{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T09:23:14Z","timestamp":1777195394431,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-011"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Updates Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease (AD), and patients with MG often have other types of ADs. We analyzed the prognosis of patients with MG complicated by AD after thymectomy. A retrospective analysis was performed for patients with MG complicated by ADs treated surgically in our center over the past 22\u00a0years, and their general condition and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. 33 patients were included totally. 28 patients displayed improvement or even complete recovery of MG, and 23 of 36 ADs revealed improvement or even complete recovery. The prognosis of MG is significantly correlated with the duration of postoperative follow-up time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028), and in patients with thymoma, the larger the tumor diameter, the better the prognosis of MG (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.026). Thymic hyperplasia patients were predominantly female (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049) and young (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The most common concomitant AD in this study was a thyroid-associated AD, which was associated with thymic hyperplasia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Osserman type I MG (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and young age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Thymectomy had a good therapeutic effect on MG complicated by AD, and there was a close correlation between surgery, thymus, MG, and ADs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-023-01568-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T07:01:58Z","timestamp":1687849318000},"page":"2321-2326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Combined effect of thymectomy on myasthenia gravis in patients with concomitant auto-immune diseases: a 22-year single-center experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9407-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12310","volume":"277","author":"F Fang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fang F, Sveinsson O, Thormar G, Granqvist M, Askling J, Lundberg IE, Ye W, Hammarstr\u00f6m L, Pirskanen R, Piehl F (2015) The autoimmune spectrum of myasthenia gravis: a Swedish population-based study. J Intern Med 277(5):594\u2013604","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2015.1030614","volume":"48","author":"A Nacu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nacu A, Andersen JB, Lisnic V, Owe JF, Gilhus NE (2015) Complicating autoimmune diseases in myasthenia gravis: a review. Autoimmunity 48(6):362\u2013368","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"20","key":"1568_CR3","first-page":"2006","volume":"375","author":"GI Wolfe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Cutter GR (2016) Randomized trial of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 375(20):2006\u20132007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30392-2","volume":"18","author":"GI Wolfe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, Minisman G, Kuo HC, Marx A, Strobel P, Mazia C, Oger J, Cea JG et al (2019) Long-term effect of thymectomy plus prednisone versus prednisone alone in patients with non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis: 2-year extension of the MGTX randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 18(3):259\u2013268","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00432.x","volume":"91","author":"PB Christensen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Christensen PB, Jensen TS, Tsiropoulos I, S\u00f8rensen T, Kjaer M, H\u00f8jer-Pedersen E, Rasmussen MJ, Lehfeldt E (1995) Associated autoimmune diseases in myasthenia gravis. A population-based study. Acta Neurol Scand 91(3):192\u2013195","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"1568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117549","volume":"427","author":"SM Laakso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laakso SM, Myllynen C, Strbian D, Atula S (2021) Comorbidities worsen the prognosis of generalized myasthenia gravis post-thymectomy. J Neurol Sci 427:117549","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000510701","volume":"10","author":"G RotondoDottore","year":"2021","unstructured":"RotondoDottore G, Leo M, Ricciardi R, Maestri M, Bucci I, Lucchi M, Melfi F, Guida M, De Rosa A, Petrucci L et al (2021) Disappearance of anti-thyroid autoantibodies following thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Eur Thyroid J 10(3):237\u2013247","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1568_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0857-7","volume":"17","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang Y, He M (2017) Clinical predictors for the prognosis of myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol 17(1):77","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12599","volume":"22","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Nacu A, Andersen JB, Owe JF (2015) Myasthenia gravis and risks for comorbidity. Eur J Neurol 22(1):17\u201323","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496920964337","volume":"110","author":"L Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu L, Zhang J, Wang G, Guo C, Chen Y, Huang C, Li S (2021) Surgical treatment is effective in treating thymoma accompanied with non-myasthenia gravis autoimmune diseases: a single-center clinical experience. Scand J Surg 110(3):420\u2013426","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1958.00260190074008","volume":"102","author":"KE Osserman","year":"1958","unstructured":"Osserman KE, Kornfeld P, Cohen E, Genkins G, Mendelow H, Goldberg H, Windsley H, Kaplan LI (1958) Studies in myasthenia gravis; review of two hundred eighty-two cases at the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City. AMA Arch Intern Med 102(1):72\u201381","journal-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450506","volume":"345","author":"A Davidson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davidson A, Diamond B (2001) Autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 345(5):340\u2013350","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR13","first-page":"516","volume":"27","author":"JM Scheiff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Scheiff JM, Cordier AC, Haumont S (1977) Epithelial cell proliferation in thymic hyperplasia induced by triiodothyronine. Clin Exp Immunol 27(3):516\u2013521","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1568_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193910000-00005","volume":"110","author":"A Blalock","year":"1939","unstructured":"Blalock A, Mason MF, Morgan HJ, Riven SS (1939) Myasthenia gravis and tumours of the thymic region\u2014Report of a case in which the tumor was removed. Ann Surg 110:544\u2013561","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.74","volume":"8","author":"S Shelly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shelly S, Agmon-Levin N, Altman A, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Thymoma and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol 8(3):199\u2013202","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1568_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3872","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.12.3872","volume":"96","author":"V Hoffacker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoffacker V, Schultz A, Tiesinga JJ, Gold R, Schalke B, Nix W, Kiefer R, Muller-Hermelink HK, Marx A (2000) Thymomas alter the T-cell subset composition in the blood: a potential mechanism for thymoma-associated autoimmune disease. Blood 96(12):3872\u20133879","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"1568_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.09.002","volume":"22","author":"A Delgado-Vega","year":"2010","unstructured":"Delgado-Vega A, S\u00e1nchez E, L\u00f6fgren S, Castillejo-L\u00f3pez C, Alarc\u00f3n-Riquelme ME (2010) Recent findings on genetics of systemic autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 22(6):698\u2013705","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.11.118","volume":"13","author":"SK Padda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Padda SK, Yao X, Antonicelli A, Riess JW, Shang Y, Shrager JB, Korst R, Detterbeck F, Huang J, Burt BM et al (2018) Paraneoplastic Syndromes and Thymic Malignancies: An Examination of the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Retrospective Database. J Thorac Oncol 13(3):436\u2013446","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"26","key":"1568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","volume":"375","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilhus NE (2016) Myasthenia Gravis. N Engl J Med 375(26):2570\u20132581","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1568_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1600404","volume":"19","author":"A Evoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evoli A, Meacci E (2019) An update on thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Expert Rev Neurother 19(9):823\u2013833","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1568_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.12.010","volume":"112","author":"V Aprile","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aprile V, Korasidis S, Bacchin D, Petralli G, Petrini I, Ricciardi R, Ambrogi MC et al (2021) Thymectomy in myasthenic patients with thymoma: killing two birds with one stone. Ann Thorac Surg 112(6):1782\u20131789","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1568_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.05.30","volume":"10","author":"J Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen J, Tie H, Xu A, Chen D, Ma D, Zhang B, Zhu C, Wu Q (2018) Inter-relationship among myasthenia gravis, WHO histology, and Masaoka clinical stage and effect on surgical methods in patients with thymoma: a retrospective cohort study. J Thorac Dis 10(5):2981\u20132990","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1568_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.01191.x","volume":"106","author":"D Ratanakorn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ratanakorn D, Vejjajiva A (2002) Long-term follow-up of myasthenia gravis patients with hyperthyroidism. Acta Neurol Scand 106(2):93\u201398","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"1568_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70063-8","volume":"8","author":"MN Meriggioli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB (2009) Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. The Lancet Neurology 8(5):475\u2013490","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14820","volume":"28","author":"R \u00c1lvarez-Velasco","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Velasco R, Guti\u00e9rrez-Guti\u00e9rrez G, Trujillo JC, Mart\u00ednez E, Segovia S, Arribas-Velasco M, Fern\u00e1ndez G, Paradas C, V\u00e9lez-G\u00f3mez B, Casasnovas C et al (2021) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol 28(6):2083\u20132091","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1568_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032487","volume":"7","author":"C Sardu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sardu C, Cocco E, Mereu A, Massa R, Cuccu A, Marrosu MG, Contu P (2012) Population based study of 12 autoimmune diseases in Sardinia, Italy: prevalence and comorbidity. PLoS ONE 7(3):e32487","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"1568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0396","volume":"24","author":"K van der Weerd","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Weerd K, van Hagen PM, Schrijver B, Heuvelmans SJ, Hofland LJ, Swagemakers SM, Bogers AJ, Dik WA, Visser TJ, van Dongen JJ et al (2014) Thyrotropin acts as a T-cell developmental factor in mice and humans. Thyroid 24(6):1051\u20131061","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"1568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez-Barcons M, Colobran R, G\u00f3mez-Pau A, Mar\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez A, Caster\u00e0s A, Obiols G, Abella R, Fern\u00e1ndez-Doblas J, Tonacchera M, Lucas-Mart\u00edn A et al (2015) Graves' disease TSHR-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) induce the activation of immature thymocytes: a clue to the riddle of TSAbs generation? J Immunol (Baltimore, Md: 1950) 194(9):4199\u20134206","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500183"},{"issue":"2","key":"1568_CR29","first-page":"438","volume":"82","author":"M Marin\u00f3","year":"1997","unstructured":"Marin\u00f3 M, Ricciardi R, Pinchera A, Barbesino G, Manetti L, Chiovato L, Braverman LE, Rossi B, Muratorio A, Mariotti S (1997) Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(2):438\u2013443","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Updates in Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13304-023-01568-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13304-023-01568-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13304-023-01568-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T10:14:06Z","timestamp":1702116846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13304-023-01568-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13304-023-01568-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-131X","2038-3312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-131X","type":"print"},{"value":"2038-3312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study including human participants has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"For this retrospective review, formal consent is not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}