{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:57:19Z","timestamp":1789131439995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81570715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81170736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81170736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01028-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:10:30Z","timestamp":1614456630000},"page":"1055-1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Effects of Dietary Nutrition Intake on Glycemic Variability in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4721-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1028_CR1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Atlas 9th edn. Brussels: IDF; 2019."},{"key":"1028_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.16","volume":"3","author":"A Katsarou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katsarou A, Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir S, Rawshani A, et al. Type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17016.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1028_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j5295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5295","volume":"360","author":"J Weng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weng J, Zhou Z, Guo L, et al. Incidence of type\u00a01 diabetes in China, 2010\u201313: population based study. BMJ. 2018;360:j5295.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1028_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12366","volume":"8","author":"D Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang D, Deng H, Luo G, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter registry study in Guangdong, China. J Diabetes. 2016;8:847\u201353.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"1028_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S006","volume":"43","author":"G Targets","year":"2020","unstructured":"Targets G. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20132020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:S66-s76.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1028_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600","volume":"40","author":"T Danne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, et al. International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:1631\u201340.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1028_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815603528","volume":"9","author":"L Heinemann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heinemann L, Freckmann G. CGM versus FGM; or, continuous glucose monitoring is not flash glucose monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9:947\u201350.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"1028_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0029","volume":"19","author":"LA Wright","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wright LA, Hirsch IB. Metrics beyond hemoglobin A1C in diabetes management: time in range, hypoglycemia, and other parameters. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19:S16-s26.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"1028_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296816661560","volume":"11","author":"AR Dover","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dover AR, Stimson RH, Zammitt NN, Gibb FW. Flash glucose monitoring improves outcomes in a type\u00a01 diabetes clinic. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017;11:442\u20133.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"1028_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31535-5","volume":"388","author":"J Bolinder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bolinder J, Antuna R, Geelhoed-Duijvestijn P, Kr\u00f6ger J, Weitgasser R. Novel glucose-sensing technology and hypoglycaemia in type\u00a01 diabetes: a multicentre, non-masked, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:2254\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1028_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0392","volume":"19","author":"AF \u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir AF, Attvall S, Sandgren U, et al. A clinical trial of the accuracy and treatment experience of the flash glucose monitor freestyle libre in adults with type\u00a01 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19:164\u201372.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"1028_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296816653412","volume":"10","author":"M Ish-Shalom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ish-Shalom M, Wainstein J, Raz I, Mosenzon O. Improvement in glucose control in difficult-to-control patients with diabetes using a novel flash glucose monitoring device. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016;10:1412\u20133.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"1028_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1188","volume":"38","author":"C Gorst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorst C, Kwok CS, Aslam S, et al. Long-term glycemic variability and risk of adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:2354\u201369.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1028_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2426","volume":"40","author":"JM Lachin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lachin JM, Bebu I, Bergenstal RM, et al. Association of glycemic variability in type\u00a01 diabetes with progression of microvascular outcomes in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:777\u201383.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1028_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818822496","volume":"13","author":"RW Beck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Cheng P, et al. The relationships between time in range, hyperglycemia metrics, and HbA1c. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019;13:614\u201326.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"1028_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0146","volume":"18","author":"AH El-Laboudi","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Laboudi AH, Godsland IF, Johnston DG, Oliver NS. Measures of glycemic variability in type\u00a01 diabetes and the effect of real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016;18:806\u201312.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"1028_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0107","volume":"19","author":"V Dadlani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dadlani V, Tamhane SU, Sun A, et al. High glucose variability in hospitalized patients with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19:572\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"1028_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0103","volume":"59","author":"RJ McCrimmon","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCrimmon RJ, Sherwin RS. Hypoglycemia in type\u00a01 diabetes. Diabetes. 2010;59:2333\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1028_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on residual beta-cell function in patients with type\u00a01 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:517\u201323.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-7-199804010-00001"},{"key":"1028_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.01.009","volume":"17","author":"MC Dub\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dub\u00e9 MC, Prud\u2019homme D, Lemieux S, Lavoie C, Weisnagel SJ. Relation between energy intake and glycemic control in physically active young adults with type\u00a01 diabetes. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;17:47\u201350.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"1028_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60613-9","volume":"383","author":"SH Ley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet. 2014;383:1999\u20132007.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1028_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092177","volume":"11","author":"O Ojo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ojo O. Dietary intake and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2019;11:2177.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1028_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2012.36.4.300","volume":"36","author":"HM Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang HM, Kim DJ. Total energy intake may be more associated with glycemic control compared to each proportion of macronutrients in the Korean diabetic population. Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36:300\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"1028_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180756","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0756","volume":"1","author":"S Carter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized noninferiority trial. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1:e180756.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"1028_CR25","unstructured":"Zubrzycki A, Cierpka-Kmiec K, Kmiec Z, Wronska A. The role of low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting in the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;69(5):663\u201383."},{"key":"1028_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56541-5","volume":"9","author":"AJ Ahola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahola AJ, Mutter S, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Groop PH. Meal timing, meal frequency, and breakfast skipping in adult individuals with type\u00a01 diabetes - associations with glycaemic control. Sci Rep. 2019;9:20063.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1028_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110639","volume":"71","author":"Y Hashimoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashimoto Y, Kaji A, Sakai R, et al. Skipping breakfast is associated with glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition. 2020;71:110639.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"1028_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2017-000524","volume":"65","author":"SA Parry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parry SA, Hodson L. Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med. 2017;65:1102\u201315.","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"1028_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315940","volume":"68","author":"LJ Alferink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alferink LJ, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Erler NS, et al. Association of dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in an ageing population: the Rotterdam Study. Gut. 2019;68:1088\u201398.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1028_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12259","volume":"73","author":"A Jennings","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jennings A, Berendsen AM, de Groot L, et al. Mediterranean-style diet improves systolic blood pressure and arterial stiffness in older adults. Hypertension. 2019;73:578\u201386.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1028_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030168","volume":"8","author":"M Garcia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garcia M, Bihuniak JD, Shook J, et al. The effect of the traditional Mediterranean-style diet on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2016;8:168.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1028_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708681","volume":"359","author":"I Shai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. New Eng J Med. 2008;359:229\u201341.","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"1028_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000470","volume":"21","author":"KD Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall KD, Chung ST. Low-carbohydrate diets for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2018;21:308\u201312.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"1028_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1138447","volume":"57","author":"M Dinu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F. Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57:3640\u20139.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1028_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121841","volume":"10","author":"H Lynch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lynch H, Johnston C, Wharton C. Plant-based diets: considerations for environmental impact, protein quality, and exercise performance. Nutrients. 2018;10:1841.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1028_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20132020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:S48\u2013S65.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S005"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-021-01028-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13300-021-01028-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-021-01028-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T22:40:04Z","timestamp":1616712004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13300-021-01028-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-021-01028-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-6953","1869-6961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-6953","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-6961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}