{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:34:10Z","timestamp":1791387250938,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-026-00357-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:27:04Z","timestamp":1779175624000},"page":"821-834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predictors of Failure of Medical Management in Children with Empyema Thoracis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Sachdeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanchankumar","family":"Bhagyawant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawan","family":"Kalyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumi","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shetanshu","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranita","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2866-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"357_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/16.7.428","volume":"16","author":"T Chibuk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chibuk T, Cohen E, Robinson J, et al. Paediatric complicated pneumonia: Diagnosis and management of empyema. Pediatr Child Health. 2011;16:425\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1(Suppl 1","key":"357_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.030676","volume":"60","author":"IM Balfour-Lynn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balfour-Lynn IM, Abrahamson E, Cohen G. BTS Guidelines for the Management of Pleural Infection in Children. Thorax. 2005;60(Suppl 1(Suppl 1)):i1-21.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"357_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_25_24","volume":"29","author":"P Medhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Medhi P, Loganathan AK, Jehangir S. Management of thoracic empyema in children: A survey of indian pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, pulmonologists, and intensivists. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2024;29:484\u20137.","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"357_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31550-6","volume":"396","author":"FM De Benedictis","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Benedictis FM, Kerem E, Chang AB, et al. Complicated pneumonia in children. Lancet. 2020;396:786\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"357_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1405","volume":"115","author":"JR Avansino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Avansino JR, Goldman B, Sawin RS, et al. Primary operative versus nonoperative therapy for pediatric empyema: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1652\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"357_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X20928200","volume":"7","author":"A Baram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baram A, Yaldo F. Pediatric thoracic empyema-outcomes of intrapleural thrombolytics: ten years of experience. Glob Pediatr Health. 2020;7:2333794X20928200.","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"key":"357_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-013-0215-9","volume":"50","author":"D Narayanappa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Narayanappa D, Rashmi N, Prasad NA, et al. Clinico-bacteriological profile and outcome of empyema. Indian Pediatr. 2013;50:783\u20135.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"357_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","volume":"66","author":"M Harris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harris M, Clark J, Coote N, et al. British Thoracic Society Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children: Update 2011. Thorax. 2011;66:ii1-23.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"357_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-013-0232-8","volume":"50","author":"A Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sethi GR, Mantan M, et al. Empyema thoracis in children: a short term outcome study. Indian Pediatr. 2013;50:879\u201382.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"357_CR10","first-page":"258","volume":"44","author":"G Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh G, Pitoyo CW, Nasir AUZ, Rumende CM, Amin Z. Update on the role of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in the management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Acta Med Indones. 2012;44:258\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"357_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-026-00347-y","author":"JL Mathew","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mathew JL. Methodology adopted for the development of evidence-based guideline recommendations on childhood empyema. Indian Pediatr. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13312-026-00347-y.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"357_CR12","unstructured":"Sachdeva M, Pradhan P, Srivastava S, et al. Predictors of failure of medical management (or need for surgical management) in children with empyema: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2024. Accessed on April 15, 2026. Available from https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024531906"},{"key":"357_CR13","unstructured":"Higgins JPT TJ, Chandler J, Cumpston M, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Accessed on August 01, 2025. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"357_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"357_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"M Bhatnagar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhatnagar M, Burney R, Bedawi EO. Managing treatment failure in pleural infection. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2025;20:1\u20132.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"357_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219784","volume":"78","author":"ME Roberts","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roberts ME, Rahman NM, Maskell NA, et al. British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease. Thorax. 2023;78:s1-42.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"357_CR17","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Study quality assessment tools. Accessed on April 15, 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools"},{"key":"357_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12817","volume":"74","author":"L Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin L, Chu H. Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2018;74:785\u201394.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"357_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"357_CR20","unstructured":"GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Software]. McMaster University and Evidence Prime, 2023. Available from: gradepro.org."},{"key":"357_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.9.11326","volume":"36","author":"HH Almaramhy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Almaramhy HH, Allama AM. Indicators for surgical intervention in thoracic empyema in children. Saudi Med J. 2015;36:1061\u20136.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"357_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.11.1009","volume":"88","author":"AK Baranwal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baranwal AK. Empyema thoracis: a 10-year comparative review of hospitalised children from South Asia. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:1009\u201314.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"357_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003341","volume":"41","author":"A Gautam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gautam A, Wiseman G, Legg R, et al. Management of pediatric thoracic empyema in the North Queensland region of Australia and impact of a local evidence-based treatment guideline. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022;41:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"357_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2016.06.008","volume":"58","author":"ZG Gayretli-Ayd\u0131n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gayretli-Ayd\u0131n ZG, Tan\u0131r G, Bayhan G\u0130, et al. Evaluation of complicated and uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion in children. Turk J Pediatr. 2016;58:623\u201331.","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"357_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.032","volume":"51","author":"MH Livingston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Livingston MH, Cohen E, Giglia L, et al. Are some children with empyema at risk for treatment failure with fibrinolytics? A multicenter cohort study. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51:832\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"357_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00079.x","volume":"89","author":"K Shankar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shankar K, Kenny S, Okoye B, et al. Evolving experience in the management of empyema thoracis. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:417\u201320.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"357_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2010.01.010","volume":"148","author":"G Stefanutti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stefanutti G, Ghirardo V, Barbato A, et al. Evaluation of a pediatric protocol of intrapleural urokinase for pleural empyema: A prospective study. Surgery. 2010;148:589\u201394.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"357_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir531","volume":"53","author":"JS Bradley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:e25-76.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"357_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.037","volume":"154","author":"D Khemasuwan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khemasuwan D, Sorensen J, Griffin DC. Predictive variables for failure in administration of intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator\/deoxyribonuclease in patients with complicated parapneumonic effusions\/empyema. Chest. 2018;154:550\u20136.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"357_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.07.022","volume":"51","author":"A-M Long","year":"2016","unstructured":"Long A-M, Smith-Williams J, Mayell S, et al. \u2018Less may be best\u2019\u2014pediatric parapneumonic effusion and empyema management: lessons from a UK center. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51:588\u201391.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"357_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.01.030","volume":"153","author":"KR Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen KR, Bribriesco A, Crabtree T, et al. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Empyema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153:e129\u201346.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"}],"container-title":["Indian Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13312-026-00357-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13312-026-00357-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13312-026-00357-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:40:35Z","timestamp":1791344435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13312-026-00357-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13312-026-00357-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-6061","0974-7559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-6061","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7559","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the Funding section, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) was incorrectly indicated as the Indian Council of (NOT for) Medical Education and Research (ICMR).","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No generative of artificial intelligence (AI)tools were used in thewriting, editing, data analysis or figure generation for this manuscript. All content is the original work of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools for manuscript writing","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}