{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:30:03Z","timestamp":1785796203611,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2877,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neurotherapeuticsjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T15:04:08Z","timestamp":1436281448000},"page":"778-787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cannabinoids and Tremor Induced by Motor-related Disorders: Friend or Foe?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shokouh","family":"Arjmand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Behzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Abbassian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary J.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18781","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191118781","article-title":"Cannabinoids: new promising agents in the treatment of neurological diseases","volume":"19","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000200015","article-title":"History of cannabis as a medicine: a review","volume":"28","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1713.969-a","article-title":"Indian hemp and insanity in Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Walker","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes","volume":"163","author":"De Petrocellis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.03.004","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L","volume":"95","author":"El-Alfy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.20141120022005","article-title":"Synthetic marijuana: a recent turmoil in substance abuse","volume":"24","author":"Tellioglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00252-8","article-title":"Cannabinoid analgesia","volume":"95","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.03.001","article-title":"Cannabidiol exerts anti-convulsant effects in animal models of temporal lobe and partial seizures","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703229","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists on neuronally-evoked contractions of urinary bladder tissues isolated from rat, mouse, pig, dog, monkey and human","volume":"129","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib10","first-page":"20","article-title":"Functional role of the endocannabinoid system in emotional homeostasis","volume":"48","author":"Marco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00259-0","article-title":"Cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma","volume":"95","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/35003583","article-title":"Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model","volume":"404","author":"Baker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2001.02269.x","article-title":"Pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids","volume":"56","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1173-7","article-title":"Effects of WIN 55,212-2 (a non-selective cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist) on the protective action of various classical antiepileptic drugs in the mouse 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model","volume":"121","author":"Florek-Luszczki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/730785","article-title":"Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain - consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society","volume":"12","author":"Moulin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12631","article-title":"Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"55","author":"Devinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S1928","article-title":"Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain","volume":"4","author":"Russo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109115","article-title":"Cannabinoids Alleviate experimentally induced intestinal inflammation by acting at central and peripheral receptors","volume":"9","author":"Fichna","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0216-1","article-title":"The spinal anti-inflammatory mechanism of motor cortex stimulation: cause of success and refractoriness in neuropathic pain?","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283566aa0","article-title":"The behavioral pharmacology of anorexigenic drugs in nonhuman primates: 30 years of progress","volume":"23","author":"Foltin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm253","article-title":"Cannabinoid sensitivity and synaptic properties of 2 GABAergic networks in the neocortex","volume":"18","author":"Galarreta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib22","first-page":"9","article-title":"Destructive effects of prenatal WIN 55212-2 exposure on central nervous system of neonatal rats","volume":"4","author":"Shabani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.011","article-title":"Moving around the molecule: relationship between chemical structure and in vivo activity of synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"97","author":"Wiley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2013.839700","article-title":"The K2\/Spice phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products","volume":"46","author":"Brents","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-6980(02)00060-6","article-title":"The cannabinoid receptors","volume":"68-69","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803272","article-title":"The pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: an overview","volume":"30","author":"Pertwee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0","article-title":"Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA","volume":"346","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35367-4","article-title":"Cloning and pharmacological characterization of the rat CB(2) cannabinoid receptor","volume":"292","author":"Griffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2790129","article-title":"Molecular cloning of a human cannabinoid receptor which is also expressed in testis","volume":"279","author":"G\u00e9rard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12015","article-title":"Pharmacological blockade of TRPV1 receptors modulates the effects of 6-OHDA on motor and cognitive functions in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"27","author":"Razavinasab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_16","article-title":"Cannabinoid control of motor function at the basal ganglia","volume":"168","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.032979","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of common tremor syndromes","volume":"81","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib33","first-page":"510","article-title":"Tremor disorders. Diagnosis and management","volume":"162","author":"Anouti","year":"1995","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1271312","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of common forms of tremor","volume":"31","author":"Puschmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib35","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Tremor","volume":"68","author":"Smaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0230-5","article-title":"The treatment of tremor","volume":"11","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.07.030","article-title":"Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 Years of progress","volume":"47","author":"Howlett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02854900","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids: evidence for new players","volume":"8","author":"Mackie","year":"2006","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0629-5","article-title":"Cerebellar endocannabinoids: retrograde signaling from Purkinje cells","volume":"14","author":"Marcaggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-3995fje","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system drives neural progenitor proliferation","volume":"19","author":"Aguado","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000626)422:2<159::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Localisation of cannabinoid receptors in the rat brain using antibodies to the intracellular C-terminal tail of CB","volume":"422","author":"Egertov\u00e1","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.5.1932","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain","volume":"87","author":"Herkenham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088208","article-title":"CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity","volume":"302","author":"Marsicano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-03-00823.2001","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in mu-opioid receptor patches of the rat Caudate putamen nucleus","volume":"21","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9742","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-22-09742.2002","article-title":"Cannabinoids promote oligodendrocyte progenitor survival: involvement of cannabinoid receptors and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase\/Akt signaling","volume":"22","author":"Molina-Holgado","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301506","article-title":"Cannabis use disrupts eyeblink conditioning: evidence for cannabinoid modulation of cerebellar-dependent learning","volume":"33","author":"Skosnik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8829","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1236-06.2006","article-title":"Endogenous cannabinoid signaling through the CB1 receptor is essential for cerebellum-dependent discrete motor learning","volume":"26","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2556-1","article-title":"Examining the effects of former cannabis use on cerebellum-dependent eyeblink conditioning in humans","volume":"221","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1954710","article-title":"Central cannabinoid receptors modulate acquisition of eyeblink conditioning","volume":"17","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237022","article-title":"Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. I. Lesions of the cerebellar nuclei","volume":"60","author":"Yeo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.006387","article-title":"Chemical probes of endocannabinoid metabolism","volume":"65","author":"Blankman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0054-06.2006","article-title":"Localization of diacylglycerol lipase-alpha around postsynaptic spine suggests close proximity between production site of an endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, and presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptor","volume":"26","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.01.021","article-title":"The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol produced by diacylglycerol lipase \u03b1 mediates retrograde suppression of synaptic transmission","volume":"65","author":"Tanimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.03.017","article-title":"Endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde modulation of synaptic transmission","volume":"29","author":"Ohno-Shosaku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5693-09.2010","article-title":"Loss of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and reduced adult neurogenesis in diacylglycerol lipase knock-out mice","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0752434.x","article-title":"Levels, metabolism, and pharmacological activity of anandamide in CB(1) cannabinoid receptor knockout mice: evidence for non-CB(1), non-CB(2) receptor-mediated actions of anandamide in mouse brain","volume":"75","author":"Di Marzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00563.1991","article-title":"Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain: a quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study","volume":"11","author":"Herkenham","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003004","article-title":"Howlett a C, Abood ME, et al. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: Beyond CB1 and CB2","volume":"62","author":"Pertwee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3743","article-title":"Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal","volume":"17","author":"Calabresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.08.101","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and in the mesolimbic reward system: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"480","author":"Van Der Stelt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200208000-00009","article-title":"Clinical aspects of Parkinson disease","volume":"15","author":"Sethi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib63","unstructured":"Farlow J, Pankratz ND, Wojcieszek J, Foroud T. Parkinson disease overview. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al. (eds) GeneReviews\u00ae [Internet]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 1993\u20132015. 2004 May 25 [updated 2014 Feb 27]."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.2174\/187152709789824642","article-title":"Cannabinoids and Parkinson' s disease","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-Arencibia","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00067-2","article-title":"Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease","volume":"62","author":"Blandini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.52","article-title":"Molecular and clinical prodrome of Parkinson disease: implications for treatment","volume":"6","author":"Schapira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3547","article-title":"Chronic inflammatory disorders and their redox control: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Chiurchi\u00f9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00253-X","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid system and the basal ganglia. biochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"95","author":"Romero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9584-2","article-title":"Cannabinoid signaling and neuroinflammatory diseases: a melting pot for the regulation of brain immune responses","volume":"10","author":"Chiurchi\u00f9","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01812.x","article-title":"Increased cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding and activation of GTP-binding proteins in the basal ganglia of patients with Parkinson's syndrome and of MPTP-treated marmosets","volume":"14","author":"Lastres-Becker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib71","first-page":"269","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are early downregulated followed by a further upregulation in the basal ganglia of mice with deletion of specific park genes","volume":"73","author":"Garc\u00eda-Arencibia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100728","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist effects on motor function in normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated non-human primates","volume":"156","author":"Meschler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.12.021","article-title":"L-DOPA disrupts adenosine A2A-cannabinoid CB1-dopamine D2 receptor heteromer cross-talk in the striatum of hemiparkinsonian rats: Biochemical and behavioral studies","volume":"253","author":"Pinna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.5.436","article-title":"Marijuana for parkinsonian tremor","volume":"53","author":"Frankel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20111","article-title":"Survey on cannabis use in Parkinson's disease: Subjective improvement of motor symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Venderov\u00e1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00293-3","article-title":"Motor actions of cannabinoids in the basal ganglia output nuclei","volume":"65","author":"Sa\u00f1udo-Pe\u00f1a","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00368-1","article-title":"Cannabinoid effects in basal ganglia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"248","author":"Sa\u00f1udo-Pe\u00f1a","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04383.x","article-title":"CB1-independent inhibition of dopamine transporter activity by cannabinoids in mouse dorsal striatum","volume":"101","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.08.045","article-title":"Inhibition by arachidonic acid and other fatty acids of dopamine uptake at the human dopamine transporter","volume":"478","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12751","article-title":"Dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and current non-pharmacological interventions","volume":"130","author":"Heumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib81","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cannabis in movement disorders","volume":"6","author":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Forsch Komplementarmed"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.1998.0220","article-title":"Brain cannabinoid systems as targets for the therapy of neurological disorders","volume":"5","author":"Consroe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26099","article-title":"Management of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: controversies and future approaches","volume":"30","author":"Samuel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000016","article-title":"Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non\u2013motor symptoms of Parkinson disease","volume":"37","author":"Lotan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000112901","article-title":"The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Consroe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1300\/J251v07n01_04","article-title":"Delta-9-THC in the treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Ungerleider","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90485-9","article-title":"Nabilone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"345","author":"Martyn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130616","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Clifford","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.03.002","article-title":"Decreased endocannabinoid levels in the brain and beneficial effects of agents activating cannabinoid and\/or vanilloid receptors in a rat model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Cabranes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0296-7","article-title":"Tremor in multiple sclerosis","volume":"254","author":"Koch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314410","article-title":"Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple sclerosis","volume":"236","author":"Meinck","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.01.030","article-title":"Cannabinoids ameliorate disease progression in a model of multiple sclerosis in mice, acting preferentially through CB1 receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"62","author":"De Lago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26142","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders","volume":"30","author":"Kluger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.11.035","article-title":"Acute and chronic cannabinoid extracts administration affects motor function in a CREAE model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"133","author":"Buccellato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14738-1","article-title":"Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"362","author":"Zajicek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1082oa","article-title":"Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients","volume":"10","author":"Wade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2165\/11539000-000000000-00000","article-title":"Role of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Zajicek","year":"2011","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000118203.67138.3E","article-title":"The effect of cannabis on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000363","article-title":"Systematic review: Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"82","author":"Koppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.1075","article-title":"Changes in cannabinoid CB1 receptors in striatal and cortical regions of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Berrendero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.8.1059","article-title":"Huntington's disease: new approaches to an old problem. The Robert Wartenberg lecture","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.10.1279","article-title":"The diagnosis of Huntington's disease","volume":"36","author":"Folstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10054","article-title":"Alleviation of motor hyperactivity and neurochemical deficits by endocannabinoid uptake inhibition in a rat model of Huntington's disease","volume":"44","author":"Lastres-Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208785740108","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system in Huntington's disease","volume":"14","author":"Pazos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2013.878604","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids\u2014perspectives for the future","volume":"11","author":"Makowiecka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nat Fibers"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360406","article-title":"Selective vulnerability in Huntington's disease: preferential loss of cannabinoid receptors in lateral globus pallidus","volume":"36","author":"Richfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib108","first-page":"342","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease","volume":"36","author":"Sandyk","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3390\/ph5050529","article-title":"Cannabidiol in humans\u2014the quest for therapeutic targets","volume":"5","author":"Zhornitsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90386-G","article-title":"Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease","volume":"40","author":"Consroe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199911)14:6<1038::AID-MDS1024>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Nabilone increases choreatic movements in Huntington's disease","volume":"14","author":"Muller-Vahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2006.18.4.553","article-title":"Nabilone could treat chorea and irritability in Huntington's disease","volume":"18","author":"Curtis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib113","unstructured":"Chesher GB, Consroe P, Musty RE. Marijuana: an international research report. In: Proceedings of the Melbourne Symposium on Cannabis, 2\u20134 September 1987. Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1988."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22809","article-title":"A pilot study using nabilone for symptomatic treatment in Huntington's disease","volume":"24","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22682","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of phytocannabinoid-based medicines in experimental models of Huntington's disease","volume":"89","author":"Sagredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2174\/157488912798842278","article-title":"Cannabinoids: novel medicines for the treatment of Huntington's disease","volume":"7","author":"Sagredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00539-1","article-title":"Cannabinoid-induced motor incoordination through the cerebellar CB(1) receptor in mice","volume":"69","author":"DeSanty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29579-3","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor agonists produce cerebellar dysfunction in mice","volume":"297","author":"Patel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.244947","article-title":"The du(2J) mouse model of ataxia and absence epilepsy has deficient cannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated signalling","volume":"591","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.09.002","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders","volume":"133","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.03.006","article-title":"Worsening of Huntington disease phenotype in CB1 receptor knockout mice","volume":"42","author":"Mievis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"}],"container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923008097?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923008097?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:42:47Z","timestamp":1761806567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878747923008097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1878747923008097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7479","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cannabinoids and Tremor Induced by Motor-related Disorders: Friend or Foe?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurotherapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0367-5","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}