{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:53:21Z","timestamp":1791244401040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys Eng Sci Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-026-01735-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:35:00Z","timestamp":1778067300000},"page":"1231-1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of automatic exposure control on radiation dose and detectability in dual-source and fast kV switching dual-energy CT"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9933-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Hirosawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoma","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chatnapa","family":"Nuntue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khajonsak","family":"Tantiwetchayanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142631","volume":"276","author":"CH McCollough","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCollough CH, Leng S, Yu L, Fletcher JG, Dual-, Multi-Energy CT (2015) Principles, technical approaches, and clinical applications. Radiology 276:637\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2015142631","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1735_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2021200102","volume":"41","author":"A Parakh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parakh A, Lennartz S, An C, Rajiah P, Yeh BM, Simeone FJ, Sahani DV, Kambadakone AR (2021) Dual-energy ct images: pearls and pitfalls. Radiographics 41:98\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2021200102","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1735_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2332032107","volume":"233","author":"MJ Siegel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siegel MJ, Schmidt B, Bradley D, Suess C, Hildebolt C (2004) Radiation dose and image quality in pediatric CT: effect of technical factors and phantom size and shape. Radiology 233:515\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2332032107","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1735_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W100","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2891","volume":"190","author":"ST Schindera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schindera ST, Nelson RC, Toth TL, Nguyen GT, Toncheva GI, DeLong DM, Yoshizumi TT (2008) Effect of patient size on radiation dose for abdominal MDCT with automatic tube current modulation: phantom study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190:W100\u2013W105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.07.2891","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1735_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2746492","volume":"34","author":"HJ Brisse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brisse HJ, Madec L, Gaboriaud G, Lemoine T, Savignoni A, Neuenschwander S, Aubert B, Rosenwald JC (2007) Automatic exposure control in multichannel CT with tube current modulation to achieve a constant level of image noise: experimental assessment on pediatric phantoms. Med Phys 34:3018\u20133033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.2746492","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1735_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2011.03.001","volume":"8","author":"S Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh S, Kalra MK, Thrall JH, Mahesh M (2011) Automatic exposure control in CT: applications and limitations. J Am Coll Radiol 8:446\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2011.03.001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"1735_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594995","volume":"8","author":"TB Shope","year":"1981","unstructured":"Shope TB, Gagne RM, Johnson GC (1981) A method for describing the doses delivered by transmission x-ray computed tomography. Med Phys 8:488\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.594995","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1735_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R129","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/3\/R129","volume":"59","author":"WA Kalender","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalender WA (2014) Dose in x-ray computed tomography. Phys Med Biol 59:R129\u2013R150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/3\/R129","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1735_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2008.10.006","volume":"47","author":"CH McCollough","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCollough CH, Primak AN, Braun N, Kofler J, Yu L, Christner J (2009) Strategies for reducing radiation dose in CT. Radiol Clin North Am 47:27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcl.2008.10.006","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"1735_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2012.12.001","volume":"44","author":"H Alsleem","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alsleem H, Davidson R (2013) Factors Affecting Contrast-Detail Performance in Computed Tomography: A Review. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 44:62\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmir.2012.12.001","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Sci"},{"key":"1735_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_124_18","volume":"29","author":"S Sookpeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sookpeng S, Martin CJ, Butdee C (2019) The investigation of dose and image quality of chest computed tomography using different combinations of noise index and adaptive statistic iterative reconstruction level. Indian J Radiol Imaging 29:53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_124_18","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"1735_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.11.001237","volume":"11","author":"AE Burgess","year":"1994","unstructured":"Burgess AE (1994) Statistically defined backgrounds: Performance of a modified non-prewhitening observer. J Opt Soc Am A 11:1237\u20131242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSAA.11.001237","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A"},{"key":"1735_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2988161","volume":"35","author":"S Richard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Richard S, Siewerdsen JH (2008) Comparison of model and human observer performance for detection and discrimination tasks using dual-energy x-ray images. Med Phys 35:5043\u20135053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.2988161","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1735_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4903899","volume":"42","author":"E Samei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samei E, Richard S (2015) Assessment of the dose reduction potential of a model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm using a task-based performance metrology. Med Phys 42:314\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.4903899","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1735_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.15132091","volume":"275","author":"O Christianson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christianson O, Chen JJ, Yang Z, Saiprasad G, Dima A, Filliben JJ, Peskin A, Trimble C, Siegel EL, Samei E (2015) An Improved Index of Image Quality for Task-based Performance of CT Iterative Reconstruction across Three Commercial Implementations. Radiology 275:725\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.15132091","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1735_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.15404","volume":"207","author":"K Matsubara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsubara K, Takata T, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi S, Koshida K, Gabata T (2016) Tube Current Modulation Between Single- and Dual-Energy CT With a Second-Generation Dual-Source Scanner: Radiation Dose and Image Quality. AJR Am J Roentgenol 207:354\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.15.15404","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1735_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20065","volume":"212","author":"L Lenga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lenga L, Leithner D, Peterke JL, Albrecht MH, Gudauskas T, D\u2019Angelo T, Booz C, Hammerstingl R, Vogl TJ, Martin SS, Wichmann JL (2019) Comparison of Radiation Dose and Image Quality of Contrast-Enhanced Dual-Source CT of the Chest: Single-Versus Dual-Energy and Second-Versus Third-Generation Technology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 212:741\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.18.20065","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1735_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2019.18412","volume":"25","author":"OM Top\u00e7uo\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Top\u00e7uo\u011flu OM, Sar\u0131kaya B (2019) Fast kilovoltage-switching dual-energy CT offering lower x-ray dose than single-energy CT for the chest: a quantitative and qualitative comparison study of the two methods of acquisition. Diagn Interv Radiol 25:204\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/dir.2019.18412","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"1735_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2005.06.002","volume":"34","author":"MK Kalra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kalra MK, Naz N, Rizzo SM, Blake MA (2005) Computed tomography radiation dose optimization: scanning protocols and clinical applications of automatic exposure control. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 34:171\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2005.06.002","journal-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol"},{"key":"1735_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.1524","volume":"189","author":"KM Kanal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanal KM, Stewart BK, Kolokythas O, Shuman WP (2007) Impact of operator-selected image noise index and reconstruction slice thickness on patient radiation dose in 64-MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:219\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.06.1524","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1735_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12754","volume":"20","author":"DM Gauntt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gauntt DM (2019) A suggested method for setting up GSI profiles on the GE Revolution CT scanner. J Appl Clin Med Phys 20:169\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.12754","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"1735_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-230333","volume":"32","author":"H Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Li Z, Gao S, Hu J, Yang Z, Peng Y, Sun J (2024) Performance evaluation of deep learning image reconstruction algorithm for dual-energy spectral CT imaging: A phantom study. J Xray Sci Technol 32:513\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/XST-230333","journal-title":"J Xray Sci Technol"},{"key":"1735_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17651","volume":"52","author":"A Pauthe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pauthe A, Milliner M, Pasquier H, Campagnolo L, Mul\u00e9 S, Luciani A (2025) Impact of deep learning reconstructions on image quality and liver lesion detectability in dual-energy CT: An anthropomorphic phantom study. Med Phys 52:2257\u20132268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.17651","journal-title":"Med Phys"}],"container-title":["Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13246-026-01735-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13246-026-01735-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13246-026-01735-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:07:11Z","timestamp":1791241631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13246-026-01735-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-026-01735-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-4729","2662-4737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-4729","type":"print"},{"value":"2662-4737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"None.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study included a retrospective analysis of anonymized clinical radiation dose data, which was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Kanazawa University (Approval No. 935-2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Medical Ethics Committee due to the retrospective and anonymized nature of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as the manuscript does not contain any identifiable individual data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}