kPa), with p-values of 0.010, 0.024, and 0.032, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the proposed procedure can distinguish between healthy and damaged corneas, making it a promising technique for detecting diseases associated with IOP alteration, such as corneal burns, glaucoma, or ocular hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-023-01314-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:06:42Z","timestamp":1693296402000},"page":"1489-1501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nonlinear fourth-order elastic characterization of the cornea using torsional wave elastography"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Callejas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inas","family":"Faris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Rus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1314_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2022.100140","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Cao H (2022) Corneal and scleral biomechanics in ophthalmic diseases: an updated review. 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