{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T21:14:58Z","timestamp":1757625298027,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Updates Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Thymus is considered a non-functional remnant in adults, but some evidence suggest that it may harbor residual activity. Lung cancer patients represent the ideal model to study thymic residual activity, as their thymus can be easily harvested during surgery. This study was designed to confirm the presence of residual thymic activity both in adult mice (step 1) and in humans (step 2). In step 1, lung cancer was induced by activating k-ras mutation in a cohort of 20 young and adult mice. After killing, thymus and lungs were analyzed. Thymus was considered active when medullary was evident, cortico-medullary ratio was 50:50 or higher and adipose involution was present. In step 2, a cohort of 20 patients, undergoing surgery for lung cancer, had biopsy of pericardial fat pad, site of ectopic thymus. Thymus was considered present if Hassall\u2019s bodies were detected. In mice, active thymus was detected in a high proportion of cases, without significant difference between adult and young (70% vs 44.4% respectively). Two cases without evidence of lung tumor had a fully functional thymus. In humans, ectopic thymus was detected in the pericardial fat pad in 2 cases (10.5%), confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Signs of previous thymic activity were detected in 8 additional patients. Results confirmed thymus activity in animal models and humans with lung cancer, providing the rationale for future systematic mediastinal thymic biopsy. The comprehension of interactions between thymus, lymphocytes and tumor may open a new potentially targetable perspective in lung cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-024-01953-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T02:55:32Z","timestamp":1724381732000},"page":"1289-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Active thymus in adult with lung cancer: preliminary results from the Adult Thymic Project"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6736-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Sobrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Patrucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Ragazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Milazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Vaisitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Ambrogio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bonfanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ottavio","family":"Rena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Ruffini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisella","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1953_CR1","unstructured":"Mark I Block. Thymic Tumors. In Pearson FG, Cooper JD, Deslauriers J, Ginsberg RJ, Hiebert CA, Patterson GA, Urschel HC. Thoracic Surgery, II ed, Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 1682\u20131710"},{"key":"1953_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/76.5.657","volume":"76","author":"SM Smith","year":"1981","unstructured":"Smith SM, Ossa-Gomez LJ (1981) A quantitative histologic comparison of the thymus in 100 healthy and diseased adults. Am J Clan Pathol 76:657\u2013665","journal-title":"Am J Clan Pathol"},{"key":"1953_CR3","unstructured":"Ahmad U, Huang J. Tumors of the thymus. In Lo Cicero J, Feins RH, Colson YL, Rocco G, Shields\u2019 General Thoracic Surgery, VIII ed, Wolsters Kluwer, 2144\u20132159"},{"key":"1953_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94566-x","volume":"11","author":"S Liot","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liot S, El Kholti N, Balas J, Genestier L, Verrier B, Valcourt U, Lambert E (2011) Developement of thymic tumour in (LSL:KrasG12D;Pdx1-CRE) mice, an adverse effect associated with accelerated pancreatic carcinogenesis. Nat Sci Rep 11:15075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-94566-x","journal-title":"Nat Sci Rep"},{"issue":"14","key":"1953_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.300244.117","volume":"31","author":"L Simon-Carrasco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simon-Carrasco L, Grana O, Salmon M, Jacob HKC, Gutierrez A, Jimenez G, Drosten M, Barbacid M (2017) Inactivation of Capicua in adult mice causes T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. 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Eur J Immunol 37:3270\u20133280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200636976","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"1953_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.09.021","volume":"33","author":"L Federico","year":"2022","unstructured":"Federico L, McGrail DJ, Bentebibel SE, Haymaker C, Ravelli A, Forget MA, Karpinets T, Jiang P, Reuben A, Negrao MV et al (2022) Distinct tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte landscapes are associated with clinical outcomes in localised non-small-cell lung cancer. 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Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42:62\u201365","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"}],"container-title":["Updates in Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13304-024-01953-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13304-024-01953-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13304-024-01953-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:22:03Z","timestamp":1757438523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13304-024-01953-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13304-024-01953-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-131X","2038-3312"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2038-131X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2038-3312"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Any disclosure.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Committee (n 39\/2022 Joint EC S Luigi Hospital, ASLTO3, TO4 and TO5) and conducted at the Thoracic Surgery Division of S Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Italy, in cooperation with the Pathology Division of the same Institution and the Epithelial Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory of the Crick Institute, London, UK. All the biopsies were performed after acquisition of informed consent. The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Mice were kept, managed, and killed at the Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) Animal Facility of the University of Torino, according to current European (2007\/526\/CE) legislation in accordance with the guideline for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals as stated in The International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animal. The mice were housed in cages with adequate space, bedding material for comfort and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions, maintaining 12-h dark\/light cycle. All experiments were approved by the Italian Health Minister (authorization n\u00b0 1227\/2020-PR).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}}]}}