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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of three-dimensional (3D) visualization on one-step PTCSL , Perioperative and long-term clinical data were profoundly analyzed during the treatment of intrahepatic bile duct stones.\u00a0<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed data on 231 hepatolithiasis patients receiving surgical treatment in our department from January 2015 to January 2019, including 139 patients in group A treated with one-step PTCSL assisted by 3D visualization and 92 patients in group B treated with one-step PTCSL alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The short-term outcomes including hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, immediate stone removal rate, and the long-term outcomes including postoperative complications and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared. The results showed that one-step PTCSL assisted by 3D visualization slightly reduced Intraoperative blood Loss (21.14 \u00b1 17.91 ml vs. 21.47 \u00b1 25.91 ml; P = 0.000) and hospital stay (12.21 \u00b1 6.14 days vs. 18.77 \u00b1 8.73 days; P = 0.000). Moreover, there are no significant differences in hospitalization expenses, stone final clearance rate and postoperative complications between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 3D visualization can make one-step PTCSL a safe, effective, and promising treatment for patients with complicated primary hepatolithiasis. The perioperative and long-term outcomes are satisfactory for complicated primary hepatolithiasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-026-02620-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:43:39Z","timestamp":1782992619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of three-dimensional visualization technology on one-step PTCSL for complex hepatolithiasis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yawen","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunqian","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai-Mei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Wei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3852-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Qing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2620_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01347905","volume":"31","author":"F Nakayama","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nakayama F, Soloway RD, Nakama T, Miyazaki K, Ichimiya H, Sheen PC, Ker CG, Ong GB, Choi TK, Boey J et al (1986) Hepatolithiasis in East Asia. 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