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This study draws on 25 semi-structured interviews with farmers, land managers, and intermediary organisations (delivery partners, bridging organisations, extension\/advisory services) across England to examine how skills are acquired and developed in practice. Informed by taskscapes literature and structured around a novel five-domain analytical framework\u2014systems thinking, lifelong and life-wide learning, collaborative partnerships, agri-environmental entrepreneurship, and technical expertise\u2014findings highlight the centrality of collaborative, entrepreneurial, and technical capacities. They also reveal core tensions and misalignments: between (1) policy ambition and institutional capacity; (2) fragmentation of learning pathways caught between standardisation and flexibility; and (3) entrepreneurial initiative within compliance-oriented governance structures. The research underscores the need for tailored skill frameworks spanning formal, informal, and non-formal learning pathways to support adaptive knowledge exchange and the practical delivery of landscape-scale nature recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-026-02404-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T15:33:28Z","timestamp":1777217608000},"page":"2980-2995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cultivating change: Addressing shifts in knowledge and skills required for landscape-scale nature recovery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9499-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2404_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08498-210301","volume":"21","author":"WM Adams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams, W.M., I.D. 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