{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:40:39Z","timestamp":1790991639339,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":685,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neurotherapeuticsjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T17:02:39Z","timestamp":1632243759000},"page":"2222-2235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Novel Immunological and Therapeutic Insights in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome and CIDP"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Querol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinta","family":"Lleix\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. C. Kieseier, E. K. Mathey, C. Sommer, and H. P. Hartung, \u201cImmune-mediated neuropathies,\u201d Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim., vol. 4, no. 1, 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-018-0027-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0027-2"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Schafflick, B. C. Kieseier, H. Wiendl, and G. Meyer zu Horste, \u201cNovel pathomechanisms in inflammatory neuropathies,\u201d J. Neuroinflammation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1\u201317, 2017, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-017-1001-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1001-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0401-7","article-title":"Immunotherapy in Peripheral Neuropathies","volume":"13","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Mart\u00edn-Aguilar, E. Pascual-Go\u00f1i, and L. Querol, \u201cAutoantibodies in immune-mediated inflammatory neuropathies,\u201d Med. Cl\u00ednica (English Ed., vol. 153, no. 9, pp. 360\u2013367, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcle.2019.06.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcle.2019.06.015"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. C. Broers, C. Bunschoten, D. Nieboer, H. F. Lingsma, and B. C. Jacobs, \u201cIncidence and Prevalence of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,\u201d Neuroepidemiology, pp. 161\u2013172, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000494291.","DOI":"10.1159\/000494291"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309697","article-title":"Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: From pathology to phenotype","volume":"86","author":"Mathey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318714","article-title":"Atypical CIDP: Diagnostic criteria, progression and treatment response. Data from the Italian CIDP Database","volume":"90","author":"Doneddu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Y. K. Van den Bergh et al., \u201cEuropean Academy of Neurology\/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a joint Task Force\u2014Second revision,\u201d Eur. J. Neurol., no. May, pp. 1\u201328, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14959.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14959"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30144-9","article-title":"Progress in diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Bunschoten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagen, K.M., Ousman, S.S. The immune response and aging in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neuroinflammation 18, 78 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02113-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02113-2"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-320741","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics of subtypes of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"90","author":"Ikeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.4.857","article-title":"Intraneural activated t cells cause focal breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier","volume":"118","author":"Spies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370409","article-title":"Activated T cells of nonneural specificity open the blood-nerve barrier to circulating antibody","volume":"37","author":"Pollard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-020-00190-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: Insights into Classification and Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"9","author":"Koike","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Schmidt, K. V. Toyka, R. Kiefer, J. Full, H. P. Hartung, and J. Pollard, \u201cInflammatory infiltrates in sural nerve biopsies in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy,\u201d Muscle and Nerve, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 474\u2013487, 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199604)19:4<474::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-9","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199604)19:4<474::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000188879.19900.b7","article-title":"Macrophage clustering as a diagnostic marker in sural nerve biopsies of patients with CIDP","volume":"65","author":"Sommer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Koike et al., \u201cComplement deposition and macrophage-induced demyelination in CIDP with anti-LM1 antibodies,\u201d J. Neurol. Sci., vol. 408, no. October 2019, pp. 2019\u20132021, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116509.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116509"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00060-5","article-title":"The role of macrophages in immune-mediated damage to the peripheral nervous system","volume":"64","author":"Kiefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2010.00294.x","article-title":"Distribution of Th17 cells and Th1 cells in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"15","author":"Chi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp289","article-title":"Phenotypical and functional characterization of T helper 17 cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Brucklacher-Waldert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.05.004","article-title":"Frequency and functional activity of Th17, Tc17 and other T-cell subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"264","author":"Henriques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Heming et al., \u201cImmune cell profiling of the cerebrospinal fluid provides pathogenetic insights into inflammatory neuropathies,\u201d Front. Immunol., vol. 10, no. MAR, pp. 1\u201311, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00515.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00515"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827debad","article-title":"Recovery of the T-cell repertoire in CIDP by IV immunoglobulins","volume":"80","author":"Mausberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807319106","article-title":"Impaired inhibitory Fc\u03b3 receptor IIB expression on B cells in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"106","author":"Tackenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000148","article-title":"Deregulated Fcy receptor expression in patients with CIDP","volume":"2","author":"Quast","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. NeuroInflammation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.06.007","article-title":"IVIG regulates BAFF expression in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)","volume":"274","author":"Ritter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.84","article-title":"Autoantibodies in chronic inflammatory neuropathies: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"13","author":"Querol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317192","article-title":"Autoimmune nodo-paranodopathies of peripheral nerve: The concept is gaining ground","volume":"89","author":"Uncini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12758","article-title":"The expanding field of IgG4-mediated neurological autoimmune disorders","volume":"22","author":"Huijbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E31","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004773","article-title":"Neurofascin antibodies in autoimmune, genetic, and idiopathic neuropathies","volume":"90","author":"Burnor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Doppler et al., \u201cNeurofascin-155 IgM autoantibodies in patients with inflammatory neuropathies,\u201d J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, pp. 1145\u20131151, 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318170.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318170"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Fujita, H. Ogata, R. Yamasaki, T. Matsushita, and J. ichi Kira, \u201cParallel fluctuation of anti-neurofascin 155 antibody levels with clinico-electrophysiological findings in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy,\u201d J. Neurol. Sci., vol. 384, no. November 2017, pp. 107\u2013112, 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.035.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.035"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Manso et al., \u201cAnti \u2013 neurofascin-155 IgG4 antibodies prevent paranodal complex formation in vivo Find the latest version\u202f: Anti \u2013 neurofascin-155 IgG4 antibodies prevent paranodal complex formation in vivo,\u201d vol. 129, no. 6, pp. 2222\u20132236, 2019.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124694"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng JK, Malotka J, Kawakami N, Derfuss T, Khademi M, Olsson T, Linington C, Odaka M, Tackenberg B, Pr\u00fcss H, Schwab JM, Harms L, Harms H, Sommer C, Rasband MN, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Peles E, Hohlfeld R, Yuki N, Dornmair K, Meinl E. Neurofascin as a target for autoantibodies in peripheral neuropathies. Neurology. 2012 Dec 4;79(23):2241\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827689ad. Epub 2012 Oct 24. PMID: 23100406; PMCID: PMC3542349.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827689ad"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05220-3","article-title":"Neurofascin antibodies in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: from intrinsic genetic background to clinical manifestations","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314895","article-title":"Paranodal dissection in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with anti-neurofascin-155 and anti-contactin-1 antibodies","volume":"88","author":"Koike","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0996-1","article-title":"Anti-NF155 chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy strongly associates to HLA-DRB15","author":"Martinez-Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23794","article-title":"Antibodies to contactin-1 in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"73","author":"Querol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10041-z","article-title":"Antibodies against the node of Ranvier: a real-life evaluation of incidence, clinical features and response to treatment based on a prospective analysis of 1500 sera","volume":"267","author":"Delmont","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.528489","article-title":"Specific contactin N-glycans are implicated in neurofascin binding and autoimmune targeting in peripheral neuropathies","author":"Labasque","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww062","article-title":"Contactin-1 IgG4 antibodies cause paranode dismantling and conduction defects","author":"Manso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.10.006","article-title":"Complement deposition induced by binding of anti-contactin-1 auto-antibodies is modified by immunoglobulins","volume":"287","author":"Appeltshauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy134","article-title":"Subacute nodopathy with conduction blocks and anti-neurofascin 140\/186 antibodies: An ultrastructural study","volume":"141","author":"Vallat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx124","article-title":"Autoantibodies to nodal isoforms of neurofascin in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"140","author":"Delmont","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000603","article-title":"Anti-pan-neurofascin IgG3 as a marker of fulminant autoimmune neuropathy","volume":"6","author":"Stengel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. NeuroInflammation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww189","article-title":"Auto-antibodies to contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr) in two patients with painful inflammatory neuropathy","volume":"139","author":"Doppler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Cortese et al., \u201cAntibodies to neurofascin, contactin-1, and contactin-associated protein 1 in CIDP: Clinical relevance of IgG isotype,\u201d Neurol. Neuroimmunol. neuroinflammation, vol. 7, no. 1, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000639.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000639"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000817","article-title":"Antiparanodal antibodies and IgG subclasses in acute autoimmune neuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Appeltshauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab014","article-title":"Antibodies to the Caspr1\/contactin-1 complex in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","author":"Pascual-Go\u00f1i","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.159798","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune responses to myelin protein peptides in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"80","author":"Sanvito","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14853-4","article-title":"Antibodies against peripheral nerve antigens in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Querol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303440","article-title":"Clinical features of CIDP with LM1-associated antibodies","volume":"84","author":"Kuwahara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2012.00372.x","article-title":"Nodal proteins are target antigens in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Devaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jns5.12023","article-title":"Disruption of nodal architecture in skin biopsies of patients with demyelinating neuropathies","volume":"18","author":"Doppler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. L. Fisse, J. Motte, T. Gr\u00fcter, M. Sgodzai, K. Pitarokoili, and R. Gold, \u201cComprehensive approaches for diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,\u201d Neurol. Res. Pract., vol. 2, no. 1, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42466-020-00088-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00088-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0711-7","article-title":"Loss of Schwann cell plasticity in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)","volume":"13","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110205","article-title":"Prednisone improves chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy more than no treatment","volume":"11","author":"Dyck","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70329-0","article-title":"Intravenous immune globulin (10% caprylate-chromatography purified) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (ICE study): a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. F. Hahn et al., \u201cPlasma-exchange therapy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,\u201d pp. 1055\u20131066, 1996.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.4.1055"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib60","unstructured":"C. Briani, D. Cocito, M. Campagnolo, P. E. Doneddu, and E. Nobile-Orazio, \u201cUpdate on therapy of chronic immune-mediated neuropathies,\u201d vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1084\u20131089, 2021, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00059-015-4334-z."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22024","article-title":"Response to treatment in patients with Lewis-Sumner syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Shahram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20236","article-title":"Lewis-Sumner syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy","volume":"31","author":"Verschueren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh222","article-title":"Follow-up study and response to treatment in 23 patients with Lewis-Sumner syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Viala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000149","article-title":"Rituximab in treatment-resistant CIDP with antibodies against paranodal proteins","volume":"2","author":"Querol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. NeuroInflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12319","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"24","author":"van Lieverloo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12303","article-title":"Restabilization treatment after intravenous immunoglobulin withdrawal in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: Results from the pre-randomization phase of the Polyneuropathy And Treatment with Hizentra study","volume":"24","author":"Mielke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14501","article-title":"Randomized trial of intravenous immunoglobulin maintenance treatment regimens in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Kuitwaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.09.015","article-title":"Plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins: Mechanism of action in immune-mediated neuropathies","volume":"231","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307708","article-title":"Effective treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins reduces autoreactive T-cell response in patients with CIDP","volume":"86","author":"Klehmet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03333.x","article-title":"The effect of IgG levels on the number of natural killer cells and their Fc receptors in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Bohn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.253","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology-mode of action and clinical efficacy","volume":"11","author":"L\u00fcnemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30378-2","article-title":"Subcutaneous immunoglobulin for maintenance treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (PATH): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"17","author":"van Schaik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000590","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of subcutaneous immunoglobulin IgPro20 in CIDP: PATH extension study","volume":"6","author":"Van Schaik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. NeuroInflammation"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib74","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8948-y","article-title":"Corticosteroids in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: A retrospective, multicentre study, comparing efficacy and safety of daily prednisolone, pulsed dexamethasone, and pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone","volume":"265","author":"van Lieverloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05083-1","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin and intravenous methylprednisolone as optimal induction treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: protocol of an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (OPTIC)","volume":"22","author":"Bus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Querol et al., \u201cSystematic literature review of burden of illness in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP),\u201d J. Neurol., vol. 0, no. 0123456789, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-09998-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09998-8"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-320314","article-title":"Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: Update on diagnosis, immunopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"90","author":"Lehmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib79","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"11","author":"Mehndiratta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21546","article-title":"A prospective study comparing tryptophan immunoadsorption with therapeutic plasma exchange for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy*","volume":"32","author":"Lieker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9082-6","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effects of immunoadsorption in refractory chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a prospective study in 17 patients","volume":"265","author":"Dorst","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072025","article-title":"Immunoadsorption and Plasma Exchange in Seropositive and Seronegative Immune-Mediated Neuropathies","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Shimizu et al., \u201cEfficacy and safety of Rituximab in refractory CIDP with or without IgG4 autoantibodies (RECIPE): Protocol for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial,\u201d JMIR Res Protoc., 2020.","DOI":"10.2196\/17117"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10010-6","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"267","author":"Burt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30202-3","article-title":"Oral fingolimod for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (FORCIDP Trial): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.331","article-title":"Terminal complement activation is increased and associated with disease severity in CIDP","volume":"3","author":"Quast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30369-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study","volume":"16","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.022","article-title":"Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Rinaldi, \u201c\u00b4 syndrome Update on Guillain-Barr e,\u201d vol. 112, pp. 99\u2013112, 2013.","DOI":"10.1111\/jns5.12020"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. J. Willison, B. C. Jacobs, and P. A. van Doorn, \u201cGuillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.,\u201d Lancet (London, England), Feb. 2016, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Oladiran, X. Q. Shi, M. Yang, S. Fournier, and J. Zhang, \u201cInhibition of TLR4 signaling protects mice from sensory and motor dysfunction in an animal model of autoimmune peripheral neuropathy,\u201d pp. 1\u201317, 2021.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02126-x"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in ten steps","volume":"15","author":"Leonhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Berciano, \u201cAxonal degeneration in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a reappraisal,\u201d J. Neurol., no. 0123456789, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10034-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10034-y"},{"issue":"September","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.09.017","article-title":"Spinal nerve involvement in early Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: The Haymaker and Kernohan's legacy","volume":"382","author":"Berciano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. K. Asbury and B. G. Arnason, \u201cThe inflammatory lesion in idiopathic polyneuritis. Its role in pathogenesis.\u201d 1969.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196905000-00001"},{"issue":"10027","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00562-6","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study","volume":"387","author":"Cao-Lormeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000111","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with preceding hepatitis E virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Van Den Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u201cThe spectrum of antecedent infecions in GBS. A case-control study,\u201d https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-6486-0_11.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6486-0_11"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib99","unstructured":"S. Keddie et al., \u201cEpidemiological and cohort study finds no association between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome,\u201d vol. 0, pp. 2\u201325."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2018.1468885","article-title":"The immunotherapy of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Restrepo-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.610","article-title":"Infections and course of disease in mild forms of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Van Koningsveld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00019-6","article-title":"Infectious origins of, and molecular mimicry in, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 and Fisher syndromes","volume":"1","author":"Yuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11404","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402391101","article-title":"Carbohydrate mimicry between human ganglioside GM1 and Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide causes Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Yuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400414","article-title":"Acute motor axonal neuropathy: An antibody-mediated attack on axolemma","volume":"40","author":"Hafer-Macko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390512","article-title":"Immune attack on the Schwann cell surface in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Hafer-Macko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322479","article-title":"Ultrastructural mechanisms of macrophage-induced demyelination in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Koike","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02284784","article-title":"Early nodal changes in the acute motor axonal neuropathy pattern of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Griffin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Capodivento et al., \u201cCSF sphingomyelin: A new biomarker of demyelination in the diagnosis and management of CIDP and GBS,\u201d J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, no. November 2019, pp. 1\u20138, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324445.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324445"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Mart\u00edn-Aguilar et al., \u201cSerum neurofilament light chain predicts long-term prognosis in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome patients,\u201d J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, pp. 1\u20138, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323899.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323899"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8204-2","article-title":"Proximal nerve lesions in early Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: implications for pathogenesis and disease classification","volume":"264","author":"Berciano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8552-4_7","article-title":"Anti-ganglioside antibodies in peripheral nerve pathology","volume":"1804","author":"Willison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf258","article-title":"Localization of major gangliosides in the PNS: Implications for immune neuropathies","volume":"125","author":"Gong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Van Den Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440210","article-title":"IgG anti-GM1 antibody is associated with reversible conduction failure and axonal degeneration in Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Kuwabara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.2.204","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome is associated with serum antibodies to GQ1b ganglioside","volume":"56","author":"Willison","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-002-0043-0","article-title":"Advances in the management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.807","article-title":"Anti-ganglioside antibodies can bind peripheral nerve nodes of Ranvier and activate the complement cascade without inducing acute conduction block in vitro","volume":"122","author":"Paparounas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1012","article-title":"Animal model of axonal Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome induced by sensitization with GM1 ganglioside","volume":"49","author":"Yuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4401-06.2007","article-title":"Anti-GM1 antibodies cause complement-mediated disruption of sodium channel clusters in peripheral motor nerve fibers","volume":"27","author":"Susuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Asthana, G. Zhang, K. A. Sheikh, and C. Him Eddie Ma, \u201cHeat shock protein is a key therapeutic target for nerve repair in autoimmune peripheral neuropathy and severe peripheral nerve injury,\u201d Brain. Behav. Immun., 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.020"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Appeltshauser, \u201cAnti-paranodal antibodies and IgG subclasses in acute autoimmune neuropathy,\u201d Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation, 2020.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000817"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000566","article-title":"Moesin is a possible target molecule for cytomegalovirus-related Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Sawai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.07.017","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-heat shock protein antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids of patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Yonekura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.04.024","article-title":"Anti-Heat Shock Protein 70 antibody levels are increased in myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"225","author":"Helgeland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14133","article-title":"Antibody- and macrophage-mediated segmental demyelination in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: clinical, electrophysiological, immunological and pathological correlates","volume":"27","author":"Vallat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230406","article-title":"Plasmapheresis and guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome: Analysis of prognostic factors and the effect of plasmapheresis","volume":"23","author":"McKhann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. El and T. Provost, \u201cGuillain-Barre syndrome with high- dose gammaglobulin,\u201d no. October, pp. 1639\u20131642, 1988.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.10.1639"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Shahrizaila, H. C. Lehmann, and S. Kuwabara, \u201cGuillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.,\u201d Lancet (London, England), vol. 6736, no. 21, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib129","first-page":"2568","article-title":"Immunotherapy of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib130","unstructured":"R. Jc et al., \u201cPlasma exchange for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome ( Review ) Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome,\u201d no. 4, 2009."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-017-0185-0","article-title":"Small volume plasma exchange for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in resource poor settings: A safety and feasibility study","volume":"3","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. G. A. Van Der Mech\u00e9, P. I. M. Schmitz, and D. G.-B. syndrome Group, \u201cA randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome,\u201d N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 326, no. 10, pp. 653\u2013657, 1992.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204233261705"},{"issue":"9047","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09095-2","article-title":"Randomised trial of plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and combined treatments in Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"349","author":"Hughes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. A. Hughes, A. V Swan, and P. A. van Doorn, \u201cIntravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome,\u201d Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., no. 9, 2010, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd002063.pub4.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002063.pub4"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21737","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenous immunoglobulin and outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Kuitwaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E59","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007719","article-title":"Current treatment practice of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Verboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321496","article-title":"Original research: Second IVIg course in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with poor prognosis: The non-randomised ISID study","volume":"91","author":"Verboon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30494-4","article-title":"Second intravenous immunoglobulin dose in patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with poor prognosis (SID-GBS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Walgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30144-3","article-title":"The complement story in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: from pathogenesis to therapy","volume":"17","author":"Nobile-Orazio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq119","article-title":"Anti-GD1a antibodies activate complement and calpain to injure distal motor nodes of Ranvier in mice","volume":"133","author":"McGonigal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12194","article-title":"Inhibition of complement in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: the ICA-GBS study","volume":"22","author":"Davidson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30114-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 2 trial","volume":"17","author":"Misawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"9404","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15324-X","article-title":"Effect of methylprednisolone when added to standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Randomised trial","volume":"363","author":"Van Koningsveld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10809","article-title":"Streptococcal IdeS: Therapeutic potential for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.02.010","article-title":"IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) prevents disease progression and facilitates improvement in a rabbit model of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"291","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01418-5","article-title":"Imlifidase: First Approval","volume":"80","author":"Al-Salama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1730-x","article-title":"Modulation of IgG\u2013FcRn interactions to overcome antibody-mediated inhibition of nerve regeneration","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.01.006","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is necessary for the Lipo-oligosaccharide-induced response by modulation of Toll-like receptor 4 in monocytes from GBS patients","volume":"257","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.744","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 299Gly allele is associated with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Bangladesh","volume":"6","author":"Jahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.10.018","article-title":"Association of TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Northern Indian population","volume":"218","author":"Nyati","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.10.009","article-title":"231st ENMC International Workshop: International Standard for CIDP Registry and Biobank, Naarden, The Netherlands, 12\u201314 May 2017","volume":"28","author":"Eftimov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12209","article-title":"International Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Outcome Study: protocol of a prospective observational cohort study on clinical and biological predictors of disease course and outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."}],"container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923007006?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923007006?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:56:25Z","timestamp":1761807385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878747923007006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1878747923007006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7479","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel Immunological and Therapeutic Insights in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome and CIDP","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurotherapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-021-01117-3","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}