{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T15:04:11Z","timestamp":1779807851960,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/3\/8\/1\/2022\/MDMS(CARE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/3\/8\/1\/2022\/MDMS(CARE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(IG) Dev\/IG-\/2024\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(IG) Dev\/IG-\/2024\/04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Updates Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-026-02693-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T13:16:25Z","timestamp":1779801385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A review of head-mounted devices for surgical education, preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ramandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jivitesh","family":"Ganjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna Chaitanya","family":"Banala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2693_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01164-7","volume":"43","author":"B Baby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baby B, Singh R, Suri A, Dhanakshirur RR, Chakraborty A, Kumar S, Kalra PK, Banerjee S (2020) A review of virtual reality simulators for neuroendoscopy. Neurosurg Rev 43(5):1255\u20131272","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"2693_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laxague F (2021) Simulation in surgical education: resident\u2019s point of view. AME Surg J 1","DOI":"10.21037\/asj-21-41"},{"key":"2693_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.183","volume":"137","author":"B Baby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baby B, Singh R, Singh R, Suri A, Arora C, Kumar S, Kalra PK, Banerjee S (2020) A review of physical simulators for neuroendoscopy skills training. World Neurosurg 137:398\u2013407","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2693_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10040465","volume":"10","author":"R Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh R, Godiyal AK, Chavakula P, Suri A (2023) Craniotomy simulator with force myography and machine learning-based skills assessment. Bioengineering 10(4):465","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"issue":"13","key":"2693_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14131333","volume":"14","author":"A Lastrucci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lastrucci A, Wandael Y, Barra A, Ricci R, Maccioni G, Pirrera A, Giansanti D (2024) Exploring augmented reality integration in diagnostic imaging: myth or reality? Diagnostics 14(13):1333","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2693_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214520","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1214520","volume":"4","author":"T Fick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fick T, Meulstee JW, K\u00f6llen MH, Van Doormaal JA, Van Doormaal TP, Hoving EW (2023) Comparing the influence of mixed reality, a 3D viewer, and MRI on the spatial understanding of brain tumours. Front Virtual Real 4:1214520","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"2693_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barteit S, Lanfermann L, B\u00e4rnighausen T, Neuhann F, Beiersmann C (2021) Augmented, mixed, and virtual reality-based head-mounted devices for medical education: systematic review. JMIR Serious Games 9(3):29080","DOI":"10.2196\/29080"},{"issue":"3","key":"2693_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031719","volume":"19","author":"R Mishra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mishra R, Narayanan MK, Umana GE, Montemurro N, Chaurasia B, Deora H (2022) Virtual reality in neurosurgery: beyond neurosurgical planning. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(3):1719","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2693_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102361","volume":"77","author":"M Birlo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Birlo M, Edwards PE, Clarkson M, Stoyanov D (2022) Utility of optical see-through head-mounted displays in augmented reality-assisted surgery: a systematic review. Med Image Anal 77:102361","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"2693_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pregowska A, Osial M, Gajda A (2024) What will the education of the future look like? How have metaverse and extended reality affected the higher education systems? Metaverse Basic Appl Res 3:1","DOI":"10.56294\/mr202457"},{"issue":"2","key":"2693_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E22","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.5.FOCUS21175","volume":"51","author":"Z Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi Z, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang J, Li F, Gan Z, Xiong R, Wang Q, Zhang S, Chen X (2021) Holographic mixed-reality neuronavigation with a head-mounted device: technical feasibility and clinical application. NeuroSurg Focus 51(2):E22","journal-title":"NeuroSurg Focus"},{"key":"2693_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864792","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.864792","volume":"9","author":"A Bisoglio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bisoglio A, Schmeizer K, Becker AC, Pizzi A, Cardia A, Servadei F (2022) Augmented reality in neurosurgery: state of the art and future projections. A systematic review. Front Surg 9:864792","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2693_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031629","volume":"13","author":"S Malhotra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malhotra S, Halabi O, Dakua SP, Padhan J, Paul S, Palliyali W (2023) Augmented reality in surgical navigation: a review of evaluation and validation metrics. Appl Sci 13(3):1629","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000007833","volume":"33","author":"Y Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou Y, Chai G, Qi Z (2022) A novel precise optical navigation system for craniomaxillofacial surgery registered with an occlusal splint. J Craniofac Surg 33(1):344\u2013349","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2693_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5397\/cise.2022.01326","volume":"26","author":"S Abdic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdic S, Van Osch NJ, Langohr DG, Johnson JA, Athwal GS (2023) Mixed reality visualization in shoulder arthroplasty: is it better than traditional preoperative planning software? Clin Shoulder Elb 26(2):117","journal-title":"Clin Shoulder Elb"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.10.FOCUS23628","volume":"56","author":"J Wach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wach J, Winkler D, Vychopen M, Kropla F, Grunert R, G\u00fcresir E (2024) Students\u2019 perspectives regarding needs for and opportunities with mixed-reality education in neurosurgery at German medical schools. NeuroSurg Focus 56(1):E17","journal-title":"NeuroSurg Focus"},{"key":"2693_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olexa J, Trang A, Cohen J, Kim K, Rakovec M, Saadon J, Sansur C, Woodworth G, Schwartzbauer G, Cherian J, Kim KT (2024) The apple vision pro as a neurosurgical planning tool: a case report. Cureus 16(2)","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54205"},{"issue":"10","key":"2693_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101720","volume":"59","author":"A Silvero Isidre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silvero Isidre A, Friederichs H, M\u00fcther M, Gallus M, Stummer W, Holling M (2023) Mixed reality as a teaching tool for medical students in neurosurgery. Medicina 59(10):1720","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"3","key":"2693_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3390\/surgeries4030036","volume":"4","author":"S Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang S, Teo JC, Coyuco BC, Cheong TM, Lee NK, Low SY (2023) Mixed reality for pediatric brain tumors: a pilot study from a Singapore Children\u2019s Hospital. Surgeries 4(3):354\u2013366","journal-title":"Surgeries"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000127","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsit-2021-000127","volume":"4","author":"T Gregory","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gregory T, Gregory J, Dacheux C, Hurst SA (2022) Surgeon experience of mixed reality headset technology during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter international case series in orthopedic surgery. BMJ Surg Interv Health Technol 4(1):e000127","journal-title":"BMJ Surg Interventions Health Technol"},{"key":"2693_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triberti S, Petrella F, Gorini A, Pappalardo O, Sebri V, Savioni L, Redaelli A, Pravettoni G (2021) Augmenting surgery: medical students\u2019 assessment and ergonomics of 3D holograms vs. CT scans for pre-operative planning. EAI Endorsed Trans Pervasive Health Technol 7(25)","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.8-1-2021.167844"},{"issue":"6","key":"2693_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2021.03.009","volume":"48","author":"A Yamazaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamazaki A, Ito T, Sugimoto M, Yoshida S, Honda K, Kawashima Y, Fujikawa T, Fujii Y, Tsutsumi T (2021) Patient-specific virtual and mixed reality for immersive, experiential anatomy education and for surgical planning in temporal bone surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx 48(6):1081\u20131091","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"issue":"3","key":"2693_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06862-3","volume":"34","author":"HF Al Janabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Janabi HF, Aydin A, Palaneer S, Macchione N, Al-Jabir A, Khan MS, Dasgupta P, Ahmed K (2020) Effectiveness of the HoloLens mixed-reality headset in minimally invasive surgery: a simulation-based feasibility study. Surg Endosc 34(3):1143\u20131149","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02255-6","volume":"20","author":"S Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen S, Zhu J, Cheng C, Pan Z, Liu L, Du J, Shen X, Shen Z, Zhu H, Liu J, Yang H (2020) Can virtual reality improve traditional anatomy education programmes? A mixed-methods study on the use of a 3D skull model. BMC Med Educ 20(1):395","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2693_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzoni M, Bertelli F, Yoo SJ, Peel B, Seatle H, Honjo O, Haller C, Barron DJ, Seed M, Lam CZ, Jeewa A (2025) Mixed reality for preoperative planning and intraoperative assistance of surgical correction of complex congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2024.12.034"},{"issue":"2","key":"2693_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12020049","volume":"12","author":"WM Aye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aye WM, Kiraly L, Kumar SS, Kasivishvanaath A, Gao Y, Kofidis T (2025) Mixed reality (holography)-guided minimally invasive cardiac surgery\u2014a novel comparative feasibility study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 12(2):49","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.10.FOCUS23622","volume":"56","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhao Y, Xu X, Wang Q, Li F, Zhang S, Gan Z, Xiong R, Zhang J, Chen X (2024) A patient-specific, interactive, multiuser, online mixed-reality neurosurgical training and planning system. NeuroSurg Focus 56(1):E15","journal-title":"NeuroSurg Focus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2693_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020611","volume":"13","author":"H Ujiie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ujiie H, Chiba R, Yamaguchi A, Nomura S, Shiiya H, Fujiwara-Kuroda A, Kaga K, Eitel C, Clapp TR, Kato T (2024) Developing a virtual reality simulation system for preoperative planning of robotic-assisted thoracic surgery. J Clin Med 13(2):611","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2693_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracale U, Iacone B, Tedesco A, Gargiulo A, Di Nuzzo MM, Sannino D, Tramontano S, Corcione F (2024) The use of mixed reality in the preoperative planning of colorectal surgery: preliminary experience with a narrative review. Cir Esp 102:S36\u2013S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ciresp.2024.01.004"},{"key":"2693_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong KC, Sun EY, Wong IO, Kumta SM (2023) Mixed reality improves 3D visualization and spatial awareness of bone tumors for surgical planning in orthopaedic oncology: a proof of concept study. Orthop Res Rev 139\u2013149","DOI":"10.2147\/ORR.S421077"},{"issue":"7","key":"2693_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8070183","volume":"8","author":"VM Ivanov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ivanov VM, Krivtsov AM, Strelkov SV, Smirnov AY, Shipov RY, Grebenkov VG, Rumyantsev VN, Gheleznyak IS, Surov DA, Korzhuk MS, Koskin VS (2022) Practical application of augmented\/mixed reality technologies in surgery of abdominal cancer patients. J Imaging 8(7):183","journal-title":"J Imaging"},{"key":"2693_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821060","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.821060","volume":"9","author":"AV Reinschluessel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reinschluessel AV, Muender T, Salzmann D, Doering T, Malaka R, Weyhe D (2022) Virtual reality for surgical planning\u2014evaluation based on two liver tumor resections. Front Surg 9:821060","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2693_CR33","first-page":"367","volume":"73","author":"E Checcucci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Checcucci E, Amparore D, Pecoraro A, Peretti D, Aimar R, De Cillis S, Piramide F, Volpi G, Piazzolla P, Manfrin D, Manfredi M (2019) 3D mixed reality holograms for preoperative surgical planning of nephron-sparing surgery: evaluation of surgeons\u2019 perception. Minerva Urol Nephrol 73(3):367\u2013375","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2693_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-021-02127-7","volume":"406","author":"C Boedecker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boedecker C, Huettl F, Saalfeld P, Paschold M, Kneist W, Baumgart J, Preim B, Hansen C, Lang H, Huber T (2021) Using virtual 3D-models in surgical planning: workflow of an immersive virtual reality application in liver surgery. Langenbeck\u2019s Archives Surg 406(3):911\u2013915","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Archives Surg"},{"key":"2693_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692641","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.692641","volume":"2","author":"JA S\u00e1nchez-Margallo","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Margallo JA, Plaza de Miguel C, Fern\u00e1ndez Anzules RA, S\u00e1nchez-Margallo FM (2021) Application of mixed reality in medical training and surgical planning focused on minimally invasive surgery. Front Virtual Real 2:692641","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"2693_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2021.07.009","volume":"99","author":"V Chheang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chheang V, Saalfeld P, Joeres F, Boedecker C, Huber T, Huettl F, Lang H, Preim B, Hansen C (2021) A collaborative virtual reality environment for liver surgery planning. Computers Graphics 99:234\u2013246","journal-title":"Computers Graphics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.01.060","volume":"110","author":"SL Perkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perkins SL, Krajancich B, Yang CF, Hargreaves BA, Daniel BL, Berry MF (2020) A patient-specific mixed-reality visualization tool for thoracic surgical planning. Ann Thorac Surg 110(1):290\u2013295","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2693_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirk JD, Thiel DD, Wallen EM, Linehan JM, White WM, Badani KK, Porter JR (2019) Effect of 3-dimensional virtual reality models for surgical planning of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy on surgical outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2(9), e1911598","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.11598"},{"key":"2693_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2025.101734","volume":"33","author":"C Jing","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jing C, Stein MK, Deckey DG, Bolognesi MP, Wellman SS, Ryan SP (2025) Evaluating the impact of mixed-reality technology on operating room time in total hip arthroplasty: a comparative study. Arthroplast Today 33:101734","journal-title":"Arthroplasty Today"},{"key":"2693_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500677","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1500677","volume":"6","author":"M Carbone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carbone M, Montemurro N, Cattari N, Autelitano M, Cutolo F, Ferrari V, Cigna E, Condino S (2025) Targeting accuracy of neuronavigation: a comparative evaluation of an innovative wearable AR platform vs. traditional EM navigation. Front Digit Health 6:1500677","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2693_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2023.05.003","volume":"7","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Yang Z, Jiang S, Zhu T, Ma S, Li Y (2023) Design and validation of a navigation system of multimodal medical images for neurosurgery based on mixed reality. Visual Inf 7(2):64\u201371","journal-title":"Visual Inf"},{"issue":"6","key":"2693_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15650","volume":"49","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Yang Z, Jiang S, Zhuo J, Zhu T, Ma S (2022) Augmented reality surgical navigation system based on the spatial drift compensation method for glioma resection surgery. Med Phys 49(6):3963\u20133979","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"2693_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opz094","volume":"17","author":"TP Van Doormaal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Doormaal TP, Van Doormaal JA, Mensink T (2019) Clinical accuracy of holographic navigation using point-based registration on augmented-reality glasses. Op Neurosurg 17(6):588\u2013593","journal-title":"Operative Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29710-w","volume":"13","author":"M Furuse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furuse M, Ikeda N, Kawabata S, Park Y, Takeuchi K, Fukumura M, Tsuji Y, Kimura S, Kanemitsu T, Yagi R, Nonoguchi N (2023) Influence of surgical position and registration methods on clinical accuracy of navigation systems in brain tumor surgery. Sci Rep 13(1):2644","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2693_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-025-03328-x","volume":"20","author":"E van Kerkhof","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kerkhof E, Thabit A, Benmahdjoub M, Ambrosini P, van Ginhoven T, Wolvius EB, van Walsum T (2025) Depth-based registration of 3D preoperative models to intraoperative patient anatomy using the HoloLens 2. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 20:901\u2013912","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"2693_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal H, Baena FRy (2022) Semi-automatic infrared calibration for augmented reality systems in surgery. In: 2022 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS). IEEE, pp 4957\u20134964","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9982215"},{"key":"2693_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.06.039","volume":"91","author":"R Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh R, Baby B, Singh R, Suri A (2021) Role of virtual modules to supplement neurosurgery education during COVID-19. J Clin Neurosci 91:125\u2013130","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2693_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02404-5","volume":"25","author":"C Hope","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hope C, Reilly JJ, Griffiths G, Lund J, Humes D (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on surgical training: a systematic review. Tech Coloproctol 25(5):505\u2013520","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2693_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35674","DOI":"10.2196\/35674","volume":"6","author":"A Sivananthan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sivananthan A, Gueroult A, Zijlstra G, Martin G, Baheerathan A, Pratt P, Darzi A, Patel N, Kinross J (2022) Using mixed reality headsets to deliver remote bedside teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: feasibility trial of HoloLens 2. JMIR Form Res 6(5):e35674","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2693_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.13338","volume":"18","author":"L Bala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bala L, Kinross J, Martin G, Koizia LJ, Kooner AS, Shimshon GJ, Hurkxkens TJ, Pratt PJ, Sam AH (2021) A remote access mixed reality teaching ward round. Clin Teach 18(4):386\u2013390","journal-title":"Clin Teach"},{"issue":"2","key":"2693_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6020015","volume":"6","author":"R D\u2019Amato","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Amato R, Cutolo F, Badiali G, Carbone M, Lu H, Hogenbirk H, Ferrari V (2022) Key ergonomics requirements and possible mechanical solutions for augmented reality head-mounted displays in surgery. Multimodal Technol Interact 6(2):15","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol Interact"},{"issue":"5","key":"2693_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.453080","volume":"30","author":"H Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee H, Kim J, Son JY, Kim I, Noh J, Yoon YJ, Yoon M (2022) Evaluation of eye response using a wearable display with automatic interpupillary distance adjustment. Opt Express 30(5):8151\u20138164","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"10","key":"2693_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2024.05.006","volume":"21","author":"M Lang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lang M, Ghandour S, Rikard B, Balasalle EK, Rouhezamin MR, Zhang H, Uppot RN (2024) Medical extended reality for radiology education and training. J Am Coll Radiol 21(10):1583\u20131594","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"2693_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell HB (2010) Image fusion: theories, techniques and applications. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11216-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"2693_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000884","volume":"25","author":"R Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma R, Singh R, Banala KC, Kumar SS, Yadav T, Suri A (2023) Extradural subtemporal approach for giant multicompartmental skull base chondrosarcoma-personalized virtual surgical planning and operative nuances: 2-dimensional operative video. Operative Neurosurg 25(6):e374\u2013e375","journal-title":"Operative Neurosurg"},{"key":"2693_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMenamin PG (2023) The third dimension: 3D printed replicas and other alternatives to cadaver-based learning. In: Biomedical visualisation: volume 16, digital visualisation in biomedical education. Springer, pp 39\u201361","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-30379-1_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000498923","volume":"3","author":"SM Zweifach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zweifach SM, Triola MM (2019) Extended reality in medical education: driving adoption through provider-centered design. Digit Biomark 3(1):14\u201321","journal-title":"Digit Biomarkers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2693_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-022-01698-4","volume":"33","author":"VR Curran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Curran VR, Xu X, Aydin MY, Meruvia-Pastor O (2023) Use of extended reality in medical education: an integrative review. Med Sci Educ 33(1):275\u2013286","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2693_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11080741","volume":"11","author":"Z Qi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi Z, Corr F, Grimm D, Nimsky C, Bopp MH (2024) Extended reality-based head-mounted displays for surgical education: a ten-year systematic review. Bioengineering 11(8):741","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"2693_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.12.124","volume":"184","author":"G Bcharah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bcharah G, Gupta N, Panico N, Winspear S, Bagley A, Turnow M, D\u2019Amico R, Ukachukwu AE (2024) Innovations in spine surgery: a narrative review of current integrative technologies. World Neurosurg 184:127\u2013136","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2693_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070645","volume":"14","author":"JE De Ramirez","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Ramirez JE, Chmutin M, Nurmukhametov G, Soto R, Kannan GR, Piavchenko S, Nikolenko G, Efe V, Romero IE, Mukengeshay AR, J. N., Simfukwe K (2024) Integrating augmented reality in spine surgery: redefining precision with new technologies. Brain Sci 14(7):645","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2693_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002199","volume":"92","author":"J Olexa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olexa J, Cohen J, Alexander T, Brown C, Schwartzbauer G, Woodworth GF (2023) Expanding educational frontiers in neurosurgery: current and future uses of augmented reality. Neurosurgery 92(2):241\u2013250","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"2693_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2021-000864","volume":"7","author":"T Mill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mill T, Parikh S, Allen A, Dart G, Lee D, Richardson C, Howell K, Lewington A (2021) Live streaming ward rounds using wearable technology to teach medical students: a pilot study. BMJ Simul Technol Enhanced Learn 7(6):494","journal-title":"BMJ Simul Technol Enhanced Learn"},{"issue":"6","key":"2693_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"062607","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.11.6.062607","volume":"11","author":"T Kantor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kantor T, Mahajan P, Murthi S, Stegink C, Brawn B, Varshney A, Reddy RM (2024) Role of extended reality use in medical imaging interpretation for pre-surgical planning and intraoperative augmentation. J Med Imaging 11(6):062607","journal-title":"J Med Imaging"},{"issue":"16","key":"2693_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166067","volume":"22","author":"A Iop","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iop A, El-Hajj VG, Gharios M, de Giorgio A, Monetti FM, Edstr\u00f6m E, Elmi-Terander A, Romero M (2022) Extended reality in neurosurgical education: a systematic review. Sensors 22(16):6067","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Updates in Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13304-026-02693-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13304-026-02693-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13304-026-02693-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T14:25:49Z","timestamp":1779805549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13304-026-02693-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["2693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13304-026-02693-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-131X","2038-3312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-131X","type":"print"},{"value":"2038-3312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This article is a review of previously published literature and does not involve any studies with human participants or animals performed by the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human or animal rights"}}]}}