{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:45:51Z","timestamp":1791801951081,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007149","name":"U.S. Bureau of Land Management","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007149","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007516","name":"National Park Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006959","name":"U.S. Forest Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ambio"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Congressionally designated wilderness offers the highest level of land protection in the USA, comparable to category 1b wilderness as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, yet wilderness areas face impacts of climate change. Researchers and managers increasingly recognize the immense challenge of stewarding wilderness in a changing climate. Although responding to climate change is considered a wicked problem, this framing has not been applied to wilderness contexts. We move theory into practice by using wicked problem framing and four illustrative cases to explore how the resist\u2013accept\u2013direct (RAD) framework can help untangle the wicked problem of addressing unprecedented ecological transformation in wilderness. The RAD framework clarifies a range of response options including resisting transformation, accepting it, or directing it toward preferred new conditions. As climate change continues to challenge wilderness managers, the RAD framework can help assess trade-offs and preserve wilderness character into the twenty-first century.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-026-02446-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T15:31:30Z","timestamp":1786030290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wicked problems in practice: Responding to ecological transformation in wilderness"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn Fox","family":"Rushing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira","family":"Hefty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa N.","family":"Hollingsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Cravens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Armatas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Boerigter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie J.","family":"Carim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley D.","family":"Crausbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Redmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor W.","family":"Schuurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Wilkening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean A.","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2011.593128","volume":"26","author":"D Adams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adams, D. 2011. The \u2018wicked problem\u2019 of planning for housing development. Housing Studies 26: 951\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673037.2011.593128.","journal-title":"Housing Studies"},{"key":"2446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aplet, G.H. and D.N. Cole. 2010. The trouble with naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness goals. In Beyond naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness stewardship in an era of rapid change, ed. D.N. Cole and L. Yung, 12\u201329. Washington D.C.: Island Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.41003453.5"},{"key":"2446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ehs2.1261","volume":"3","author":"GH Aplet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aplet, G.H. and P.S. Mckinley. 2011. A portfolio approach to managing ecological risks of global change. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 3: 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehs2.1261.","journal-title":"Ecosystem Health and Sustainability"},{"key":"2446_CR4","first-page":"275","volume":"35","author":"PA Appel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Appel, P.A. 2011. Wilderness, the courts, and the effect of politics on judicial decisionmaking. Harvard Environmental Law Review 35: 275\u2013312.","journal-title":"Harvard Environmental Law Review"},{"key":"2446_CR5","unstructured":"Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Center. 2024. Minimum requirements analysis framework workbook. Missoula, MT."},{"key":"2446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.22059\/JURBANGEO.2024.369158.1904","volume":"12","author":"D Asadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asadi, D. and P. Arbab. 2024. Developing a framework to identify wicked problems in urban planning. Geographical Urban Planning Research Quarterly 12: 21\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22059\/JURBANGEO.2024.369158.1904.","journal-title":"Geographical Urban Planning Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2471","volume":"32","author":"JL Aycrigg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aycrigg, J.L., T. Ryan Mccarley, R. Travis Belote, and S. Martinuzzi. 2022. Wilderness areas in a changing landscape: Changes in land use, land cover, and climate. Ecological Applications 32: 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.2471.","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"2446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balint, P.J., R.E. Stewart, A. Desai, and L.C. Walters. 2011. Wicked environmental problems: Managing uncertainty and conflict. Washington D.C.: Island Press.","DOI":"10.5822\/978-1-61091-047-7"},{"key":"2446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-10264-230309","volume":"23","author":"R Biggs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biggs, R., G.D. Peterson, and J.C. Rocha. 2018. The regime shifts database: A framework for analyzing regime shifts in social-ecological systems. Ecosystems and Society 23: 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-10264-230309.","journal-title":"Ecosystems and Society"},{"key":"2446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-024-00297-5","volume":"20","author":"CE Boerigter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boerigter, C.E., S.A. Parks, J.W. Long, J.D. Coop, M. Armstrong, and D.L. Hankins. 2024. Untrammeling the wilderness: Restoring natural conditions through the return of human-ignited fire. Fire Ecology 20: 76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42408-024-00297-5.","journal-title":"Fire Ecology"},{"key":"2446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108164047","volume-title":"Creative (Climate) communications: Productive pathways for science, policy, and society","author":"M Boykoff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boykoff, M. 2019. Creative (Climate) communications: Productive pathways for science, policy, and society. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2446_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Breshears, D.D., N.S. Cobb, P.M. Rich, K.P. Price, C.D. Allen, R.G. Balice, W.H. Romme, J.H. Kastens, et al. 2005. Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 15144\u201315148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0505734102.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505734102"},{"key":"2446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3390\/su10020302","volume":"10","author":"BW Brook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brook, B.W., T. Blees, T. Wigley, and S. Hong. 2018. Silver buckshot or bullet: Is a future \u2018energy mix\u2019 necessary? Sustainability 10: 302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10020302.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190218","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0218","volume":"374","author":"KD Burke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burke, K.D., J.W. Williams, S. Brewer, W. Finsinger, T. Giesecke, D.J. Lorenz, and A. Ordonez. 2019. Differing climatic mechanisms control transient and accumulated vegetation novelty in Europe and eastern North America. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 374: 20190218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0218","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2446_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-015-0033-8","volume":"2","author":"DE Calkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calkin, D.E., M.P. Thompson, and M.A. Finney. 2015. Negative consequences and positive feedbacks in US wildfire management. Forest Ecosystems 2: 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40663-015-0033-8.","journal-title":"Forest Ecosystems"},{"key":"2446_CR15","first-page":"36","volume":"20","author":"BYS Carver","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carver, B.Y.S., S.M. Cool, Z. Krenova, M. Fisher, and S. Woodley. 2014. Fifty years of wilderness science. International Journal of Wilderness 20: 36\u201342.","journal-title":"International Journal of Wilderness"},{"key":"2446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1641\/B580609","volume":"58","author":"FS Chapin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chapin, F.S., S.F. Trainor, O. Huntington, A.L. Lovecraft, E. Zavaleta, D.C. Natcher, A. David McGuire, J.L. Nelson, et al. 2008. Increasing wildfire in Alaska\u2019s boreal forest: Pathways to potential solutions of a wicked problem. BioScience 58: 531\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1641\/B580609.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13535","volume":"32","author":"RL Chazdon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chazdon, R.L., D.A. Falk, L.F. Banin, M. Wagner, S.J. Wilson, R.C. Grabowski, and K.N. Suding. 2024. The intervention continuum in restoration ecology: Rethinking the active-passive dichotomy. Restoration Ecology 32: 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rec.13535.","journal-title":"Restoration Ecology"},{"key":"2446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biab086","volume":"72","author":"KR Clifford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clifford, K.R., A.E. Cravens, and C.N. Knapp. 2022. Responding to ecological transformation: Mental models, external constraints, and manager decision-making. BioScience 72: 57\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biab086.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-11426-250120","volume":"25","author":"HS Cold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cold, H.S., T.J. Brinkman, C.L. Brown, T.N. Hollingsworth, D.R.N. Brown, and K.M. Heeringa. 2020. Assessing vulnerability of subsistence travel to effects of environmental change in interior Alaska. Ecology and Society 25: 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-11426-250120.","journal-title":"Ecology and Society"},{"key":"2446_CR20","volume-title":"Beyond naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness stewardship in an era of rapid change","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cole, D.N. and L. Yung, eds. 2010. Beyond naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness stewardship in an era of rapid change. Washington D.C.: Island Press."},{"key":"2446_CR21","unstructured":"Cole, D., D. Scott, E. Zahniser, R. Kaye, G. Nickas, and K. Proescholdt. 2016. The definition of wilderness character in \u2018keeping It Wild\u2019 jeopardizes the wildness of wilderness. Wilderness Watch. https:\/\/wildernesswatch.org\/images\/pdf\/2016-Wilderness-Character-KIW2.pdf."},{"key":"2446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1163\/23528230-8502A003","volume":"85","author":"EM Conradie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conradie, E.M. 2020. Why, exactly, is climate change a wicked problem? Philosophia Reformata 85: 226\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/23528230-8502A003.","journal-title":"Philosophia Reformata"},{"key":"2446_CR23","unstructured":"Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2023. Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Ed. Core Writing Team, H. Lee, and J. Romero. Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"2446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biab102","volume":"72","author":"SD Crausbay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crausbay, S.D., H.R. Sofaer, A.E. Cravens, B.C. Chaffin, K.R. Clifford, J.E. Gross, C.N. Knapp, D.J. Lawrence, et al. 2022. A science agenda to inform natural resource management decisions in an era of ecological transformation. BioScience 72: 71\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biab102.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR25","volume-title":"Storytelling, histories, and place-making: Te W\u0101hipounamu South-West New Zealand World Heritage Area","author":"AE Cravens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cravens, A.E. 2008. Storytelling, histories, and place-making: Te W\u0101hipounamu South-West New Zealand World Heritage Area. New Zealand: University of Canterbury."},{"key":"2446_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.14331","author":"AE Cravens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cravens, A.E., K.R. Clifford, C. Knapp, and W.R. Travis. 2024. The dynamic feasibility of resisting (R), accepting (A), or directing (D) ecological change. Conservation Biology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cobi.14331.","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"2446_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2307\/3985059","volume":"1","author":"W Cronon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cronon, W. 1996. The trouble with wilderness: Or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History 1: 7\u201328.","journal-title":"Environmental History"},{"key":"2446_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815107116","volume":"116","author":"KT Davis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davis, K.T., S.Z. Dobrowski, P.E. Higuera, Z.A. Holden, T.T. Veblen, M.T. Rother, S.A. Parks, S. Sala, et al. 2019. Wildfires and climate change push low-elevation forests across critical climate threshold for tree regeneration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116: 6193\u20136198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1815107116.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2446_CR29","volume-title":"God Is Red: A Native View of Religion","author":"V Deloria","year":"2003","unstructured":"Deloria, V. 2003. God Is Red: A Native View of Religion, 3rd ed. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Pub.","edition":"3"},{"key":"2446_CR30","unstructured":"Division of Natural Resources and Conservation Planning. 2024. National wildlife refuge system planning policies 602 FW 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/policy-library\/602fw1."},{"key":"2446_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudley, N., ed. 2008. Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. In IUCN WCPA best practices guidance on recognising protected areas and assigning management categories and governance types, 143. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2008.PAPS.2.en"},{"key":"2446_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3695265","volume":"73","author":"JM Gilligan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gilligan, J.M. and M.P. Vandenbergh. 2020. Beyond wickedness: Managing complex systems and climate change. Vanderbilt Law Review 73: 1777\u20131810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3695265.","journal-title":"Vanderbilt Law Review"},{"key":"2446_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/009539979802900610","volume":"29","author":"C Ginger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ginger, C. 1998. Interpreting roads in Roadless areas: Organizatinonal culture, ambiguity, and change in agency responses to policy mandates. Administration and Society 29: 723\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009539979802900610.","journal-title":"Administration and Society"},{"key":"2446_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-022-00131-w","volume":"18","author":"CH Guiterman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guiterman, C.H., R.M. Gregg, L.A.E. Marshall, J.J. Beckmann, P.J. van Mantgem, D.A. Falk, J.E. Keeley, A.C. Caprio, et al. 2022. Vegetation type conversion in the US Southwest: Frontline observations and management responses. Fire Ecology 18: 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42408-022-00131-w.","journal-title":"Fire Ecology"},{"key":"2446_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2432","author":"PF Hessburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hessburg, P.F., S.J. Prichard, R. Keala Hagmann, N.A. Povak, and F.K. Lake. 2021. Wildfire and climate change adaptation of western north american forests: A case for intentional management. Ecological Applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.2432.","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"2446_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgs, E.S. and R.J. Hobbs. 2010. Wild design: Principles to guide interventions in protected areas. In Beyond naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness stewardship in an era of rapid change, ed. D.N. Cole and L. Yung, 234\u201351. Washington D.C.: Island Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.41003453.20"},{"key":"2446_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.50","volume":"1","author":"L Holsinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holsinger, L., S.A. Parks, M.A. Parisien, C. Miller, E. Batllori, and M.A. Moritz. 2019. Climate change likely to reshape vegetation in north America\u2019s largest protected areas. Conservation Science and Practice 1: 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/csp2.50.","journal-title":"Conservation Science and Practice"},{"key":"2446_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad3cf6","author":"AA Howe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Howe, A.A., E.M. Blomdahl, E. Smith-Eskridge, D.R. Pinto, M.W. Brunson, P.D. Howe, N.J. Huntly, and S.C. Klain. 2024. Worldviews more than experience predict californians\u2019 support for wildfire risk mitigation policies. Environmental Research Letters. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad3cf6.","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"2446_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, S.T. 2012. Conservation and resource management in a changing world: Extending historical range of variation beyond the baseline. In Historical environmental variation in conservation and natural resource management, 92\u2013109. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118329726.ch7"},{"key":"2446_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172977","volume":"325","author":"ST Jackson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jackson, S.T. and R.J. Hobbs. 2009. Ecological restoration in the light of ecological history. Science 325: 567\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1172977.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2446_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaf023","volume":"75","author":"GM Jones","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jones, G.M., C. Thompson, S.C. Sawyer, K.E.A. Norman, S.A. Parks, T.M. Hayes, and D.L. Hankins. 2025. Conserving landscape dynamics, not just landscapes. BioScience 75: 409\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biaf023.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020RG000726","DOI":"10.1029\/2020RG000726","volume":"60","author":"MW Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones, M.W., J.T. Abatzoglou, S. Ververbeke, N. Andela, G. Lasslop, M. Forkel, A.J.P. Smith, C. Burton, et al. 2022. Global and regional trends and drivers of fire under climate change. Reviews of Geophysics 60: e2020RG000726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020RG000726.","journal-title":"Reviews of Geophysics"},{"key":"2446_CR43","first-page":"83","volume":"43","author":"S Kammer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kammer, S. 2013. Coming to terms with wilderness: The wilderness act and the problem of wildlife restoration. Environmental Law 43: 83\u2013124.","journal-title":"Environmental Law"},{"key":"2446_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5840\/enviroethics199214321","volume":"14","author":"E Katz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Katz, E. 1992. The call of the wild: The struggle against human domination and the technological fix of nature. Environmental Ethics 14: 265\u2013273.","journal-title":"Environmental Ethics"},{"key":"2446_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jof\/104.4.196","volume":"104","author":"DM Keele","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keele, D.M., R.W. Malmsheimer, D.W. Floyd, and J.E. Perez. 2006. Forest service land management litigation 1989\u20132002. Journal of Forestry 104: 196\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jof\/104.4.196.","journal-title":"Journal of Forestry"},{"key":"2446_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/21550085.2022.2133942","volume":"26","author":"P Kelly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelly, P. and P. Landres. 2023. Does wilderness matter in the anthropocene? Resolving a fundamental dilemma about the role of wilderness in 21st century conservation. Ethics, Policy and Environment 26: 422\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21550085.2022.2133942.","journal-title":"Ethics, Policy and Environment"},{"key":"2446_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07522-200217","volume":"20","author":"KB Kemp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kemp, K.B., J.J. Blades, P. Zion Klos, T.E. Hall, J.E. Force, P. Morgan, and W.T. Tinkham. 2015. Managing for climate change on federal lands of the western united states: Perceived usefulness of climate science, effectiveness of adaptation strategies, and barriers to implementation. Ecology and Society 20: 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-07522-200217.","journal-title":"Ecology and Society"},{"key":"2446_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/jof\/99.11.36","volume":"99","author":"RW Kimmerer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kimmerer, R.W. and F.K. Lake. 2001. Maintaining the mosaic: The role of indigenous burning in land management. Journal of Forestry 99: 36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jof\/99.11.36.","journal-title":"Journal of Forestry"},{"key":"2446_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-020-01081-x","volume":"35","author":"A Klimaszewski-Patterson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klimaszewski-Patterson, A. and S. Mensing. 2020. Paleoecological and paleolandscape modeling support for pre-Columbia burning by native Americans in the golden trout Wilderness area, California, US. Landscape Ecology 35: 2659\u20132678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10980-020-01081-x.","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"key":"2446_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.8.1.3","volume":"8","author":"ME Koltko-Rivera","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koltko-Rivera, M.E. 2004. The psychology of worldviews. Review of General Psychology 8: 3\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2680.8.1.3.","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"2446_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12205","volume":"9","author":"CF Kormos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kormos, C.F., B. Bertzky, T. Jaeger, Y. Shi, T. Badman, J.A. Hilty, B.G. Mackey, R.A. Mittermeier, et al. 2016. A wilderness approach under the world heritage convention. Conservation Letters: Policy Perspectives 9: 228\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/conl.12205.","journal-title":"Conservation Letters: Policy Perspectives"},{"key":"2446_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46702-0","author":"MR Kreider","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kreider, M.R., P.E. Higuera, S.A. Parks, W.L. Rice, N. White, and A.J. Larson. 2024. Fire suppression makes wildfires more severe and accentuates impacts of climate change and fuel accumulation. Nature Communications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46702-0.","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2446_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lake, F.K. and A.C. Christianson. 2020. Indigenous fire stewardship. In Encyclopedia of wildfires and wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires, 714\u201322. Cham: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-52090-2_225.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52090-2_225"},{"key":"2446_CR54","first-page":"498","volume":"2","author":"P Landres","year":"2004","unstructured":"Landres, P. 2004. Managing wildness in designated wilderness. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 498\u2013499.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"2446_CR55","unstructured":"Landres, P.B., N.W. Brunson, L. Merigliano, C. Sydoriak, and S. Morton. 2000. Naturalness and wildness: The dilemma and irony of managing wilderness. In Wilderness science in a time of change conference-volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23\u201327; Missoula, Montana, ed. D.N. Cole, S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie, and J. O\u2019Loughlin, vol. 5, 377\u201381. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station."},{"key":"2446_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landres, P. 2010. Let it be: A hands-off approach to preserving wildness in protected areas. In Beyond naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness stewardship in an era of rapid change, ed. D.N. Cole and L. Yung, 88\u2013105. Washington: Island Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.41003453.11"},{"key":"2446_CR57","unstructured":"Landres, P., C. Barns, S. Boutcher, T. Devine, P. Dratch, A. Lindholm, L. Merigliano, N. Roeper, et al. 2015. Keeping it wild 2 character across the national wilderness preservation system, no. RMRS-GTR-340, 114 Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station."},{"key":"2446_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3673","volume":"111","author":"ER Larson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larson, E.R., K.F. Kipfmueller, and L.B. Johnson. 2021. People, fire, and pine: Linking human agency and landscape in the boundary waters canoe area wilderness and beyond. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 111: 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecs2.3673.","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers"},{"key":"2446_CR59","first-page":"1153","volume":"94","author":"RJ Lazarus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.J. 2009. Super wicked problems and climate change: Restraining the present to liberate the future. Cornell Law Review 94: 1153\u20131233.","journal-title":"Cornell Law Review"},{"key":"2446_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11077-012-9151-0","volume":"45","author":"K Levin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levin, K., B. Cahsore, S. Bernstein, and G. Auld. 2012. Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: Constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sciences 45: 123\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11077-012-9151-0.","journal-title":"Policy Sciences"},{"key":"2446_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levin, K., B. Cashore, S. Bernstein, and G. Auld. 2009. Playing it forward: Path dependency, progressive incrementalism, and the \u2018super wicked\u2019 problem of global climate change. In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science. Vol. 6. Bristol, U.K. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1307\/6\/0\/502002.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1307\/6\/0\/502002"},{"key":"2446_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2307\/973677","volume":"19","author":"CE Lindblom","year":"1959","unstructured":"Lindblom, C.E. 1959. The science of \u2018muddling through.\u2019 Public Administration Review 19: 79\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/973677.","journal-title":"Public Administration Review"},{"key":"2446_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2307\/976178","volume":"39","author":"CE Lindblom","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lindblom, C.E. 1979. Still muddling, not yet through. Public Administration Review 39: 517\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/976178","journal-title":"Public Administration Review"},{"key":"2446_CR64","first-page":"658","volume":"44","author":"E Long","year":"2014","unstructured":"Long, E. and E. Biber. 2014. The wilderness act and climate change adaptation. Environmental Law 44: 658\u2013694.","journal-title":"Environmental Law"},{"key":"2446_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2377","volume":"19","author":"AJ Lynch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lynch, A.J., L.M. Thompson, E.A. Beever, D.N. Cole, A.C. Engman, C.H. Hoffman, S.T. Jackson, T.J. Krabbenhoft, et al. 2021. Managing for RADical ecosystem change: Applying the resist-accept-direct (RAD) framework. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 19: 461\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fee.2377.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"2446_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biab091","volume":"72","author":"AJ Lynch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lynch, A.J., L.M. Thompson, J.M. Morton, E.A. Beever, M. Clifford, D. Limpinsel, R.T. Magill, D.R. Magness, et al. 2022. RAD adaptive management for transforming ecosystems. BioScience 72: 45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biab091.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biab083","volume":"72","author":"DR Magness","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magness, D.R., R. Linh Hoang, T. Belote, J. Brennan, F. Wylie Carr, S. Chapin, K. Clifford, W. Morrison, et al. 2022. Management foundations for navigating ecological transformation by resisting, accepting, or directing social-ecological change. BioScience 72: 30\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biab083.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR68","unstructured":"Martin, V.G., A. Watson, C.A. Armatas, and A. Lewis. 2025. International wilderness in the twenty-first century: A global review. In Wilderness management: Stewardship and Protection of resources and values, ed. C.P. Dawson and J.C. Hendee, 5th edtionn, 37\u201370. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc."},{"key":"2446_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70005","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.70005","volume":"23","author":"BW Miller","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miller, B.W., G.W. Schuurman, W. Carr, D.J. Lawrence, L.L. Thurman, A. Bamzai-Dodson, L.A. Brandt, S.D. Crausbay, et al. 2025. Toward a shared vision for climate-informed resource stewardship. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 23: 70005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fee.70005.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"2446_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151915","volume":"319","author":"PCD Milly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milly, P.C.D., J. Betancourt, M. Falkenmark, R.M. Hirsch, Z.W. Kundzewicz, D.P. Lettenmaier, and R.J. Stouffer. 2008. Stationarity is dead: Whither water management? Science 319: 573\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1151915.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2446_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biae050","volume":"74","author":"WE Moss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moss, W.E., S.D. Crausbay, I. Rangwala, J.W. Wason, C. Trauernicht, C.S. Stevens-Rumann, A. Sala, C.M. Rottler, et al. 2024. Drought as an emergent driver of ecological transformation in the twenty-first century. BioScience 74: 524\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biae050.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR72","unstructured":"National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. 1969."},{"key":"2446_CR73","unstructured":"National Park Service. 2006. Management of national park service programs. https:\/\/www.nps.gov."},{"key":"2446_CR74","unstructured":"National Park Service. 2021. Giant sequoias and climate. 2021. https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/seki\/learn\/nature\/giant-sequoias-and-climate.htm."},{"key":"2446_CR75","unstructured":"National Park Service. 2022. Reference manual 41: Guidelines for evaluating ecological intervention proposals in national park service wilderness."},{"key":"2446_CR76","unstructured":"National Park Service. 2023. Sequoia and kings canyon climate change. 2023. https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/seki\/climate-change.htm."},{"key":"2446_CR77","unstructured":"National Park Service. 2024. Policy memorandum 24\u201303 managing national parks in an era of climate change. https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/subjects\/policy\/upload\/PM_24-03.pdf."},{"key":"2446_CR78","unstructured":"National Park Service. 2025. Sequoia and kings canyon history and culture. https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/seki\/learn\/historyculture\/index.htm."},{"key":"2446_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16756","volume":"29","author":"AR Noel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noel, A.R., R.K. Shriver, S.D. Crausbay, and J.B. Bradford. 2023. Where can managers effectively resist climate-driven ecological transformation in pinyon\u2013juniper woodlands of the US southwest? Global Change Biology 29: 4327\u20134341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.16756.","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"2446_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.08.013","volume":"133","author":"Jim Perry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perry, J. 2015. Climate change adaptation in the world\u2019s best places: A wicked problem in need of immediate attention. Landscape and Urban Planning 133: 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.08.013.","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"2446_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redmond, M.D., A.K. Urza, and P.J. Weisburg. 2023. Managing for Ecological Resilience of Pinyon-Juniper Ecosystems during an Era of Woodland Contraction. Ecosphere 14: e4505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecs2.4505.","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4505"},{"key":"2446_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405730","volume":"4","author":"HWJ Rittel","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rittel, H.W.J. and M.M. Webber. 1973. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4: 155\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01405730.","journal-title":"Policy Sciences"},{"key":"2446_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book.74951","volume-title":"Structured decision making: Case studies in natural resource management","author":"MC Runge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Runge, M.C., S.J. Converse, J.E. Lyons, and D.R. Smith. 2020. Structured decision making: Case studies in natural resource management. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"2446_CR83","volume-title":"On dangerous ice: Changing ice conditions on the tanana river","author":"W Schneider","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schneider, W., K. Brewster, K. Kielland, and C.E. Jones. 2013. On dangerous ice: Changing ice conditions on the tanana river. USA: University of Alaska."},{"key":"2446_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70062","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.70062","volume":"39","author":"GW Schuurman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schuurman, G.W., C. Wylie Carr, B.W. Hawkins Hoffman, D.W. Miller, E.A. Lawrence, J.B. Beever, J. Brennan, K.R. Clifford, et al. 2025. Clarifying the role of the resist-accept-direct (RAD) framework in support resource-management-planning processes. Conservation Biology 39: e70062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cobi.70062.","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"2446_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biab067","volume":"72","author":"GW Schuurman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schuurman, G.W., D.N. Cole, A.E. Cravens, S. Covington, S.D. Crausbay, C.H. Hoffman, D.J. Lawrence, D.R. Magness, et al. 2022. Navigating ecological transformation: Resist-accept-direct as a path to a new resource management paradigm. BioScience 72: 16\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biab067.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuurman, G.W., C.H. Hoffman, D.N. Cole, D.J. Lawrence, J.M. Morton, D.R. Magness, A.E. Cravens, S. Covington, et al. 2020. Resist-accept-direct (RAD)\u2014A framework for the 21st-century natural resource manager. https:\/\/irma.nps.gov\/DataStore\/DownloadFile\/654543.","DOI":"10.36967\/nrr-2283597"},{"key":"2446_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70116","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.70116","volume":"39","author":"AL Sesser","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sesser, A.L., J.L. Wilkening, W.B. Miles, K. Guilbeau, A.J. Lynch, J.R. Conrad, and D.R. Magness. 2025. Integrating the resist-accept-direct framework into natural resource decision-making processes for climate adpatation. Conservation Biology 39: e70116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cobi.70116.","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"2446_CR88","unstructured":"Shive, K., C. Brigham, T. Caprio, and P. Hardwick. 2021. 2021 Fire season impacts to giant sequoias. https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/000\/2021-fire-season-impacts-to-giant-sequoias.htm."},{"key":"2446_CR89","volume-title":"Models of man: Social and rational","author":"HA Simon","year":"1957","unstructured":"Simon, H.A. 1957. Models of man: Social and rational. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"2446_CR90","unstructured":"Stein, B.A., P. Glick, N. Edelson, and A. Staudt. 2014. Climate-smart conservation: Putting adaption principles into practice. Washington D.C.: National Wildlife Federation."},{"key":"2446_CR91","first-page":"7","volume":"28","author":"BNL Stephenson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stephenson, B.N.L. and C.I. Millar. 2012. Climate change: Wilderness\u2019s greatest challenge. Park Science. 28: 7.","journal-title":"Park Science."},{"key":"2446_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swanston, C.W., M.K. Janowiak, L.A. Brandt, P.R. Butler, S.D. Handler, P.D. Shannon, A.D. Lewis, K. Hall, et al. 2016. Forest adaptation resources: Climate change tools and approaches for land managers. In Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-GTR-87\u20132. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 2nd edition. Vol. 87\u20132, 161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2737\/NRS-GTR-87-2. https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/treesearch\/pubs\/52760.","DOI":"10.2737\/NRS-GTR-87-2"},{"key":"2446_CR93","unstructured":"Swing, A.E. 2011. Cultural wilderness: How the historical evolution of american wilderness values influence cultural resource management withi wilderness areas and national parks. University of Pennsylvania."},{"key":"2446_CR94","unstructured":"Sydoriak, C.A., C.D. Allen, and B.F. Jacobs. 2000. Would ecological landscape restoration make the bandelier wilderness more or less of a wilderness? In Wilderness science in a time of change conference-volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management, ed. D.N. Cole, S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie, and J. O\u2019Loughlin, 209\u201315. Missoula, MT: Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station."},{"key":"2446_CR95","unstructured":"The Wilderness Act. 1964. http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Wilderness+Act#7."},{"key":"2446_CR96","volume-title":"The management of wicked problems in health and social care","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomas, W., A. Hujala, S. Laulainen, and R. McMurray, eds. 2018. The management of wicked problems in health and social care. New York, NY: Routledge."},{"key":"2446_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.10506","volume":"46","author":"LM Thompson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thompson, L.M., A.J. Lynch, E.A. Beever, A.C. Engman, J.A. Falke, S.T. Jackson, T.J. Krabbenhoft, D.J. Lawrence, et al. 2021. Responding to ecosystem transformation: Resist, accept, or direct? Fisheries 46: 8\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsh.10506.","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"2446_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-6623.2010.00074.x","volume":"4","author":"G Tinker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tinker, G. 2010. Towards an American Indian indigenous theology. Ecumenical Review 4: 340\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1758-6623.2010.00074.x.","journal-title":"Ecumenical Review"},{"key":"2446_CR99","unstructured":"U.S. Department of the Interior. 2021. Department of the interior climate action plan. https:\/\/www.doi.gov\/sites\/doi.gov\/files\/department-of-interior-climate-action-plan-final-signed-508-9.14.21.pdf."},{"key":"2446_CR112","unstructured":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2024. 602 FW 1. Division of Natural Resources and Conservation Planning."},{"key":"2446_CR100","unstructured":"UNESCO. n.d. About world heritage centre. Accessed May 1, 2024. https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/about\/."},{"key":"2446_CR101","unstructured":"USDA Forest Service. 2002. The process predicament: How statutory, regulatory, and administrative factors affect national forest management. Washington D.C. https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/projects-policies\/documents\/Process-Predicament.pdf."},{"key":"2446_CR102","unstructured":"USDA Forest Service. 2024. Climate adaptation frameworks: RAD and RRT. USDA Northwest Climate Hub. 2024. https:\/\/www.climatehubs.usda.gov\/hubs\/northwest\/topic\/climate-adaptation-frameworks-rad-and-rrt."},{"key":"2446_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ward, N.K., A.J. Lynch, E.A. Beever, J. Booker, K.L. Bouska, H. Embke, J.N. Houser, J.F. Kocik, et al. Reimagining large river management using the Resist\u2013Accept\u2013Direct (RAD) framework in the Upper Mississippi River. Ecological Processes 12: 48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13717-023-00460-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-023-00460-x"},{"key":"2446_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1353\/sor.2015.0050","volume":"82","author":"EU Weber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weber, E.U. 2015. Climate change demands behavioral change: What are the challenges? Social Research 82: 561\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/sor.2015.0050.","journal-title":"Social Research"},{"key":"2446_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic149","volume":"62","author":"G Wendler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wendler, G. and M. Shulski. 2009. A century of climate change for fairbanks, alaska. Arctic 62: 295\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14430\/arctic149.","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"2446_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilderness Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/glr2.2024.37824.cas.","DOI":"10.1089\/glr2.2024.37824.cas"},{"key":"2446_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biab123","volume":"72","author":"JW Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams, J.W. 2022. RAD: A paradigm, shifting. BioScience 72: 13\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biab123.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2446_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01344-5","volume":"5","author":"JW Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams, J.W., A. Ordonez, and J.C. Svenning. 2021. A unifying framework for studying and managing climate change-driven rates of ecological change. Nature Ecology and Evolution 5: 17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-020-01344-5.","journal-title":"Nature Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2446_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2020.1785833","volume":"111","author":"KR Young","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young, K.R. and S. Duchicela. 2020. Abandoning Holocene dreams: Proactive biodiversity conservation in a changing world. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 111: 880\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24694452.2020.1785833.","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers"},{"key":"2446_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yung, L., D.N. Cole, D.M. Graber, D.J. Parsons, and K.A. Tonnessen. 2010. Changing policies and practices: The challenge of managing for naturalness. In Beyond naturalness: Rethinking park and wilderness stewardship in an era of rapid change, ed. D.N. Cole and L. Yung, 67\u201384. Washington D.C.: Island Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.41003453.9"}],"container-title":["Ambio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02446-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02446-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02446-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1791799171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02446-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["2446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02446-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0044-7447","1654-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0044-7447","type":"print"},{"value":"1654-7209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Author name Jennifer L. Wilkening is corrected and affiliation of the author Jaclyn Fox Rushing is updated","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This publication has been internally reviewed by the National Park Service and peer-reviewed and approved for publication consistent with the U.S. Geological Survey Fundamental Science Practices (\n                      \n                      ). Findings and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors, do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and should not be construed to represent any official U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Park Service, or U.S. government determination or policy. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Interior and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer Statement"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer Statement"}},{"value":"There was no ethical approval needed for this work as itwas not empirical and did not include human or animal subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer Statement"}}]}}