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However, RBD typically excludes output factor (OPF) measurements for fields smaller than 3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a03 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The Eclipse treatment planning system addresses this limitation by incorporating measured OPF data for fields as small as 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Although existing studies have primarily examined the accuracy of small-field OPFs for plastic scintillator detectors, studies directly comparing the OPF values obtained through RBD modeling with and without OPF measurements for small field sizes are limited. Therefore, this study proposes a novel measurement approach using data averaged from an ion chamber and diode detector for small-field dosimetry to provide critical insights into the integration of OPFs for these small field sizes in RBD-based beam modeling. We systematically evaluated the impact of small-field OPF measurements on beam modeling accuracy by comparing three distinct approaches: (1) RBD-based modeling without small-field OPF data, (2) RBD-based modeling incorporating measured small-field OPF data, and (3) modeling based solely on measured data, with and without the inclusion of 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    field sizes. In addition, we compared OPF values obtained from a W2 plastic scintillator detector with the averaged OPF values from a PinPoint 3D ion chamber and EDGE diode detector across multiple beam energies and flattening filter-free (FFF) configurations. Our analysis included field sizes ranging from 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 40\u00a0\u00d7\u00a040 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The results demonstrated that for square fields, OPF calculation differences between RBD modeling with and without measured data were &lt;\u00a01.5%, &lt;\u00a04.5%, and &lt;\u00a04.5% at 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and &lt;\u00a00.5%, &lt;\u00a01.5%, and &lt;\u00a01.5% at 2\u2009\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0\u20092 \u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. The RBD group exhibited a trend in which the OPF difference increased with the expansion of the irradiation field size. Notably, the most significant variations between modeling approaches occurred along the upper jaw expansion direction in rectangular fields. This suggests that a thorough evaluation is necessary for modeling results with an OPF\u2009\u2264\u2009\u00a01\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . This study highlights the advantages and disadvantages of beam modeling using measured OPF and RBD, providing valuable insights for future facilities that rely solely on RBD for beam modeling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-025-01676-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:17:53Z","timestamp":1763983073000},"page":"417-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of the small-field output factor in eclipse modeling methods using representative beam and measured data with averaged ionization chamber and diode detector measurements"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Kunio","family":"Nishioka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kunii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7259-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Nakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shotaro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.143","volume":"178","author":"MM Harikar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harikar MM, Venkataram T, Palmisciano P, Scalia G, Baldoncini M, Cardali SM, Giuseppe E, Umana GE, Ferini G (2023) Comparison of staged stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases\u2009>\u20092\u00a0cm without prior whole brain radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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