{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:19:03Z","timestamp":1790000343590,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04zaypm56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ambio"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-026-02479-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:47:27Z","timestamp":1789998447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The biodiversity we ignore: A global meta-analysis on taxonomic bias"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Mammola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Fontaneto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Bellvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Chialva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martino","family":"Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2479_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2022.109636","volume":"272","author":"M Adamo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adamo, M., R. Sousa, S. Wipf, R.A. Correia, A. Lumia, M. Mucciarelli, and S. Mammola. 2022. Dimension and impact of biases in funding for species and habitat conservation. Biological Conservation 272: 109636.","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"2479_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12738","volume":"30","author":"M Balding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balding, M., and K.J. Williams. 2016. Plant blindness and the implications for plant conservation. Conservation Biology 30: 1192\u20131199.","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"2479_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240428","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0428","volume":"381","author":"A Barnosky","year":"2026","unstructured":"Barnosky, A., and E. Hadly. 2026. The new Anthropocene biosphere. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series b, Biological Sciences 381: 20240428.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series b, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2479_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s44358-024-00014-9","volume":"1","author":"MW Belitz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Belitz, M.W., C.J. Campbell, R.G. Drum, W. Leuenberger, T.L. Morelli, K. Nail, and E.F. Zipkin. 2025. A case for assemblage-level conservation to address the biodiversity crisis. Nature Reviews Biodiversity 1: 134\u2013143.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Biodiversity"},{"key":"2479_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.12.016","volume":"151","author":"D Bickford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bickford, D., M.R.C. Posa, L. Qie, A. Campos-Arceiz, and E.P. Kudavidanage. 2012. Science communication for biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 151: 74\u201376.","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"2479_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02381-3","volume":"17","author":"X Bonnet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bonnet, X., R. Shine, and O. Lourdais. 2002. Taxonomic chauvinism. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17: 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2479_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.297.5579.191b","volume":"297","author":"JA Clark","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clark, J.A., and R.M. May. 2002. Taxonomic bias in conservation research. Science 297: 191\u2013192.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2479_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen, J. 1960. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20: 37\u201346.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"2479_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12816","volume":"97","author":"RH Cowie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cowie, R.H., P. Bouchet, and B. Fontaine. 2022. The sixth mass extinction: Fact, fiction or speculation? Biological Reviews 97: 640\u2013663.","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"key":"2479_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2025.06.001","volume":"40","author":"RH Cowie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cowie, R.H., P. Bouchet, and B. Fontaine. 2025. Denying that we may be experiencing the start of the sixth mass extinction paves the way for it to happen. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 40: 722\u2013723.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2479_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12586","volume":"23","author":"JW dos Santos","year":"2020","unstructured":"dos Santos, J.W., R.A. Correia, A.C. Malhado, J.V. Campos-Silva, D. Teles, P. Jepson, and R.J. Ladle. 2020. Drivers of taxonomic bias in conservation research: A global analysis of terrestrial mammals. Animal Conservation 23: 679\u2013688.","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"key":"2479_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger, M., G. Davey Smith, M. Schneider, and C. Minder. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315: 629\u2013634.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2479_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/538141a","volume":"538","author":"A Ellison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellison, A. 2016. It\u2019s time to get real about conservation. Nature 538: 141.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2479_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063110","volume":"8","author":"D Frynta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frynta, D., O. Simkova, S. Liskova, and E. Landova. 2013. Mammalian collection on Noah\u2019s ark: The effects of beauty, brain and body size. PLoS ONE 8: e63110.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2479_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abk1312","volume":"373","author":"SC Goncalves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goncalves, S.C., D. Haelewaters, G. Furci, and G.M. Mueller. 2021. Include all fungi in biodiversity goals. Science 373: 403.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2479_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412479122","volume":"122","author":"B Guenard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guenard, B., A.C. Hughes, C. Laine, S. Cannicci, B.D. Russell, and G.A. Williams. 2025. Limited and biased global conservation funding means most threatened species remain unsupported. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122: e2412479122.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2479_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10892-024-09508-2","volume":"29","author":"F Jaquet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jaquet, F. 2025. How to define speciesism. The Journal of Ethics 29: 477\u2013496.","journal-title":"The Journal of Ethics"},{"key":"2479_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.12.011","volume":"37","author":"I Jari\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jari\u0107, I., U. Roll, M. Bonaiuto, B.W. Brook, F. Courchamp, J.A. Firth, and R.A. Correia. 2022. Societal extinction of species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 37: 411\u2013419.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2479_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, P.A. 2025. Ten species comprise half of the bacteriology literature, leaving most species unstudied. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.04.631297"},{"key":"2479_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08752-2","volume":"641","author":"F Keck","year":"2025","unstructured":"Keck, F., T. Peller, R. Alther, C. Barouillet, R. Blackman, E. Capo, and F. Altermatt. 2025. The global human impact on biodiversity. Nature 641: 395\u2013400.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2479_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lajeunesse, M.J. 2013. Recovering missing or partial data from studies: A survey of conversions and imputations for meta-analysis. In Handbook of meta-analysis in ecology and evolution, eds. J. Koricheva, J. Gurevitch, and K. Mengersen, 195\u2013206. Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400846184-015"},{"key":"2479_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12068","volume":"16","author":"SR Leather","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leather, S.R. 2013. Institutional vertebratism hampers insect conservation generally; not just saproxylic beetle conservation. Animal Conservation 16: 379\u2013380.","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"key":"2479_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20202166","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2166","volume":"287","author":"S Mammola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mammola, S., N. Riccardi, V. Pri\u00e9, R. Correia, P. Cardoso, M. Lopes-Lima, and R. Sousa. 2020. Towards a taxonomically unbiased European Union biodiversity strategy for 2030. Proceedings of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences 287: 20202166.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2479_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP88251","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.88251.3","volume":"12","author":"S Mammola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mammola, S., M. Adamo, D. Anti\u0107, J. Calevo, T. Cancellario, P. Cardoso, and R.A. Correia. 2023a. Drivers of species knowledge across the tree of life. eLife 12: RP88251.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2479_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.12.003","volume":"33","author":"S Mammola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mammola, S., C.S. Fukushima, G. Biondo, L. Bongiorni, F. Cianferoni, P. Domenici, and P. Cardoso. 2023b. How much biodiversity is concealed in the word \u2018biodiversity\u2019? Current Biology 33: R59\u2013R60.","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2479_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12222","volume":"28","author":"Y Meinard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meinard, Y., and F. Qu\u00e9tier. 2014. Experiencing biodiversity as a bridge over the science-society communication gap. Conservation Biology 28: 705\u2013712.","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"2479_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3147153","volume":"72","author":"A Metrick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Metrick, A., and M.L. Weitzman. 1996. Patterns of behavior in endangered species preservation. Land Economics 72: 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Land Economics"},{"key":"2479_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","volume":"339","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D.G. Altman, Group, P. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ 339: b2535.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2479_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(97)00122-5","volume":"26","author":"B Moyle","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moyle, B. 1998. Species conservation and the principal\u2013agent problem. Ecological Economics 26: 313\u2013320.","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"key":"2479_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.01.018","volume":"171","author":"V Negron-Ortiz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Negron-Ortiz, V. 2014. Pattern of expenditures for plant conservation under the endangered species act. Biological Conservation 171: 36\u201343.","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"2479_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page, M.J., J.E. McKenzie, P.M. Bossuyt, I. Boutron, T.C. Hoffmann, C.D. Mulrow, and D. Moher. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372: n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2479_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pollo, P. and Kasumovic, M.M. 2026. Taxonomic bias: A persistent issue in ecology and evolution. EcoEvoRxiv, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32942\/X2B094","DOI":"10.32942\/X2B094"},{"key":"2479_CR32","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2024. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"2479_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7761","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502350112","volume":"112","author":"C R\u00e9gnier","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00e9gnier, C., G. Achaz, A. Lambert, R.H. Cowie, P. Bouchet, and B. Fontaine. 2015. Mass extinction in poorly known taxa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: 7761\u20137766.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2479_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14459","volume":"27","author":"F Riva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Riva, F., N. Haddad, L. Fahrig, and C. Banks-Leite. 2024. Principles for area-based biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters 27: e14459.","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"2479_CR35","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Handbook of meta-analysis in ecology and evolution","author":"MS Rosenberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M.S., H.R. Rothstein, and J. Gurevitch. 2013. Effect sizes: Conventional choices and calculations. In Handbook of meta-analysis in ecology and evolution, ed. J. Koricheva, J. Gurevitch, and K. Mengersen, 61\u201371. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"2479_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s44185-023-00026-2","volume":"2","author":"A Santangeli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santangeli, A., A. Haukka, W. Morris, S. Arkkila, K. Delhey, B. Kempenaers, and S. Mammola. 2023. What drives our aesthetic attraction to birds? Npj Biodiversity 2: 20.","journal-title":"Npj Biodiversity"},{"key":"2479_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08458-x","volume":"638","author":"RE Shaw","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shaw, R.E., K.A. Farquharson, M.W. Bruford, D.J. Coates, C.P. Elliott, J. Mergeay, and C.E. Grueber. 2025. Global meta-analysis shows action is needed to halt genetic diversity loss. Nature 638: 704\u2013710.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2479_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1225","volume":"14","author":"M Soga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soga, M., and K.J. Gaston. 2016. Extinction of experience: The loss of human\u2013nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14: 94\u2013101.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"2479_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1794","volume":"16","author":"M Soga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soga, M., and K.J. Gaston. 2018. Shifting baseline syndrome: Causes, consequences, and implications. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16: 222\u2013230.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"2479_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d4002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","volume":"343","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sterne, J.A., A.J. Sutton, J.P. Ioannidis, N. Terrin, D.R. Jones, J. Lau, and J.P. Higgins. 2011. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 343: d4002.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2479_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09084-6","volume":"7","author":"J Troudet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Troudet, J., P. Grandcolas, A. Blin, R. Vignes-Lebbe, and F. Legendre. 2017. Taxonomic bias in biodiversity data and societal preferences. Scientific Reports 7: 9132.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2479_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer, W. 2010. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software 36: 1\u201348.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2479_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2307\/4450624","volume":"61","author":"JH Wandersee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wandersee, J.H., and E.E. Schussler. 1999. Preventing plant blindness. The American Biology Teacher 61: 82\u201386.","journal-title":"The American Biology Teacher"},{"key":"2479_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2025.01.002","volume":"40","author":"JJ Wiens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wiens, J.J., and K.E. Saban. 2025a. Questioning the sixth mass extinction. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 40: 375\u2013384.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2479_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2025.06.012","volume":"40","author":"JJ Wiens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wiens, J.J., and K.E. Saban. 2025b. Proponents of the sixth mass extinction admit it is unsupported. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 40: 724\u2013725.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"}],"container-title":["Ambio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02479-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02479-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02479-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:47:29Z","timestamp":1789998449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02479-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["2479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-026-02479-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0044-7447","1654-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0044-7447","type":"print"},{"value":"1654-7209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"None declared.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}