{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:07:02Z","timestamp":1775578022836,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys Eng Sci Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-024-01386-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T05:02:42Z","timestamp":1707368562000},"page":"563-573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fetal QRS extraction from single-channel abdominal ECG using adaptive improved permutation entropy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Mansourian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Sarafan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah","family":"Torkamani-Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadesse","family":"Ghirmai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"1386_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025","volume":"58","author":"D Van Der Linde","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJ, Roos-Hesselink JW (2011) Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 58(21):2241\u20132247","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1386_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689809100503","volume":"91","author":"RG Kennedy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kennedy RG (1998) Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring: retrospective reflections on a twentieth-century technology. J R Soc Med 91(5):244\u2013250","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"1386_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5126","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145126","volume":"22","author":"V Kodkin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kodkin V (2022) Cardiotocography in obstetrics: new solutions for \u201croutine\" technology. Sensors 22(14):5126","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1386_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O2854","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o2854","volume":"379","author":"J O\u2019Heney","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Heney J, McAllister S, Maresh M, Blott M (2022) Fetal monitoring in labour: summary and update of nice guidance. bmj 379:O2854","journal-title":"bmj"},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.029","volume":"223","author":"AF Peahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peahl AF, Smith RD, Moniz MH (2020) Prenatal care redesign: creating flexible maternity care models through virtual care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 223(3):389\u20131","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2019.2943626","volume":"67","author":"P Hamelmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamelmann P, Vullings R, Kolen AF, Bergmans JW, Laar JO, Tortoli P, Mischi M (2019) Doppler ultrasound technology for fetal heart rate monitoring: a review. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 67(2):226\u2013238","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies10040091","volume":"10","author":"K Shahverdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahverdi K, Hashemi S, Sarafan S, Cao H (2022) Triple-band implantable antenna design for biotelemetry applications in mics\/ism\/wi-fi\/bluetooth bands. Technologies 10(4):91","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"issue":"20","key":"1386_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7784","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207784","volume":"22","author":"W Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun W, Guo Z, Yang Z, Wu Y, Lan W, Liao Y, Wu X, Liu Y (2022) A review of recent advances in vital signals monitoring of sports and health via flexible wearable sensors. Sensors 22(20):7784","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1386_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.01.015","volume":"246","author":"P Mannella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mannella P, Billeci L, Giannini A, Canu A, Pancetti F, Simoncini T, Varanini M (2020) A feasibility study on non-invasive fetal ECG to evaluate prenatal autonomic nervous system activity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 246:60\u201366","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2016.05.010","volume":"135","author":"KM Verdurmen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verdurmen KM, Eijsvoogel NB, Lempersz C, Vullings R, Schroer C, Laar JO, Oei SG (2016) A systematic review of prenatal screening for congenital heart disease by fetal electrocardiography. Int J Gynecol Obstet 135(2):129\u2013134","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1386_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2234456","volume":"60","author":"M Niknazar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niknazar M, Rivet B, Jutten C (2012) Fetal ECG extraction by extended state Kalman filtering based on single-channel recordings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(5):1345\u20131352","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1386_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameni R, Shamsollahi M, Jutten C (2006) Filtering electrocardiogram signals using the extended kalman filter. In: 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, pp 5639\u20135642. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1615765"},{"issue":"7","key":"1386_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072788","volume":"22","author":"S Sarafan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarafan S, Le T, Lau MP, Hameed A, Ghirmai T, Cao H (2022) Fetal electrocardiogram extraction from the mother\u2019s abdominal signal using the ensemble kalman filter. Sensors 22(7):2788","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1386_CR14","unstructured":"Sameni R (2008) Extraction of fetal cardiac signals from an array of maternal abdominal recordings. PhD thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble-INPG; Sharif University of Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-019-00805-x","volume":"42","author":"W Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong W, Liao L, Guo X, Wang G (2019) Fetal electrocardiography extraction with residual convolutional encoder-decoder networks. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 42(4):1081\u20131089","journal-title":"Australas Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"1386_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133757","volume":"20","author":"K Vo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vo K, Le T, Rahmani AM, Dutt N, Cao H (2020) An efficient and robust deep learning method with 1-d octave convolution to extract fetal electrocardiogram. Sensors 20(13):3757","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1386_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121196","volume":"235","author":"P Basak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Basak P, Sakib AN, Chowdhury ME, Al-Emadi N, Yalcin HC, Pedersen S, Mahmud S, Kiranyaz S, Al-Maadeed S (2024) A novel deep learning technique for morphology preserved fetal ecg extraction from mother ecg using 1d-cyclegan. Expert Syst Appl 235:121196","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/abf7db","volume":"42","author":"E Fotiadou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fotiadou E, Sloun RJ, Laar JO, Vullings R (2021) A dilated inception cnn-lstm network for fetal heart rate estimation. Physiol Meas 42(4):045007","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13391-0","volume":"82","author":"JDK Abel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abel JDK, Dhanalakshmi S, Kumar R (2022) A comprehensive survey on signal processing and machine learning techniques for non-invasive fetal ECG extraction. Multimed Tools Appl 82(1):1373\u2013400","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"1386_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104556","volume":"82","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Han Y, Deng Y (2023) Csgsa-net: Canonical-structured graph sparse attention network for fetal ecg estimation. Biomed Signal Process Control 82:104556","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/1\/010","volume":"51","author":"A Al-Zaben","year":"2005","unstructured":"Al-Zaben A, Al-Smadi A (2005) Extraction of foetal ECG by combination of singular value decomposition and neuro-fuzzy inference system. Phys Med Biol 51(1):137","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1386_CR22","unstructured":"Varanini M, Tartarisco G, Billeci L, Macerata A, Pioggia G, Balocchi R (2013) A multi-step approach for non-invasive fetal ECG analysis. In: Computing in Cardiology 2013, pp 281\u2013284. IEEE"},{"issue":"8","key":"1386_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/8\/1569","volume":"35","author":"J Behar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Behar J, Oster J, Clifford GD (2014) Combining and benchmarking methods of foetal ECG extraction without maternal or scalp electrode data. Physiol Meas 35(8):1569","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"8","key":"1386_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/8\/1607","volume":"35","author":"M Varanini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Varanini M, Tartarisco G, Billeci L, Macerata A, Pioggia G, Balocchi R (2014) An efficient unsupervised fetal QRS complex detection from abdominal maternal ECG. Physiol Meas 35(8):1607","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"8","key":"1386_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/8\/1637","volume":"35","author":"JA Lipponen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lipponen JA, Tarvainen MP (2014) Principal component model for maternal ECG extraction in fetal QRS detection. Physiol Meas 35(8):1637","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"21","key":"1386_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20718","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3206225","volume":"22","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhao C, Dong M, Ota K (2022) Fetal ECG signal extraction from long-term abdominal recordings based on adaptive QRS removal and joint blind source separation. IEEE Sens J 22(21):20718\u201320729","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/CJECE.2020.2984602","volume":"43","author":"LY Taha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taha LY, Abdel-Raheem E (2020) Fetal ECG extraction using input-mode and output-mode adaptive filters with blind source separation. Can J Electr Comput Eng 43(4):295\u2013304","journal-title":"Can J Electr Comput Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-0993-9","volume":"42","author":"J Behar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Behar J, Johnson A, Clifford GD, Oster J (2014) A comparison of single channel fetal ECG extraction methods. Ann Biomed Eng 42(6):1340\u20131353","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1386_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souriau R, Fontecave-Jallon J, Rivet B (2022) Fetal ECG denoising using dynamic time warping template subtraction. In: 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), pp. 4978\u20134981. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871318"},{"key":"1386_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104270","volume":"80","author":"N Mansourian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mansourian N, Sarafan S, Torkamani-Azar F, Ghirmai T, Cao H (2023) Novel QRS detection based on the adaptive improved permutation entropy. Biomed Signal Process Control 80:104270","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"17","key":"1386_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.174102","volume":"88","author":"C Bandt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bandt C, Pompe B (2002) Permutation entropy: a natural complexity measure for time series. Phys Rev Lett 88(17):174102","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.068102","volume":"89","author":"M Costa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Costa M, Goldberger AL, Peng C-K (2002) Multiscale entropy analysis of complex physiologic time series. Phys Rev Lett 89(6):068102","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"1386_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1324696","author":"D Cuesta-Frau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cuesta-Frau D, Varela-Entrecanales M, Molina-Pic\u00f3 A, Vargas B (2018) Patterns with equal values in permutation entropy: do they really matter for biosignal classification? Complexity. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/1324696","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"issue":"22","key":"1386_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2017.03.052","volume":"381","author":"L Zunino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zunino L, Olivares F, Scholkmann F, Rosso OA (2017) Permutation entropy based time series analysis: equalities in the input signal can lead to false conclusions. Phys Lett A 381(22):1883\u20131892","journal-title":"Phys Lett A"},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2011.03.017","volume":"42","author":"U Parlitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parlitz U, Berg S, Luther S, Schirdewan A, Kurths J, Wessel N (2012) Classifying cardiac biosignals using ordinal pattern statistics and symbolic dynamics. Comput Biol Med 42(3):319\u2013327","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1386_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3390\/e23050503","volume":"23","author":"D Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie D, Hong S, Yao C (2021) Optimized variational mode decomposition and permutation entropy with their application in feature extraction of ship-radiated noise. Entropy 23(5):503","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"1386_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz W, Arif M (2005) Multiscale permutation entropy of physiological time series. In: 2005 Pakistan Section Multitopic Conference, pp\u00a01\u20136. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/INMIC.2005.334494"},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.86.046210","volume":"86","author":"L Zunino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zunino L, Soriano MC, Rosso OA (2012) Distinguishing chaotic and stochastic dynamics from time series by using a multiscale symbolic approach. Phys Rev E 86(4):046210","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"7","key":"1386_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.02.002","volume":"85","author":"J Luo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luo J, Ying K, Bai J (2005) Savitzky-golay smoothing and differentiation filter for even number data. Signal Process 85(7):1429\u20131434","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"1386_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanpour H, Parsaei A (2006) Fetal ecg extraction using wavelet transform. In: 2006 International Conference on Computational Inteligence for Modelling Control and Automation and International Conference on Intelligent Agents Web Technologies and International Commerce (CIMCA\u201906), pp 179\u2013179. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CIMCA.2006.98"},{"key":"1386_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieau S, Iaizzo PA (2015) Basic ECG Theory, 12-lead Recordings, and Their Interpretation, pp 321\u2013334. Springer, New York","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19464-6_19"},{"key":"1386_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325532","volume":"3","author":"J Pan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pan J, Tompkins WJ (1985) A real-time QRS detection algorithm. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 3:230\u2013236","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies8020033","volume":"8","author":"S Sarafan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarafan S, Le T, Naderi AM, Nguyen Q-D, Kuo BT-Y, Ghirmai T, Han H-D, Lau MP, Cao H (2020) Investigation of methods to extract fetal electrocardiogram from the mother\u2019s abdominal signal in practical scenarios. Technologies 8(2):33","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"key":"1386_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.82","volume":"1","author":"SP Von Steinburg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Von Steinburg SP, Boulesteix A-L, Lederer C, Grunow S, Schiermeier S, Hatzmann W, Schneider K-TM, Daumer M (2013) What is the \u201cnormal\" fetal heart rate? PeerJ 1:82","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1386_CR45","unstructured":"Silva I, Behar J, Sameni R, Zhu T, Oster J, Clifford GD, Moody GB (2013) Noninvasive fetal ECG: the physionet\/computing in cardiology challenge 2013. In: Computing in Cardiology 2013, pp 149\u2013152. IEEE"},{"key":"1386_CR46","first-page":"297","volume":"40","author":"J Behar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Behar J, Oster J, Clifford GD (2013) Non-invasive FECG extraction from a set of abdominal sensors. Comput Cardiol 40:297\u2013300","journal-title":"Comput Cardiol"},{"key":"1386_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarafan S, Le T, Ellington F, Zhang Z, Lau MP, Ghirmai T, Hameed A, Cao H (2021) Development of a home-based fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system. In: 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), pp 7116\u20137119. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC46164.2021.9630827"}],"container-title":["Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13246-024-01386-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13246-024-01386-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13246-024-01386-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T05:54:51Z","timestamp":1718085291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13246-024-01386-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-024-01386-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3133362\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2662-4729","2662-4737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-4729","type":"print"},{"value":"2662-4737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}