{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:23:45Z","timestamp":1787167425429,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0243-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T01:11:37Z","timestamp":1489367497000},"page":"637-657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Indian Injection Technique Study: Population Characteristics and Injection Practices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kalra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrish","family":"Mithal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Sahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. G.","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banshi","family":"Saboo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujoy","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debmalya","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence J.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1031-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"243_CR1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. India. 2015. http:\/\/www.idf.org\/membership\/sea\/india . Accessed 4 Mar 2017."},{"key":"243_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad R. Innovate for diabetes in India. http:\/\/blogs.novonordisk.com\/graduates\/2010\/10\/27\/innovate-for-diabetes-in-india\/ . Accessed 4 Mar 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11299-010-0081-2"},{"key":"243_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frid AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR, Morel DR, Strauss KW. Worldwide injection technique questionnaire study: population parameters and injection practices. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2016;91(9):1212\u20131223. http:\/\/www.mayoclinicproceedings.org\/article\/S0025-6196(16)30322-6\/fulltext . Accessed 4 Mar 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.06.011"},{"key":"243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frid AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR, Morel DR, Strauss KW. Worldwide injection technique questionnaire study: injecting complications and role of the professional. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2016;91(9):1224\u20131230. http:\/\/www.mayoclinicproceedings.org\/article\/S0025-6196(16)30326-3\/fulltext . Accessed 4 Mar 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.06.012"},{"key":"243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frid AH, Kreugel G, Grassi G, et al. New insulin delivery recommendations. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2016;91(9):1231\u20131255. http:\/\/www.mayoclinicproceedings.org\/article\/S0025-6196(16)30321-4\/fulltext . Accessed 4 Mar 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.06.010"},{"key":"243_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drake MT, Smith SS. Optimizing insulin delivery in patients with diabetes mellitus: still room for improvement. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2016;91(9):1155\u20131157. http:\/\/www.mayoclinicproceedings.org\/article\/S0025-6196(16)30410-4\/fulltext . Accessed 4 Mar 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.07.010"},{"key":"243_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tandon N, Kalra S, Balhara YS, et al. Forum for Injection Technique (FIT), India: The Indian recommendations 2.0, for best practice in insulin injection technique, 2015. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2015;19(3):317\u2013331.","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.152762"},{"issue":"2","key":"243_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(10)70002-1","volume":"36","author":"A Frid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frid A, Hirsch L, Gaspar R, et al. New injection recommendations for patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2010;36(2):S3\u201318.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"243_CR9","unstructured":"ITQ survey data. Tableau Public Adam Young\u2019s Profile website: http:\/\/tabsoft.co\/23V6ofi . Accessed 8 June 2016."},{"key":"243_CR10","unstructured":"The worldwide data is labelled ROW (Rest Of World) and constitutes the mean values of the 41 other ITQ participating countries combined (excluding India)."},{"key":"243_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.12.1592","volume":"16","author":"JP Bantle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bantle JP, Neal L, Frankamp LM. Effects of the anatomical region used for insulin injections on glycaemia in type 1 diabetes subjects. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:1592\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01768.x","volume":"9","author":"A Frid","year":"1992","unstructured":"Frid A, Lind\u00e9n B. Intraregional differences in the absorption of unmodified insulin from the abdominal wall. Diabet Med. 1992;9:236\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"243_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-1-59","volume":"92","author":"VA Koivisto","year":"1980","unstructured":"Koivisto VA, Felig P. Alterations in insulin absorption and in blood glucose control associated with varying insulin injection sites in diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92:59\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"243_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2005.00030.x","volume":"2","author":"M Annersten","year":"2005","unstructured":"Annersten M, Willman A. Performing subcutaneous injections: a literature review. Worldviews Evidence Based Nurs. 2005;2:122\u201330.","journal-title":"Worldviews Evidence Based Nurs"},{"key":"243_CR15","first-page":"175","volume":"24","author":"M Vidal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vidal M, Colungo C, Jans\u00e0 M. Actualizaci\u00f3n sobre t\u00e9cnicas y sistemas de administraci\u00f3n de la insulina (I) [Update on insulin administration techniques and devices (I)]. Av Diabetol. 2008;24:175\u201390.","journal-title":"Av Diabetol"},{"key":"243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.481203","volume":"26","author":"MA Gibney","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gibney MA, Arce CH, Byron KJ, Hirsch LJ. Skin and subcutaneous adipose layer thickness in adults with diabetes at sites used for insulin injections: implications for needle length recommendations. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:1519\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"5","key":"243_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.117249","volume":"17","author":"SM Jain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jain SM, Pandey K, Lahoti A, Rao PK. Evaluation of\u00a0skin\u00a0and subcutaneous tissue\u00a0thickness\u00a0at insulin injection sites in Indian, insulin na\u00efve, type-2 diabetic adult population. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(5):864\u201370.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"243_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0111","volume":"16","author":"L Hirsch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirsch L, Byron K, Gibney M. Intramuscular risk at insulin injection sites\u2014measurement of the distance from skin to muscle and rationale for shorter-length needles for subcutaneous insulin therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(12):867\u201373.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergenstal RM, Strock ES, Peremislov D, Gibney MA, Parvu V, Hirsch LJ. Safety and efficacy of insulin therapy delivered via a 4\u00a0mm pen needle in obese patients with diabetes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(3):329\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.12.014"},{"key":"243_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0977","volume":"22","author":"N Birkebaek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Birkebaek N, Solvig J, Hansen B, Jorgensen C, Smedegaard J, Christiansen J. A 4\u00a0mm needle reduces the risk of intramuscular injections without increasing backflow to skin surface in lean diabetic children and adults. Diabetes Care. 2008;22:e65.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.5.5.245","volume":"5","author":"R Jamal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jamal R, Ross SA, Parkes JL, Pardo S, Ginsberg BH. Role of injection technique in use of insulin pens: prospective evaluation of a 31-gauge, 8\u00a0mm insulin pen needle. Endocr Pract. 1999;5:245\u201350.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"243_CR22","first-page":"A117","volume":"58","author":"G Kreugel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kreugel G, Keers JC, Jongbloed A, Verweij-Gjaltema AH, Wolffenbuttel BHR. The influence of needle length on glycemic control and patient preference in obese diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2009;58:A117.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"243_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz S, Hassman D, Shelmet J, et al. A multicenter, open-label, randomized, two-period crossover trial comparing glycemic control, satisfaction, and preference achieved with a 31 gauge\u00a0\u00d7\u00a06\u00a0mm needle versus a 29 gauge\u00a0\u00d7\u00a012.7\u00a0mm needle in obese patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2004;26:1663\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2004.10.007"},{"key":"243_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/edn.77","volume":"4","author":"G Kreugel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kreugel G, Beijer HJM, Kerstens MN, ter Maaten JC, Sluiter WJ, Boot BS. Influence of needle size for SC insulin administration on metabolic control and patient acceptance. Eur Diabetes Nurs. 2007;4:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur Diabetes Nurs"},{"key":"243_CR25","first-page":"S50","volume":"1","author":"LG Doorn Van","year":"1998","unstructured":"Van Doorn LG, Alberda A, Lytzen L. Insulin leakage and pain perception with NovoFine 6\u00a0mm and NovoFine 12\u00a0mm needle lengths in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 1998;1:S50.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"243_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0170","volume":"14","author":"T Miwa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miwa T, Itoh R, Kobayashi T, et al. Comparison of the effects of a new 32-gauge\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04-mm pen needle and a 32-gauge\u00a0\u00d7\u00a06-mm pen needle on glycemic control, safety, and patient ratings in Japanese adults with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(12):1084\u201390.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"243_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0334","volume":"15","author":"Y Nagai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagai Y, Ohshige T, Arai K, Kobayashi H, Sada Y, Ohmori S. Comparison between shorter straight and thinner microtapered insulin injection needles. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15(7):550\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"243_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12035","volume":"4","author":"T Hirose","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hirose T, Ogihara T, Tozaka S, Kanderian S, Watada H. Identification and comparison of insulin pharmacokinetics injected with a new 4-mm needle vs 6- and 8-mm needles accounting for endogenous insulin and C-peptide secretion kinetics in non-diabetic adult males. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(3):287\u201396.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"243_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"A Pe\u00f1a de la","year":"2015","unstructured":"de la Pe\u00f1a A, Yeo KP, Linnebjerg H, et al. Subcutaneous injection depth does not affect the pharmacokinetics or glucodynamics of insulin lispro in normal weight or healthy obese subjects. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"243_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0977","volume":"31","author":"NH Birkebaek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Birkebaek NH, Solvig J, Hansen B, Jorgensen C, Smedegaard J, Christiansen JS. A 4-mm needle reduces the risk of intramuscular injections without increasing backflow to skin surface in lean diabetic children and adults. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(9):e65.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"243_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.709181","volume":"28","author":"LJ Hirsch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hirsch LJ, Gibney MA, Li L, B\u00e9rub\u00e9 J. Glycemic control, reported pain and leakage with a 4\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a032 G pen needle in obese and non-obese adults with diabetes: a post hoc analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(8):1305\u201311.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"7","key":"243_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2012.00865.x","volume":"13","author":"D Lo Presti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lo Presti D, Ingegnosi C, Strauss K. Skin and subcutaneous thickness at injecting sites in children with diabetes: ultrasound findings and recommendations for giving injection. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(7):525\u201333.","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"243_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0871","volume":"33","author":"PL Hofman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hofman PL, Derraik JG, Pinto TE, et al. Defining the ideal injection techniques when using 5-mm needles in children and adults. Diab Care. 2010;33(9):1940\u20134.","journal-title":"Diab Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"243_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.482499","volume":"26","author":"LJ Hirsch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hirsch LJ, Gibney MA, Albanese J, et al. Comparative glycemic control, safety and patient ratings for a new 4\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a032G insulin pen needle in adults with diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(6):1531\u201341.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"243_CR35","unstructured":"Strock E, et al. Glycemic control, pain and leakage with 4\u00a0mm vs larger pen needles in obese patients treated with lantus or higher insulin doses: prespecified subgroup analyses. In: Poster 997-P. EASD, Barcelona, Spain. 2013."},{"key":"243_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600226","volume":"6","author":"D Ignaut","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ignaut D, Fu H. Comparison of insulin diluent leakage postinjection using two different needle lengths and injection volumes in obese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6:389\u201393.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"243_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2011.0010","volume":"13","author":"G Kreugel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kreugel G, Keers JC, Kerstens MN, Wolffenbuttel BH. Randomized trial on the influence of the length of two insulin pen needles on glycemic control and patient preference in obese patients with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13(7):737\u201341.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"243_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.12.023","volume":"77","author":"B Vardar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vardar B, Kizilci S. Incidence of lipohypertrophy in diabetic patients and a study of influencing factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77:231\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"243_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1960150108","volume":"15","author":"L Saez-de Ibarra","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saez-de Ibarra L, Gallego F. Factors related to lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetic patients: role of educational intervention. Pract Diab Int. 1998;15:9\u201311.","journal-title":"Pract Diab Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"243_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2013.05.006","volume":"39","author":"M Blanco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blanco M, Hern\u00e1ndez MT, Strauss KW, Amaya M. Prevalence and risk factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2013;39(5):445\u201353.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"243_CR41","first-page":"A57","volume":"17","author":"L Hirsch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirsch L, Ji L, Sun Z, et al. Lipohypertrophy\u2014prevalence, risk factors and clinical characteristics of insulin-requiring patients in China. DTT. 2015;17(Suppl 1):A57\u20138.","journal-title":"DTT"},{"issue":"3","key":"243_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-0407.2010.00077.x","volume":"2","author":"C Coninck De","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Coninck C, Frid A, Gaspar R, et al. Results and analysis of the 2008\u20132009 insulin injection technique questionnaire survey. J Diabetes. 2010;2(3):168\u201379.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"243_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"I Misnikova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Misnikova I, Dreval A, Gubkina V, Rusanova E. The risk of repeated use of insulin pen needles in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Diabetology. 2011;1:1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Diabetology"},{"key":"243_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90119-C","volume":"16","author":"G Schuler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schuler G, Pelz K, Kerp L. Is the reuse of needles for insulin injection systems associated with a higher risk of cutaneous complications? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1992;16:209\u201312.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"243_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02602347","volume":"4","author":"DR Thomas","year":"1989","unstructured":"Thomas DR, Fischer RG, Nicholas WC, Beghe C, Hatten KW, Thomas JN. Disposable insulin syringe reuse and aseptic practices in diabetic patients. J Gen Intern Med. 1989;4:97\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"243_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2004.06.001","volume":"67","author":"J Puder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Puder J, Atar M, Muller B, Pavan M, Keller U. Using insulin pen needles up to five times does not affect needle tip shape nor increase pain intensity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;67:119\u201323.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"243_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1960150609","volume":"15","author":"K Strauss","year":"1998","unstructured":"Strauss K. Insulin injection techniques. Pract Diabetes Int. 1998;15:181\u20134.","journal-title":"Pract Diabetes Int"},{"key":"243_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.4.3.366","volume":"4","author":"J Galloway","year":"1981","unstructured":"Galloway J, Spradlin C, Nelson R, Wentworth S, Davidson J, Swarner J. Factors influencing the absorption, serum insulin concentration, and blood glucose responses after injections of regular insulin and various insulin mixtures. Diabetes Care. 1981;4:366\u201376.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00408474","volume":"37","author":"G Sindelka","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sindelka G, Heinemann L, Berger M, Frenck W, Chantelau E. Effect of insulin concentration, subcutaneous fat thickness and skin temperature on subcutaneous insulin absorption in healthy subjects. Diabetologia. 1994;37:377\u201380.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"243_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401147","volume":"36","author":"JE Henriksen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Henriksen JE, Djurhuus MS, Vaag A, et al. Impact of injection sites for soluble insulin on glycaemic control in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients treated with a multiple insulin injection regimen. Diabetologia. 1993;36:752\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"243_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01631.x","volume":"8","author":"J Henriksen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Henriksen J, Vaag A, Ramsgaard Hansen I, Lauritzen M, Djurhuus M, Beck-Nielsen H. Absorption of NPH (Isophane) insulin in resting diabetic patients: evidence for subcutaneous injection in the thigh as the preferred site. Diabet Med. 1991;8:453\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"243_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-1-59","volume":"92","author":"V Koivisto","year":"1989","unstructured":"Koivisto V, Felig P. Alterations in insulin absorption and in blood glucose control associated with varying insulin injection sites in diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med. 1989;92:59\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"243_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01431.x","volume":"7","author":"PH Meijer De","year":"1990","unstructured":"De Meijer PH, Lutterman JA, van Lier HJ, van\u2019t Laar A. The variability of the absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin: effect of injection technique and relation with brittleness. Diabet Med. 1990;7:499\u2013505.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"243_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.5.2.77","volume":"2","author":"M Berger","year":"1982","unstructured":"Berger M, C\u00fcppers HJ, Hegner H, J\u00f6rgens V, Berchtold P. Absorption kinetics and biologic effects of subcutaneously injected insulin preparations. Diabetes Care. 1982;2:77\u201391.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.11.1.41","volume":"11","author":"A Frid","year":"1988","unstructured":"Frid A, Gunnarson R, Guntner P, Linde P. Effects of accidental intramuscular injection on insulin absorption in IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1988;11:41\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaag A, Handberg A, Lauritzen M, Henriksen JE, Pedersen KD, Beck-Nielsen H. Variation in absorption of NPH insulin due to intramuscular injection. Diabetes Care. 1990;13(1):74\u20136.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.1.74"},{"issue":"3","key":"243_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01456.x","volume":"7","author":"J Thow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thow J, Johnson A, Fulcher G, Home P. Different absorption of Isophane (NPH) Insulin from subcutaneous and intramuscular sites suggests a need to reassess recommended insulin injection technique. Diabet Med. 1990;7(3):600\u20132.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"243_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199809)15:9<747::AID-DIA664>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"15","author":"K Rave","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rave K, Heise T, Weyer C, et al. Intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection of soluble and lispro insulins: comparison of metabolic effects in healthy subjects. Diabet Med. 1998;15:747\u201351.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"243_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01654.x","volume":"22","author":"B Karges","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karges B, Boehm BO, Karges W. Early hypoglycemia after accidental intramuscular injection of insulin glargine. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1444\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"243_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01654.x","volume":"22","author":"B Karges","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karges B, Boehm BO, Karges W. Early hypoglycaemia after accidental intramuscular injection of insulin glargine. Diabetes Med. 2005;22(10):1444\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"243_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.11.9.733","volume":"11","author":"M Spraul","year":"1988","unstructured":"Spraul M, Chantelau E, Koumoulidou J, Berger M. Subcutaneous or nonsubcutaneous injection of insulin. Diabetes Care. 1988;11:733\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6742.3","volume":"301","author":"J Thow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thow J, Home P. Insulin Injection Technique. BMJ. 1990;301:3\u20134.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"243_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0111","volume":"16","author":"L Hirsch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirsch L, Byron K, Gibney M. Intramuscular risk at insulin injection sites-measurement of the distance from skin to muscle and rationale for shorter-length needles for subcutaneous insulin therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(12):867\u201373.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"243_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814532326","volume":"8","author":"A Pe\u00f1a de la","year":"2014","unstructured":"de la Pe\u00f1a A, Ma X, Reddy S, Ovalle F, Bergenstal RM, Jackson JA. Application of PK\/PD modeling and simulation to dosing regimen optimization of high-dose human regular U-500 insulin. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8:821\u20139.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"243_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.17.34.45.s52","volume":"17","author":"L King","year":"2003","unstructured":"King L. Subcutaneous insulin injection technique. Nurs Stand. 2003;17:45\u201352.","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"243_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1001764","volume":"26","author":"BH Ginsberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ginsberg BH, Parkes JL, Sparacino C. The kinetics of insulin administration by insulin pens. Horm Metab Res. 1994;26:584\u20137.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"243_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/1528-252X(200006)17:4<109::AID-PDI42>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"17","author":"M Annersten","year":"2000","unstructured":"Annersten M, Frid A. Insulin pens dribble from the tip of the needle after injection. Pract Diab Int. 2000;17:109\u201311.","journal-title":"Pract Diab Int"},{"key":"243_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.13.2217","volume":"9","author":"J Rissler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rissler J, J\u00f8rgensen C, Rye Hansen M, Hansen NA. Evaluation of the injection force dynamics of a modified prefilled insulin pen. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:2217\u201322.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"243_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/014572179101700203","volume":"17","author":"CA Broadway","year":"1991","unstructured":"Broadway CA. Prevention of insulin leakage after subcutaneous injection. Diabetes Educator. 1991;17:90.","journal-title":"Diabetes Educator"},{"key":"243_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.9.1502","volume":"21","author":"JP Floch Le","year":"1998","unstructured":"Le Floch JP, Herbreteau C, Lange F, Perlemuter L. Biologic material in needles and cartridges after insulin injection with a pen in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1502\u20134.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1024\/0040-5930.63.6.398","volume":"63","author":"U B\u00e4rtsch","year":"2006","unstructured":"B\u00e4rtsch U, Comtesse C, Wetekam B. Insulin pens for treatment of diabetes (article in German). Ther Umsch. 2006;63:398\u2013404.","journal-title":"Ther Umsch"},{"key":"243_CR72","unstructured":"Byetta Pen User Manual. Eli Lilly and Company; 2007."},{"key":"243_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90566-7","volume":"334","author":"E Chantelau","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chantelau E, Heinemann L, Ross D. Air bubbles in insulin pens. Lancet. 1989;334:387\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"243_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.276","volume":"19","author":"K Strauss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Strauss K, De Gols H, Letondeur C, Matyjaszczyk M, Frid A. The second injection technique event (SITE), May 2000, Barcelona, Spain. Pract Diab Int. 2002;19:17\u201321.","journal-title":"Pract Diab Int"},{"key":"243_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1960150609","volume":"15","author":"K Strauss","year":"1998","unstructured":"Strauss K. Insulin injection techniques: report from the 1st International Insulin Injection Technique Workshop, Strasbourg, France\u2014June 1997. Pract Diab Int. 1998;15:16\u201320.","journal-title":"Pract Diab Int"},{"key":"243_CR76","unstructured":"Danish Nurses Organization. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for injection of insulin for adults with diabetes mellitus, 2nd ed. 2006. English version available at http:\/\/docplayer.net\/2966550-Evidence-based-clinicalguidelines-for-injection-of-insulin-for-adults-with-diabetes-mellitus.html . Accessed 4 Mar 2017."},{"key":"243_CR77","unstructured":"Association for Diabetescare Professionals (EADV). Guideline: the administration of insulin with the insulin pen. 2008. http:\/\/www.google.co.in\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjdgd3ZqMPSAhXKr48KHcWZDAUQFggbMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eadv.nl%2Fmodule%2F1530%2F196%2FGuideline-The-administration-of-insulin-with-the-insulin-pen.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEFHElByntR2GlsmvfxTJULMipgyQ&cad=rja . Accessed 4 Mar 2017."},{"key":"243_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6793.26","volume":"303","author":"E Chantelau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chantelau E, Lee DM, Hemmann DM, Zipfel U, Echterhoff S. What makes insulin injections painful? Br Med J. 1991;303:26\u20137.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"243_CR79","unstructured":"Maljaars C. Scherpe studie naalden voor eenmalig gebruik [Sharp study needles for single use]. Diabetes Levery. 2002;4:36\u201337."},{"key":"243_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.319","volume":"19","author":"T Torrance","year":"2002","unstructured":"Torrance T. An unexpected hazard of insulin injection. Pract Diabetes Int. 2002;19:63.","journal-title":"Pract Diabetes Int"},{"key":"243_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200306000-00022","volume":"103","author":"RM Caffrey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caffrey RM. Diabetes under control: are all syringes created equal? Am J Nurs. 2003;103:46\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"243_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12459-5","volume":"354","author":"PM Jehle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jehle PM, Micheler C, Jehle DR, Breitig D, Boehm BO. Inadequate suspension of neutral protamine Hagendorn (NPH) insulin in pens. Lancet. 1999;354:1604\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"243_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01206.x","volume":"21","author":"A Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown A, Steel JM, Duncan C, Duncun A, McBain AM. An assessment of the adequacy of suspension of insulin in pen injectors. Diab Med. 2004;21:604\u20138.","journal-title":"Diab Med"},{"key":"243_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00152193-200205000-00003","volume":"32","author":"C Nath","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nath C. Mixing insulin: shake, rattle or roll? Nursing. 2002;32:10.","journal-title":"Nursing"},{"key":"243_CR85","first-page":"14","volume":"99","author":"MH Springs","year":"1999","unstructured":"Springs MH. Shake, rattle, or roll? \u201cChallenging traditional insulin injection practices\u201d. Am J Nurs. 1999;99:14.","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"9190","key":"243_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12459-5","volume":"354","author":"PM Jehle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jehle PM, Micheler C, Jehle DR, Breitig D, Boehm BO. Inadequate suspension of neutral protamine Hagendorn (NPH) insulin in pens. Lancet. 1999;354(9190):1604\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"243_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01206.x","volume":"21","author":"A Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown A, Steel JM, Duncan C, Duncan A, McBain AM. An assessment of the adequacy of suspension of insulin in pen injectors. Diabet Med. 2004;21(6):604\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"243_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400320","volume":"4","author":"P Kaiser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaiser P, Maxeiner S, Weise A, et al. Assessment of the mixing efficiency of neutral protamine Hagedorn cartridges. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2010;4(3):652\u20137.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"243_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.12.1434","volume":"19","author":"M Polak","year":"1996","unstructured":"Polak M, Beregszaszi M, Belarbi N, et al. Subcutaneous or intra-muscular injections of insulin in children: are we injecting where we think we are? Diabetes Care. 1996;19(12):1434\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"243_CR90","unstructured":"Tubiana-Rufi N, Belarbi N, Du Pasquier-Fediaevsky L, et al. Reduction of the risk of intra-muscular insulin injection with the 8\u00a0mm length needles in thin diabetic children. Diabetologia 1998;41:A247."},{"key":"243_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalra S, Mithal A, Sahay R, et al. Indian Injection Technique Study: Injecting Complications, Education, and the Health Care Professional. Diabetes Ther 2017. doi: 10.1007\/s13300-017-0244-9 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0244-9"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-017-0243-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13300-017-0243-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-017-0243-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T12:08:08Z","timestamp":1692706088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13300-017-0243-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-017-0243-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-6953","1869-6961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-6953","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-6961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2017","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}