{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T20:11:44Z","timestamp":1788639104650,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013412","name":"Sanofi Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-026-01903-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:41:04Z","timestamp":1785912064000},"page":"1385-1405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycemic Patterns Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Insulin Glargine 100 U\/mL in Primary Care: The GPDetect Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8384-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Bellido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3710-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Cebri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto S.","family":"de las Hazas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Soto-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Morer-Li\u00f1an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Borrachero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Cuatrecases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena L.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Lozano-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro M.","family":"Bay\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina M.","family":"Ni\u00f1o-Azcarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Laclaustra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Fuentealba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1903_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023; 402: 203\u2013234.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6"},{"key":"1903_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59643-7","volume":"10","author":"G Rojo-Martinez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rojo-Martinez G, Valdes S, Soriguer F, et\u00a0al. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in Spain as results of the nation-wide cohort di@bet.es study. Sci Rep. 2020;10:2765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-59643-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1903_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-7753(17)30618-8","volume":"147","author":"J Franch Nadal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Franch Nadal J, Mata Cases M, Mauricio PD. Epidemiology and clinical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities in Spain (e-Management study). Med Clin (Barc). 2016;147(Suppl 1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0025-7753(17)30618-8.","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)."},{"key":"1903_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.810757","volume":"12","author":"M Mata-Cases","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mata-Cases M, Vlacho B, Real J, et\u00a0al. Trends in the degree of control and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting in Catalonia during 2007-2018. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2007;12:810757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.810757.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1903_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)02546-0","volume":"356","author":"GB Bolli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bolli GB, Owens DR. Insulin glargine. Lancet. 2000;356:443\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)02546-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1903_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-022-01284-2","volume":"13","author":"B Sethi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sethi B, Unnikrishnan AG, Ayyar V, et\u00a0al. Twenty years of insulin Gla-100: a systematic evaluation of its efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Ther. 2022;13:1409\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-022-01284-2.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"1903_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12472","volume":"17","author":"MC Riddle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riddle MC, Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H, Bolli GB, et\u00a0al. One-year sustained glycaemic control and less hypoglycaemia with new insulin glargine 300 U\/ml compared with 100 U\/ml in people with type 2 diabetes using basal plus meal-time insulin: the EDITION 1 12-month randomized trial, including 6-month extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:835\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12472.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"1903_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003930","author":"J Rosenstock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosenstock J, Bajaj HS, Lingvay I, Heller SR. Clinical perspectives on the frequency of hypoglycemia in treat-to-target randomized controlled trials comparing basal insulin analogs in type 2 diabetes: a narrative review. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003930.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care."},{"key":"1903_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203858","volume":"367","author":"HC Gerstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR, et\u00a0al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:319\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1203858.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1903_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0153-3","volume":"7","author":"M Hanefeld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanefeld M, Monnier L, Schnell O, Owens D. Early treatment with basal insulin glargine in people with type 2 diabetes: lessons from ORIGIN and other cardiovascular trials. Diabetes Ther. 2016;7:187\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-016-0153-3.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"1903_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i12.2036","volume":"12","author":"A Nakhleh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakhleh A, Shehadeh N. Hypoglycemia in diabetes: an update on pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. World J Diabetes. 2021;12:2036\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v12.i12.2036.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes."},{"key":"1903_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12485","volume":"17","author":"R Ritzel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritzel R, Roussel R, Bolli GB, et\u00a0al. Patient-level meta-analysis of the EDITION 1, 2 and 3 studies: glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia with new insulin glargine 300 U\/ml versus glargine 100 U\/ml in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:859\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12485.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"1903_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7117","volume":"318","author":"C Wysham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wysham C, Bhargava A, Chaykin L, et\u00a0al. Effect of insulin degludec vs insulin glargine U100 on hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: The SWITCH 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama. 2017;318:45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.7117.","journal-title":"Jama."},{"key":"1903_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.11","volume":"1","author":"M Pawaskar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pawaskar M, Witt EA, Engel SS, Rajpathak SN, Iglay K. Severity of hypoglycaemia and health-related quality of life, work productivity and healthcare costs in patients with type 2 diabetes in Europe. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2018;1:e00011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/edm2.11.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"1903_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15268","volume":"25","author":"A Ratzki-Leewing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ratzki-Leewing A, Black JE, Kahkoska AR, et\u00a0al. Severe (level 3) hypoglycaemia occurrence in a real-world cohort of adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus (iNPHORM, United States). Diabetes, Obes & Metabol. 2023;25:3736\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15268.","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obes & Metabol."},{"key":"1903_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.01.004","volume":"100","author":"EC McNay","year":"2010","unstructured":"McNay EC, Cotero VE. Mini-review: impact of recurrent hypoglycemia on cognitive and brain function. Physiol Behav. 2010;100:234\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.01.004.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1903_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2502","volume":"45","author":"CEM Verhulst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verhulst CEM, Fabricius TW, Nefs G, et\u00a0al. Consistent effects of hypoglycemia on cognitive function in people with or without diabetes. Diabetes care. 2022;45:2103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-2502.","journal-title":"Diabetes care."},{"key":"1903_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80085-Z","volume":"90","author":"The DCCT Research Group","year":"1991","unstructured":"The DCCT Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Med. 1991;90:450\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"1903_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00959-x","volume":"14","author":"B Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang B, Jiang Q, Wu T, et\u00a0al. Hypoglycemia unawareness identified by continuous glucose monitoring system is frequent in outpatients with type 2 diabetes without receiving intensive therapeutic interventions. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14:180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-022-00959-x.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1903_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2022.2138469","volume":"135","author":"D Orozco-Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orozco-Beltr\u00e1n D, Lecumberri-Pascual E, Quesada JA, et\u00a0al. Psychometric properties of the Clarke questionnaire for hypoglycemia awareness in the Spanish population with type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med. 2023;135:141\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2022.2138469.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med."},{"key":"1903_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108917","volume":"177","author":"V Bellido","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellido V, Pin\u00e9s-Corrales PJ, Villar-Taibo R, Ampudia-Blasco FJ. Time-in-range for monitoring glucose control: is it time for a change? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;177:108917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108917.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1903_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1328","volume":"30","author":"PG McNally","year":"2007","unstructured":"McNally PG, Dean JD, Morris AD, Wilkinson PD, Compion G, Heller SR. Using continuous glucose monitoring to measure the frequency of low glucose values when using biphasic insulin aspart 30 compared with biphasic human insulin 30: a double-blind crossover study in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1044\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc06-1328.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"1903_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","volume":"42","author":"T Battelino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Battelino T, Danne T, Bergenstal RM, et\u00a0al. Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the International Consensus on Time in Range. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1593\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci19-0028.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1903_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2215","volume":"40","author":"International Hypoglycaemia Study Group","year":"2017","unstructured":"International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0 mmol\/L (54 mg\/dL) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes care. 2017;40:155\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-2215.","journal-title":"Diabetes care."},{"key":"1903_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000668","volume":"7","author":"A Fritsche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fritsche A, Anderten H, Pfohl M, et\u00a0al. HbA1c target achievement in the elderly: results of the Titration and Optimization trial for initiation of insulin glargine 100 U\/mL in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on oral antidiabetic drugs. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2019;7:e000668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000668.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"1903_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-015-0250-y","volume":"7","author":"S Tsukube","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsukube S, Kadowaki T, Odawara M. Efficacy and safety assessment of basal supported oral therapy (BOT) with insulin glargine in a real-life clinical setting, stratified by concomitant orally administered antidiabetic agent (OAD) regimens including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i): subanalysis of the ALOHA2 study, drug-use surveillance in Japan. Diabetol Int. 2016;7:299\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13340-015-0250-y.","journal-title":"Diabetol Int"},{"key":"1903_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S128","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S006","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2025","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: standards of care in diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:S128-s145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-S006.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1903_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(22)00319-9","volume":"11","author":"T Battelino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Battelino T, Alexander CM, Amiel SA, et\u00a0al. Continuous glucose monitoring and metrics for clinical trials: an international consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11:42\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(22)00319-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1903_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1624","volume":"40","author":"G Agiostratidou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agiostratidou G, Anhalt H, Ball D, et\u00a0al. Standardizing clinically meaningful outcome measures beyond HbA(1c) for type 1 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, the American Diabetes Association, the Endocrine Society, JDRF International, The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the T1D Exchange. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:1622\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-1624.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1903_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s33","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.2007.S33","volume":"25","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2002","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:s33\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.25.2007.S33.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"1903_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0971","volume":"37","author":"TR Haj\u00f3s","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haj\u00f3s TR, Polonsky WH, Pouwer F, Gonder-Frederick L, Snoek FJ. Toward defining a cutoff score for elevated fear of hypoglycemia on the hypoglycemia fear survey worry subscale in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:102\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-0971.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1903_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endinu.2017.12.003","volume":"65","author":"C Tasende","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tasende C, Rubio JA, \u00c1lvarez J. Spanish translation, adaptation and validation of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey in adults with type 1 diabetes in the Community of Madrid. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed). 2018;65:287\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.endinu.2017.12.003.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed)."},{"key":"1903_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. \u201cMini-mental state.\u201d A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"1903_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5764-dn-2021-0097","volume":"16","author":"M Gallegos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallegos M, Morgan ML, Cervigni M, et\u00a0al. 45 years of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE): a perspective from Ibero-America. Dement Neuropsychol. 2022;16:384\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-5764-dn-2021-0097.","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1903_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1159\/000450784","volume":"6","author":"P Hobson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hobson P, Rohoma KH, Wong SP, Kumwenda MJ. The utility of the Mini-Addenbrooke\u2019s cognitive examination as a screen for cognitive impairment in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2016;6:541\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000450784.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra"},{"key":"1903_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.04.003","volume":"88","author":"S Banarer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Banarer S, Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Med Clin North Am. 2004;88:1107-1116 xii-xiii. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.04.003.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am."},{"key":"1903_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01225-4","volume":"15","author":"SAO Leite","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leite SAO, Silva MP, Lavalle ACR, et\u00a0al. Use of continuous glucose monitoring in insulin-treated older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15:240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-023-01225-4.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1903_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2621","volume":"37","author":"RM Bergenstal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bergenstal RM, Rosenstock J, Bastyr EJ 3rd, Prince MJ, Qu Y, Jacober SJ. Lower glucose variability and hypoglycemia measured by continuous glucose monitoring with novel long-acting insulin LY2605541 versus insulin glargine. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:659\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-2621.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"1903_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.791439","volume":"13","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhou Y, Wang Y, et\u00a0al. Basal insulin reduces glucose variability and hypoglycaemia compared to premixed insulin in type 2 diabetes patients: a study based on continuous glucose monitoring systems. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:791439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.791439.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"1903_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030642","author":"M Conti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conti M, Massari G, Meneghini E, et\u00a0al. Effectiveness and safety of the intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring system FreeStyle Libre 2 in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs: an observational, retrospective real-world study. J Clin Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13030642.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1903_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1366368","volume":"15","author":"A Gald\u00f3n Sanz-Pastor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gald\u00f3n Sanz-Pastor A, Justel Enr\u00edquez A, S\u00e1nchez Bao A, Ampudia-Blasco FJ. Current barriers to initiating insulin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1366368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1366368.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1903_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.34.3.222","volume":"34","author":"WT Garvey","year":"1985","unstructured":"Garvey WT, Olefsky JM, Griffin J, Hamman RF, Kolterman OG. The effect of insulin treatment on insulin secretion and insulin action in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1985;34:222\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.34.3.222.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1903_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2147\/jmdh.S64084","volume":"7","author":"C Sorli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sorli C, Heile MK. Identifying and meeting the challenges of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2014;7:267\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jmdh.S64084.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc."},{"key":"1903_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101158","volume":"46","author":"A Veelen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veelen A, Erazo-Tapia E, Oscarsson J, Schrauwen P. Type 2 diabetes subgroups and potential medication strategies in relation to effects on insulin resistance and beta-cell function: a step toward personalised diabetes treatment? Mol Metab. 2021;46:101158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101158.","journal-title":"Mol Metab."},{"key":"1903_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.11.004","volume":"45","author":"DR Owens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Owens DR, Fanelli CG, Yale JF, Bolli GB. Clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec (100, 200 U\/mL) and insulin glargine (100, 300 U\/mL) - a review of evidence and clinical interpretation. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45:330\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.11.004.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"1903_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018818760962","volume":"9","author":"SM Pearson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pearson SM, Trujillo JM. Conversion from insulin glargine U-100 to insulin glargine U-300 or insulin degludec and the impact on dosage requirements. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2018;9:113\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042018818760962.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1903_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.10.002","volume":"46","author":"JF Yale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yale JF, Aroda VR, Charbonnel B, et\u00a0al. Glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia risk with insulin glargine 300 U\/mL versus glargine 100 U\/mL: a patient-level meta-analysis examining older and younger adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2020;46:110\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.10.002.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"1903_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.10.5.617","volume":"10","author":"DJ Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox DJ, Irvine A, Gonder-Frederick L, Nowacek G, Butterfield J. Fear of hypoglycemia: quantification, validation, and utilization. Diabetes Care. 1987;10:617\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.10.5.617.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1903_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","volume":"45","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et\u00a0al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45:2753\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci22-0034.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1903_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(20)30118-2","volume":"8","author":"V Srikanth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srikanth V, Sinclair AJ, Hill-Briggs F, Moran C, Biessels GJ. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction-Towards effective management of both comorbidities. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:535\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(20)30118-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1903_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.03.021","volume":"93","author":"JW van Dijk","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Dijk JW, Manders RJ, Hartgens F, Stehouwer CD, Praet SF, van Loon LJ. Postprandial hyperglycemia is highly prevalent throughout the day in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res and Clin Pract. 2011;93:31\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.03.021.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res and Clin Pract."},{"key":"1903_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14238","volume":"23","author":"A Peters","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters A, Cohen N, Calhoun P, et\u00a0al. Glycaemic profiles of diverse patients with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin: MOBILE study baseline data. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23:631\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14238.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"1903_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080008","volume":"88","author":"WT Cade","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cade WT. Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting. Phys Ther. 2008;88:1322\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20080008.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"1903_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002032","author":"M Martinez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez M, Santamarina J, Pavesi A, Musso C, Umpierrez GE. Glycemic variability and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002032.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"1903_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802743","volume":"358","author":"HC Gerstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et\u00a0al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0802743.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1903_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60576-4","volume":"376","author":"F Ismail-Beigi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et\u00a0al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376:419\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60576-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1903_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802987","volume":"358","author":"A Patel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et\u00a0al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0802987.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1903_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.012","volume":"50","author":"M Cicek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cicek M, Buckley J, Pearson-Stuttard J, Gregg EW. Characterizing multimorbidity from type 2 diabetes: insights from clustering approaches. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50:531\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.012.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am."},{"key":"1903_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000427","volume":"5","author":"HF Jelinek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jelinek HF, Osman WM, Khandoker AH, et\u00a0al. Clinical profiles, comorbidities and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients from United Arab Emirates. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5:e000427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000427.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care."},{"key":"1903_CR60","unstructured":"Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n del SNS-Ministerio de Sanidad. Prevalencia de Diabetes mellitus. https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/estadEstudios\/estadisticas\/estadisticas\/estMinisterio\/SIAP\/3Prev_diabetes_mellitus.pdf."},{"key":"1903_CR61","first-page":"8s","volume":"32","author":"RA Plodkowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plodkowski RA, McGarvey ME, Huribal HM, et\u00a0al. SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Fed Pract. 2015;32:8s\u201315s.","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"key":"1903_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-017-0297-y","volume":"9","author":"Y Thewjitcharoen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thewjitcharoen Y, Yenseung N, Malidaeng A, et\u00a0al. Effectiveness of long-term treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors: real-world evidence from a specialized diabetes center. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2017;9:96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-017-0297-y.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1903_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/dmdi-2020-0166","author":"US Topalo\u011flu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Topalo\u011flu US, Topalo\u011flu HK, K\u0131z\u0131ltepe M, et\u00a0al. Fear of hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes mellitus switching to treatment with IDegAsp co-formulation to examine real-world setting: an observational study (The HATICE study). Drug Metab Pers Ther. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/dmdi-2020-0166.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Pers Ther"},{"key":"1903_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12970","volume":"10","author":"R Kumagai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumagai R, Muramatsu A, Fujii M, et\u00a0al. Comparison of glucose monitoring between Freestyle Libre Pro and iPro2 in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;10:851\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.12970.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"1903_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.06.007","volume":"71","author":"G Kacerovsky-Bielesz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kacerovsky-Bielesz G, Dressler A, Freunscht R. Long-term glycaemic control with insulin glargine in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;71:184\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.06.007.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1903_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2014.07.009","volume":"215","author":"E J\u00f3dar-Gimeno","year":"2015","unstructured":"J\u00f3dar-Gimeno E, \u00c1lvarez-Guisasola F, \u00c1vila-Lachica L, Palomares-Ortega R, Rold\u00e1n-Su\u00e1rez C, Liz\u00e1n-Tudela L. Quality of life and fear for hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Clin Esp (Barc). 2015;215:91\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rce.2014.07.009.","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp (Barc)."},{"key":"1903_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109236","volume":"185","author":"M Shi Min Ko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Min Ko M, Kit Lee W, Chang Ang L, Goh SY, Mong Bee Y, Ming Teh M. A cross-sectional study on risk factors for severe hypoglycemia among insulin-treated elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Singapore. Diabetes Res and Clin Practice. 2022;185:109236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109236.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res and Clin Practice."},{"key":"1903_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86954-0","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zeng Z, Ding J, et\u00a0al. Fear of hypoglycaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2021;11:7971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-86954-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1903_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129846","author":"KH Husain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husain KH, Sarhan SF, AlKhalifa H, Buhasan A, Moin ASM, Butler AE. Dementia in diabetes: the role of hypoglycemia. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24129846.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1903_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.06.018","volume":"63","author":"G Languren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Languren G, Montiel T, Julio-Amilpas A, Massieu L. Neuronal damage and cognitive impairment associated with hypoglycemia: an integrated view. Neurochem Int. 2013;63:331\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.06.018.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"1903_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.10.012","volume":"72","author":"H Niwa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Niwa H, Koumoto C, Shiga T, et\u00a0al. Clinical analysis of cognitive function in diabetic patients by MMSE and SPECT. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;72:142\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.10.012.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1903_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0690","volume":"42","author":"T Cukierman-Yaffe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cukierman-Yaffe T, Bosch J, Jung H, Punthakee Z, Gerstein HC. Hypoglycemia and incident cognitive dysfunction: a post hoc analysis from the ORIGIN trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:142\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-0690.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01903-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01903-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01903-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T20:02:49Z","timestamp":1788638569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01903-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01903-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-6953","1869-6961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-6953","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-6961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Virginia Bellido has served as a consultant\/advisor for Abbott Diabetes Care, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; as a speaker for Abbott Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; and has participated in research activities for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi.\u00a0Ana Cebri\u00e1n declares funding to conduct clinical trials from MSD and Sanofi (all to the IMIB institute); consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; and payment of honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Menarini, MSD, Sanofi, and Novo Nordisk.\u00a0Crist\u00f3bal Morales has participated in clinical trials for Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Merck, Lexicon, Hanmi, Janssen, Boehringer, Takeda, Roche, and Theracos; has served on advisory boards for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, MSD, Boehringer, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, and Abbott; and has received speaker fees from Sanofi, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Roche, Eli Lilly, Boehringer, MSD, Ferrer, Janssen, and Abbott.\u00a0Alberto S. de las Hazas has received consulting fees from Sanofi and reports speaker fees from Novo Nordisk, GSK, Abbott, Bial, Teva, Pfizer, and Esteve.\u00a0Alfonso Soto-Gonzalez has received consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Bayer, and reports speaker fees from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Bayer, Novartis, Menarini, and Boehringer, as well as research support from Novo Nordisk, MSD, Eli Lilly, Bayer, Boehringer, and Novartis.\u00a0Carla Morer-Li\u00f1an has received consulting fees from Eli Lilly; speaker fees from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, and Servier; and research support from Sanofi.\u00a0Jos\u00e9 M. Borrachero has received consulting and speaker fees from Dexcom, Abbott, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Ascensia, Sanofi, and Air Liquide.\u00a0Gabriel Cuatrecases has received consulting fees from Eli Lilly, Abbott, and Roche; speaker fees from Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk; and research support from Sanofi.\u00a0Silvia Lozano-Garc\u00eda reports speaker fees from Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Boehringer Ingelheim.\u00a0\u00c1lvaro M. Bay\u00f3n has received consulting fees from GSK, Pfizer, and MSD; speaker fees from Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK, Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Gr\u00fcnenthal, Novo Nordisk, Esteve, Eli Lilly, and Organon; and research support from Sanofi and GSK.\u00a0Cristina M. Ni\u00f1o-Azcarate reports speaker fees from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and AstraZeneca; and research support from Sanofi.\u00a0Oscar Laclaustra and Paulina Fuentealba are employees of Sanofi Spain.\u00a0Elena L. Garc\u00eda and Judith L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and applicable regulatory requirements. The study protocol was approved by the Seville Provincial Drug Research Ethics Committee (CEIm code: 2541-N-21). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}