{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:56:29Z","timestamp":1790657789658,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-026-01911-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:41:49Z","timestamp":1788273709000},"page":"1449-1475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Combination Therapy with SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roya","family":"Ghafoury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0810-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mobin","family":"Naghshbandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8277-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Malek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faramarz","family":"Ismail-Beigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad E.","family":"Khamseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"1911_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022194","volume":"133","author":"CC Low Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Low Wang CC, Hess CN, Hiatt WR, Goldfine AB. Clinical update: cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2013Mechanisms, management, and clinical considerations. Circulation. 2016;133(24):2459\u2013502.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"18","key":"1911_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1038","volume":"72","author":"K Thygesen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(18):2231\u201364.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10069","key":"1911_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30962-X","volume":"389","author":"GJ Hankey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hankey GJ. Stroke. Lancet. 2017;389(10069):641\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1911_CR4","first-page":"S179","volume":"47","author":"C Disease","year":"2024","unstructured":"Disease C, Management R. Standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S179-s218.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10296","key":"1911_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00536-5","volume":"398","author":"E Brown","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown E, Heerspink HJ, Cuthbertson DJ, Wilding JP. SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: established and emerging indications. Lancet. 2021;398(10296):262\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"1911_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-025-01743-6","volume":"16","author":"R Ghafoury","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghafoury R, Malek M, Ismail-Beigi F, Khamseh ME. Role of residual inflammation as a risk factor across cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome: unpacking the burden in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2025;16(7):1341\u201365.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25296-x","volume":"12","author":"S Birker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Birker S, Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Statistical power for MACE and individual secondary endpoints in cardiovascular outcomes trials for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):21069.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1911_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199808000-00007","volume":"9","author":"N Qizilbash","year":"1998","unstructured":"Qizilbash N. Are risk factors for stroke and coronary disease the same? Curr Opin Lipidol. 1998;9(4):325\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"7597","key":"1911_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39136.682083.AE","volume":"334","author":"I Ferreira-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferreira-Gonz\u00e1lez I, Permanyer-Miralda G, Domingo-Salvany A, Busse JW, Heels-Ansdell D, Montori VM, et al. Problems with use of composite end points in cardiovascular trials: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2007;334(7597):786.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1911_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, Savovi\u0107 J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i4919.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1911_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7650","key":"1911_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1911_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","author":"S Balduzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balduzzi S, R\u00fccker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117.","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"1911_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02737-1","volume":"24","author":"N Chaiyakunapruk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaiyakunapruk N, Tan X, Liang Y, Guevarra M, Xie L, Cheng AY. Real-world effectiveness of adding newer generation GLP-1RA to SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):177.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0942-x","volume":"18","author":"LE Clegg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clegg LE, Penland RC, Bachina S, Boulton DW, Thuresson M, Heerspink HJ, et al. Effects of exenatide and open-label SGLT2 inhibitor treatment, given in parallel or sequentially, on mortality and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: insights from the EXSCEL trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):138.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1911_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133229","volume":"431","author":"T Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu T, Fan Z, Li Y, Xiao B, He C. Combination treatment of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients with acute coronary syndrome: a propensity score-matched cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2025;431:133229.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"1911_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo Z, Chou OH-I, Ng ZMW, Chung CTS, Chan JSK, Chan RNC, et al. Compare SGLT2I versus non-SGLT2I users in type-2 diabetic mellitus patients on GLP-1 receptor agonist: a population-based and machine learning causal inference analysis. medRxiv. 2023:2023.11. 06.23298185.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.06.23298185"},{"issue":"10","key":"1911_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03133-0","volume":"30","author":"JF Mann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mann JF, Rossing P, Bakris G, Belmar N, Bosch-Traberg H, Busch R, et al. Effects of semaglutide with and without concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor use in participants with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease in the FLOW trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(10):2849\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"1911_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.074545","volume":"151","author":"N Marx","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marx N, Deanfield JE, Mann JF, Arechavaleta R, Bain SC, Bajaj HS, et al. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes, according to SGLT2i use: prespecified analyses of the SOUL randomized trial. Circulation. 2025;151(23):1639\u201350.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"1911_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15185","volume":"25","author":"DR Riley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riley DR, Essa H, Austin P, Preston F, Kargbo I, Ibarburu GH, et al. All\u2010cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes with sodium\u2010glucose Co\u2010transporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists and with combination therapy in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25(10):2897\u2013909.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"1911_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078242","author":"N Simms-Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simms-Williams N, Treves N, Yin H, Lu S, Yu O, Pradhan R, et al. Effect of combination treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on incidence of cardiovascular and serious renal events: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-078242.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"1911_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00203-5","volume":"9","author":"N Sattar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sattar N, Lee MM, Kristensen SL, Branch KR, Del Prato S, Khurmi NS, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"24","key":"1911_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059595","volume":"146","author":"N Marx","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marx N, Husain M, Lehrke M, Verma S, Sattar N. GLP-1 receptor agonists for the reduction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2022;146(24):1882\u201394.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10157","key":"1911_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32261-X","volume":"392","author":"AF Hernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, D\u2019Agostino RB, Granger CB, Jones NP, et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (harmony outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10157):1519\u201329.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10166","key":"1911_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32590-X","volume":"393","author":"TA Zelniker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Bonaca MP, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019;393(10166):31\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"1911_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080904","volume":"9","author":"C Sardu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sardu C, D\u2019Onofrio N, Torella M, Portoghese M, Mureddu S, Loreni F, et al. Metformin therapy effects on the expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, leptin, and SIRT6 levels in pericoronary fat excised from pre-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Biomedicines. 2021;9(8):904.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01506-8","volume":"21","author":"P Paolisso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paolisso P, Bergamaschi L, Santulli G, Gallinoro E, Cesaro A, Gragnano F, et al. Infarct size, inflammatory burden, and admission hyperglycemia in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with SGLT2-inhibitors: a multicenter international registry. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):77.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02781-2","volume":"21","author":"R Marfella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marfella R, Sardu C, D\u2019Onofrio N, Fumagalli C, Scisciola L, Sasso FC, et al. SGLT-2 inhibitors and in-stent restenosis-related events after acute myocardial infarction: an observational study in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):71.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02118-6","volume":"23","author":"R Marfella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marfella R, Prattichizzo F, Sardu C, Rambaldi PF, Fumagalli C, Marfella LV, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists-SGLT-2 inhibitors combination therapy and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction: an observational study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):10.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1911_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","volume":"375","author":"SP Marso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, J\u00f3dar E, Leiter LA, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834\u201344.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1911_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.031","volume":"75","author":"TA Zelniker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zelniker TA, Braunwald E. Mechanisms of cardiorenal effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(4):422\u201334.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01048-x","volume":"19","author":"H-Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen H-Y, Huang J-Y, Siao W-Z, Jong G-P. The association between SGLT2 inhibitors and new-onset arrhythmias: a nationwide population-based longitudinal cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):73.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01105-5","volume":"19","author":"W-j Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li W-j, Chen X-q, Xu L-l, Li Y-q, Luo B-h. SGLT2 inhibitors and atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):130.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1911_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz096","volume":"48","author":"P Monteiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monteiro P, Bergenstal RM, Toural E, Inzucchi SE, Zinman B, Hantel S, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in older patients in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME\u00ae trial. Age Ageing. 2019;48(6):859\u201366.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"7","key":"1911_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.311378","volume":"123","author":"Z Ungvari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Donato AJ, Galvan V, Csiszar A. Mechanisms of vascular aging. Circ Res. 2018;123(7):849\u201367.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1911_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4670-7","volume":"61","author":"S Verma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verma S, McMurray JJ. SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review. Diabetologia. 2018;61(10):2108\u201317.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1911_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01814-7","volume":"22","author":"C Sardu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sardu C, Trotta MC, Sasso FC, Sacra C, Carpinella G, Mauro C, et al. SGLT2-inhibitors effects on the coronary fibrous cap thickness and MACEs in diabetic patients with inducible myocardial ischemia and multi vessels non-obstructive coronary artery stenosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):80.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1911_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154936","volume":"127","author":"R Marfella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marfella R, D\u2019Onofrio N, Trotta MC, Sardu C, Scisciola L, Amarelli C, et al. Sodium\/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve cardiac function by reducing JunD expression in human diabetic hearts. Metabolism. 2022;127:154936.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1911_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106448","volume":"184","author":"R Marfella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marfella R, Scisciola L, D\u2019Onofrio N, Maiello C, Trotta MC, Sardu C, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) expression in diabetic and non-diabetic failing human cardiomyocytes. Pharmacol Res. 2022;184:106448.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1911_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015716","volume":"9","author":"I Ikonomidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikonomidis I, Pavlidis G, Thymis J, Birba D, Kalogeris A, Kousathana F, et al. Effects of glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists, sodium\u2010glucose cotransporter\u20102 inhibitors, and their combination on endothelial glycocalyx, arterial function, and myocardial work index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after 12\u2010month treatment. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(9):e015716.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1911_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030395","volume":"60","author":"K Katogiannis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katogiannis K, Thymis J, Kousathana F, Pavlidis G, Korakas E, Kountouri A, et al. Effects of liraglutide, empagliflozin and their combination on left atrial strain and arterial function. Medicina. 2024;60(3):395.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"19","key":"1911_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199285","volume":"26","author":"C Sardu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sardu C, Marfella R. Effects of combined therapy with SGLT2i and GLP-1RAs on atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation in diabetic cohorts: one-year outcomes from continuous monitoring. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(19):9285.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1911_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112452","author":"C Sardu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sardu C, Marfella LV, Rinaldi L, Sasso FC, Cozzolino D, Nappo F, et al. Effects of combination therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on CRT response and clinical outcomes in in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients receiving chronic anti-diabetic medications: a multicenter observational study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112452.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1911_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.838277","volume":"13","author":"C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li C, Luo J, Jiang M, Wang K. The efficacy and safety of the combination therapy with GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:838277.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1911_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30267-4","volume":"4","author":"JP Fr\u00edas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fr\u00edas JP, Guja C, Hardy E, Ahmed A, Dong F, \u00d6hman P, et al. Exenatide once weekly plus dapagliflozin once daily versus exenatide or dapagliflozin alone in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy (DURATION-8): a 28 week, multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(12):1004\u201316.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1911_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes care. 2025;48(Supplement_1):S181\u2013206.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S009"},{"issue":"12","key":"1911_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","volume":"65","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2022;65(12):1925\u201366.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"1911_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70049","volume":"41","author":"C Sardu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sardu C, D\u2019Onofrio N, Trotta MC, Balestrieri ML, Nicoletti GF, D\u2019Amico G, et al. Could ghrelin expression regulate diastolic cardiac function in type 2 diabetic obese patients? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2025;41(4):e70049.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"1911_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0433","volume":"44","author":"P Paolisso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paolisso P, Bergamaschi L, Rambaldi P, Gatta G, Fo\u00e0 A, Angeli F, et al. Impact of admission hyperglycemia on heart failure events and mortality in patients with takotsubo syndrome at long-term follow-up: data from HIGH-GLUCOTAKO investigators. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(9):2158\u201361.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1911_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.04.012","volume":"113","author":"C Sardu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sardu C, Gatta G, Pieretti G, D\u2019Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, Scisciola L, et al. SGLT2 breast expression could affect the cardiovascular performance in pre-menopausal women with fatty vs. non fatty breast via over-inflammation and sirtuins\u2019 down regulation. Eur J Intern Med. 2023;113:57\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1911_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","volume":"46","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399\u2013424.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"1911_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c117","author":"X Sun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sun X, Briel M, Walter SD, Guyatt GH. Is a subgroup effect believable? Updating criteria to evaluate the credibility of subgroup analyses. BMJ. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c117.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"1911_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm324","volume":"167","author":"S Suissa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suissa S. Immortal time bias in pharmacoepidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(4):492.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1911_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c221","author":"RD Riley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riley RD, Lambert PC, Abo-Zaid G. Meta-analysis of individual participant data: rationale, conduct, and reporting. BMJ. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c221.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"1911_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0597-x","volume":"25","author":"BA Dickerman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dickerman BA, Garc\u00eda-Alb\u00e9niz X, Logan RW, Denaxas S, Hern\u00e1n MA. Avoidable flaws in observational analyses: an application to statins and cancer. Nat Med. 2019;25(10):1601\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1911_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","volume":"183","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Robins JM. Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(8):758\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1911_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahuapaza-Gutierrez NL, Calderon-Hernandez CC, Umeres-Bravo MM, Villavicencio-Escudero TV. Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in heart transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analyses: NL Cahuapaza-Gutierrez et al. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2026:1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-026-00792-x"},{"key":"1911_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2026.01.003","author":"MT Abbas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abbas MT, Farina JM, Ibrahim OH, Ahmed S, Bismee NN, Awad K, et al. The association between glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists therapy and outcomes after heart transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2026.01.003.","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01911-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01911-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01911-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:17:56Z","timestamp":1790655476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01911-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-026-01911-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-6953","1869-6961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-6953","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-6961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Mohammad E. Khamseh contributed to the study conceptualization, supervision, and discrepancy resolution. Roya Ghafoury contributed to the study design and protocol development, literature search, and original draft preparation. Roya Ghafoury and Mobin Naghshbandi were both involved in study screening and selection, data extraction, risk of bias evaluation, and GRADE certainty of evidence assessment. Mobin Naghshbandi additionally performed the statistical analysis, meta-analysis, and software visualization. Faramarz Ismail-Beigi, Mojtaba Malek, Sanjay Kalra, and Mohammad E. Khamseh contributed to intellectual oversight and clinical data interpretation. All authors critically reviewed and edited the manuscript, approved the final version, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author Contribution","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No funding or sponsorship was received for this study or publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA) was used to assist with grammar and language editing during the preparation of this manuscript. No funding was received for this assistance. The authors reviewed and verified all content and take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Medical Writing\/Editorial Assistance","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study is based on aggregate data from previously published studies; no new primary data were generated. All data supporting the findings are contained within the article and its tables. The extracted data set and the analysis code are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Roya Ghafoury has nothing to disclose. Mobin Naghshbandi has nothing to disclose. Faramarz Ismail-Beigi has nothing to disclose. Mojtaba Malek has nothing to disclose. Mohammad E. Khamseh and Sanjay Kalra have nothing to disclose other than the following: Mohammad E. Khamseh and Sanjay Kalra are Editorial Board members of Diabetes Therapy. Mohammad E. Khamseh and Sanjay Kalra were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}