{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:20:17Z","timestamp":1785392417012,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2150,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neurotherapeuticsjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T11:42:57Z","timestamp":1505389377000},"page":"961-973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Diagnosis and Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Therapies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eric M.L.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy; a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease","volume":"81","author":"Astrom","year":"1958","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7712","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91777-6","article-title":"Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy","volume":"1","author":"Padgett","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)31105-8","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"2","author":"Brooks","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809113482","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with HIV infection","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2165\/11537510-000000000-00000","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and newer biological agents","volume":"33","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0226-2","article-title":"Infection risk in patients on multiple sclerosis therapeutics","volume":"29","author":"Williamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05031-11","article-title":"Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain","volume":"25","author":"Ferenczy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18842-0","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of the human polyomaviruses","volume":"84","author":"Stolt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10450","article-title":"Population-based study of antibody to the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV and the simian polyomavirus SV40","volume":"71","author":"Knowles","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1086\/597126","article-title":"Prevalence of polyomavirus BK and JC infection and replication in 400 healthy blood donors","volume":"199","author":"Egli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21710","article-title":"Characterization of JC human polyomavirus infection in a Portuguese population","volume":"82","author":"Matos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064313","article-title":"Detection of JC virus-specific immune responses in a novel humanized mouse model","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.7.750","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis and demyelination are pathologic manifestations of primary polyomavirus infection in immunosuppressed rhesus monkeys","volume":"63","author":"Axthelm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.5537","article-title":"Distribution and quantity of sites of John Cunningham virus persistence in immunologically healthy patients: correlation with John Cunningham virus antibody and urine John Cunningham virus DNA","volume":"74","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.5.1.49","article-title":"Pathogenesis and molecular biology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain","volume":"5","author":"Major","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000368","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000368","article-title":"Adaptive mutations in the JC virus protein capsid are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)","volume":"5","author":"Sunyaev","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506073116","article-title":"JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid samples of multiple sclerosis patients at the first demyelinating event","volume":"13","author":"Alvarez-Lafuente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000441473","article-title":"JC virus replication at the first symptoms of multiple sclerosis: a case report","volume":"58","author":"Delbue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400202","article-title":"Detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"4","author":"Ferrante","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096870","article-title":"Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid cells from patients with multiple sclerosis for detection of JC virus DNA","volume":"15","author":"Iacobaeus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21764","article-title":"Detection of viral DNA sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Mancuso","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0549-5","article-title":"Detectable cerebrospinal fluid JCV DNA in late-presenting HIV-positive patients: beyond progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?","author":"Mornese Pinna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00019606-200606000-00002","article-title":"JC virus chromogenic in situ hybridization in brain biopsies from patients with and without PML","volume":"15","author":"Procop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn Mol Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.4.858","article-title":"Detection of JC virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"162","author":"Telenti","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290414","article-title":"virus detection by in situ hybridization in brain tissue from elderly patients","volume":"29","author":"Mori","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200301600313","article-title":"Detection and sequence analysis of human polyomaviruses DNA from autoptic samples of HIV-1 positive and negative subjects","volume":"16","author":"Pietropaolo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9200","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00609-10","article-title":"JC virus latency in the brain and extraneural organs of patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"84","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.10.5726-5734.1992","article-title":"JC virus DNA is present in many human brain samples from patients without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"66","author":"White","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq097","article-title":"Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy\u2014revisited","volume":"203","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-017-4819-4","article-title":"Measurement of the W boson polarisation in [Formula: see text] events from pp collisions at [Formula: see text] = 8 TeV in the lepton + jets channel with ATLAS","volume":"77","author":"Aaboud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Phys J C Part Fields"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10290","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.21.10290-10299.2001","article-title":"Potential transmission of human polyomaviruses through the gastrointestinal tract after exposure to virions or viral DNA","volume":"75","author":"Bofill-Mas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-32957-9_2","article-title":"Discovery and epidemiology of the human polyomaviruses BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV)","volume":"577","author":"Knowles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.5.1255-1257.1997","article-title":"Persistent JC virus (JCV) infection is demonstrated by continuous shedding of the same JCV strains","volume":"35","author":"Kitamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.1.217-222.1994","article-title":"Regulation of JC virus expression in B lymphocytes","volume":"68","author":"Rieckmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.01.019","article-title":"Expression of BKV and JCV encoded microRNA in human cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine","volume":"65","author":"Pietila","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/514010","article-title":"JC virus (JCV) genotypes in brain tissue from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and in urine from controls without PML: increased frequency of JCV type 2 in PML","volume":"176","author":"Agostini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107829","article-title":"Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"366","author":"Bloomgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"N ENgl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0427-6","article-title":"Reassessing the risk of natalizumab-associated PML","volume":"22","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.03.005","article-title":"Re-evaluating the incidence of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"8","author":"Borchardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.02.002","article-title":"A second-generation ELISA (STRATIFY JCV DxSelect) for detection of JC virus antibodies in human serum and plasma to support progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk stratification","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23893","article-title":"JC virus antibody status underestimates infection rates","volume":"74","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9366-z","article-title":"Urinary JCV-DNA testing during natalizumab treatment may increase accuracy of PML risk stratification","volume":"7","author":"Laroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9496-y","article-title":"Anti-JCV antibodies detection and JCV DNA levels in PBMC, serum and urine in a cohort of Spanish multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab","volume":"8","author":"Dominguez-Mozo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22107","article-title":"Assessment of JC virus DNA in blood and urine from natalizumab-treated patients","volume":"68","author":"Rudick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182583022","article-title":"Anti-JC virus antibodies in a large German natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis cohort","volume":"78","author":"Trampe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12699","article-title":"JCV serology in time: 3 years of follow-up","volume":"136","author":"Cambron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24286","article-title":"Anti-JC virus antibody levels in serum or plasma further define risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"76","author":"Plavina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515599681","article-title":"Anti-JC virus antibody titres increase over time with natalizumab treatment","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12988","article-title":"High cumulative JC virus seroconversion rate during long-term use of natalizumab","volume":"23","author":"Vennegoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000195","article-title":"Therapy with natalizumab is associated with high JCV seroconversion and rising JCV index values","volume":"3","author":"Schwab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7513.1","article-title":"The TOUCH program and natalizumab: fundamental flaw in patient protection","volume":"4","author":"Avasarala","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0449-0","article-title":"Natalizumab-treated patients at high risk for PML persistently excrete JC polyomavirus","volume":"22","author":"Werner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002314","article-title":"CD62L is not a reliable biomarker for predicting PML risk in natalizumab-treated R-MS patients","volume":"86","author":"Lieberman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515607651","article-title":"PML risk stratification using anti-JCV antibody index and L-selectin","volume":"22","author":"Schwab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24345","article-title":"Lipid-specific immunoglobulin M bands in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with a reduced risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during treatment with natalizumab","volume":"77","author":"Villar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1086\/653823","article-title":"Human polyomavirus JC (JCV) infection of human B lymphocytes: a possible mechanism for JCV transmigration across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"202","author":"Chapagain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190902779257","article-title":"Rituximab and progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy: the jury is deliberating","volume":"50","author":"Carson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-186999","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project","volume":"113","author":"Carson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.04.010","article-title":"Rituximab treatment did not aggravate ongoing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with multiple sclerosis","volume":"353","author":"Asztely","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12992","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12992-13000.2002","article-title":"Oligosaccharides as receptors for JC virus","volume":"76","author":"Komagome","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5700","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103492","article-title":"The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells","volume":"306","author":"Elphick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.10.12","article-title":"JC virus-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"5","author":"Saribas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0222-6","article-title":"Immune surveillance and response to JC virus infection and PML","volume":"20","author":"Beltrami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81945-0","article-title":"A granule cell neuron-associated JC virus variant has a unique deletion in the VP1 gene","volume":"87","author":"Dang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035793","article-title":"JC virus encephalopathy is associated with a novel agnoprotein-deletion JCV variant","volume":"7","author":"Dang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib67","series-title":"Tecfidera Package Insert","author":"BiogenIdec","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000245","article-title":"Central nervous system infections with immunomodulatory therapies","volume":"21","author":"Williamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967581","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/967581","article-title":"JC polyomavirus (JCV) and monoclonal antibodies: friends or potential foes?","volume":"2013","author":"Diotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe058122","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab--unforeseen consequences","volume":"353","author":"Berger","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05111.x","article-title":"Neurological complications of immune reconstitution in HIV-infected populations","volume":"1184","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91774-X","article-title":"Cerebral dymyelination associated with disorders of the reticuloendothelial system","volume":"2","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1959","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-101416-041439","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: endemic viruses and lethal brain disease","author":"Haley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20431","article-title":"JC virus granule cell neuronopathy: A novel clinical syndrome distinct from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"57","author":"Koralnik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21619","article-title":"Fulminant JC virus encephalopathy with productive infection of cortical pyramidal neurons","volume":"65","author":"Wuthrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-0983-y","article-title":"Fulminant inflammatory leukoencephalopathy associated with HAART-induced immune restoration in AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"109","author":"Vendrely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib77","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Aksamit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515615225","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of brain MRI in pharmacovigilance of natalizumab-treated MS patients","volume":"22","author":"Wattjes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2035","article-title":"JC virus infection of the brain","volume":"31","author":"Bag","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03597.x","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a review of the neuroimaging features and differential diagnosis","volume":"19","author":"Sahraian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.6386","article-title":"AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): a retrospective study from Pretoria, South Africa","volume":"103","author":"Schutte","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.06.018","article-title":"Low signal intensity in U-fiber identified by susceptibility-weighted imaging in two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"344","author":"Miyagawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4436","article-title":"Brain magnetic susceptibility changes in patients with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"36","author":"Hodel","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23676","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging pattern in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"72","author":"Yousry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822e55e7","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in natalizumab-associated PML","volume":"77","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311411","article-title":"MRI characteristics of early PML-IRIS after natalizumab treatment in patients with MS","volume":"87","author":"Wattjes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517697909","article-title":"High-frequency MRI monitoring should be performed in natalizumab-treated MS patients with higher risk of PML\u2014YES","volume":"23","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02098091","article-title":"Detection of JC virus by polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid from two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Telenti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.2.484-486.1995","article-title":"Diagnostic value of detecting JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"33","author":"Fong","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00867351","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: a clinicopathologic study and review of the literature","volume":"240","author":"von Einsiedel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.12.018","article-title":"Specific and quantitative detection of human polyomaviruses BKV, JCV, and SV40 by real time PCR","volume":"34","author":"McNees","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.2.253","article-title":"JC virus DNA load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"52","author":"Koralnik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.03.009","article-title":"Multiplex qPCR assay for ultra sensitive detection of JCV DNA with simultaneous identification of genotypes that discriminates non-virulent from virulent variants","volume":"57","author":"Ryschkewitsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821a446b","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"76","author":"Vermersch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.221","article-title":"Polyomavirus JC-targeted T-cell therapy for progressive multiple leukoencephalopathy in a hematopoietic cell transplantation recipient","volume":"46","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285615602832","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukeoncephalopathy Consortium. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: current treatment options and future perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809114533","article-title":"Survival prolongation in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with alpha-interferon: an observational study","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib99","first-page":"257","article-title":"A pilot study of recombinant alpha 2a interferon in the treatment of AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (abstract)","volume":"42","author":"Berger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-012-0107-0","article-title":"Disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis and JC virus expression","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341766.59028.9d","article-title":"Effect of plasma exchange in accelerating natalizumab clearance and restoring leukocyte function","volume":"72","author":"Khatri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.01.037","article-title":"The atypical antipsychotic agents ziprasidone [correction of zisprasidone], risperdone and olanzapine as treatment for and prophylaxis against progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"65","author":"Altschuler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.5.2288-2292.2000","article-title":"JC virus enters human glial cells by clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis","volume":"74","author":"Pho","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152537157","article-title":"A combination of low-dose chlorpromazine and neutralizing antibodies inhibits the spread of JC virus (JCV) in a tissue culture model: implications for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Atwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1159\/000112916","article-title":"Chlorpromazine combined with cidofovir for treatment of a patient suffering from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"50","author":"Pohlmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802235916","article-title":"Serotonin receptor 2A blocker (risperidone) has no effect on human polyomavirus JC infection of primary human fetal glial cells","volume":"14","author":"Chapagain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2008.557","article-title":"Mirtazapine use in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"66","author":"Cettomai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib108","first-page":"35","article-title":"Mirtazapine in an HIV-1 infected patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Lanzafame","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.092353","article-title":"Favourable outcome of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in two patients with dermatomyositis","volume":"77","author":"Vulliemoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9203-1","article-title":"Molecular regulation of JC virus tropism: insights into potential therapeutic targets for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"5","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12070","article-title":"Effect of bacterial pneumonia on lung simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication in alcohol consuming SIV-infected rhesus macaques","volume":"37","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0272-4","article-title":"JC polyomavirus attachment, entry, and trafficking: unlocking the keys to a fatal infection","volume":"21","author":"Maginnis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.03.014","article-title":"The VP1 subunit of JC polyomavirus recapitulates early events in viral trafficking and is a novel tool to study polyomavirus entry","volume":"428","author":"Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199805073381903","article-title":"Failure of cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 243 Team","volume":"338","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2008.07.032","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a review and an extended report of five patients with different immune compromised states","volume":"20","author":"Epker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/713831540","article-title":"Topotecan in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"9","author":"Royal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209060-00012","article-title":"A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS","volume":"16","author":"Marra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830a5043","article-title":"Cidofovir in addition to antiretroviral treatment is not effective for AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a multicohort analysis","volume":"22","author":"De Luca","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2007.05.013","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a non-AIDS patient: high efficiency of combined cytarabine and cidofovir","volume":"28","author":"Terrier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Med Intern"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01614-08","article-title":"Identification and characterization of mefloquine efficacy against JC virus in vitro","volume":"53","author":"Brickelmaier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0173-y","article-title":"A study of mefloquine treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: results and exploration of predictors of PML outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Clifford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23443","article-title":"Suppressive effect of PARP-1 inhibitor on JC virus replication in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Nukuzuma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.08.034","article-title":"Pharmacological cdk inhibitor R-Roscovitine suppresses JC virus proliferation","volume":"370","author":"Orba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-002-0526-8","article-title":"Expression of JC virus agnoprotein in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy brain","volume":"104","author":"Okada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000343510.08643.74","article-title":"PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection: clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids","volume":"72","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000343735.44983.5e","article-title":"Steroids for PML-IRIS. A double-edged sword?","volume":"72","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1304828","article-title":"Maraviroc and JC virus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"370","author":"Giacomini","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923014174?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923014174?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T07:01:44Z","timestamp":1761807704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878747923014174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1878747923014174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7479","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Therapies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurotherapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2017 The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}