{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:37:42Z","timestamp":1762177062257,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-018-0462-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T10:43:52Z","timestamp":1517481832000},"page":"423-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing Propylene Glycol Toxicity in Alcohol Withdrawal Patients Receiving Intravenous Benzodiazepines: A One-Compartment Pharmacokinetic Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Jahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Bodreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Farthing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5238-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawzy","family":"Elbarbry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"462_CR1","first-page":"263","volume":"28","author":"M Davies","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davies M. The role of GABAA receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2003;28(4):263\u201374.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"6509","key":"462_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"900","author":"Legacy Health","year":"2015","unstructured":"Health Legacy. Alcohol Withdrawal Protocol. 2015;900(6509):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Alcohol Withdrawal Protocol"},{"key":"462_CR3","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Propylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Monostearate (September 2015). \n                    https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/drugs\/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation\/guidances\/ucm070347.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed May 2015."},{"key":"462_CR4","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) (February 2017). \n                    https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/guidanceregulation\/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation\/ingredientsadditivesgraspackaging\/default.htm#GRAS\n                    \n                  . Accessed May 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1674","volume":"128","author":"KC Wilson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilson KC, Reardon C, Theodore AC, Farber HW. Propylene glycol toxicity: a severe iatrogenic illness in ICU patients receiving IV benzodiazepines: a case series and prospective, observational pilot study. Chest. 2005;128(3):1674\u201381.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.2.545","volume":"118","author":"R Arbour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arbour R, Esparis B. Osmolar gap metabolic acidosis in a 60-year-old man treated for hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest. 2000;118(2):545\u20136.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"12","key":"462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M313","volume":"43","author":"EL Horinek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horinek EL, Kiser TH, Fish DN, MacLaren R. Propylene glycol accumulation in critically ill patients receiving continuous intravenous lorazepam infusions. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43(12):1964\u201371.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.100667","volume":"16","author":"SJ Bajwa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bajwa SJ, Sehgal V, Bajwa SK. Clinical and critical care concerns in severely ill obese patient. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(5):740\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000134831.40466.39","volume":"32","author":"AC Arroliga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arroliga AC, Shehab N, McCarthy K, Gonzales JP. Relationship of continuous infusion lorazepam to serum propylene glycol concentration in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(8):1709\u201314.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G083","volume":"39","author":"BW Neale","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neale BW, Mesler EL, Young M, Rebuck JA, Weise WJ. Propylene glycol-induced lactic acidosis in a patient with normal renal function: a proposed mechanism and monitoring recommendations. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(10):1732\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"10","key":"462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L186","volume":"42","author":"MA Miller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miller MA, Forni A, Yogaratnam D. Propylene glycol-induced lactic acidosis in a patient receiving continuous infusion pentobarbital. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(10):1502\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"9","key":"462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0573","volume":"3","author":"T Zar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zar T, Yusufzai I, Sullivan A, Graeber C. Acute kidney injury, hyperosmolality and metabolic acidosis associated with lorazepam. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007;3(9):515\u201320.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-198709000-00001","volume":"9","author":"PA Speth","year":"1987","unstructured":"Speth PA, Vree TB, Neilen NF, de Mulder PH, Newell DR, Gore ME, et al. Propylene glycol pharmacokinetics and effects after intravenous infusion in humans. Ther Drug Monit. 1987;9(3):255\u20138.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"462_CR14","first-page":"277","volume":"19","author":"TY Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim TY, Poole RL, Pageler NM. Propylene glycol toxicity in children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(4):277\u201382.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"462_CR15","unstructured":"Hospira Inc. Diazepam Package Insert. 2014. Lake Forest, IL."},{"key":"462_CR16","volume-title":"Lorazepam Package Insert","author":"West-Ward Pharmaceuticals","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pharmaceuticals West-Ward. Lorazepam Package Insert. NJ: Eatontown; 2011."},{"issue":"3","key":"462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-198709000-00001","volume":"9","author":"PA Speth","year":"1987","unstructured":"Speth PA, Vree TB, Neilen NF, de Mulder PH, Newell DR, Gore ME, et al. Propylene glycol pharmacokinetics and effects after intravenous infusion in humans. Ther Drug Monit. 1987;9(3):255\u20138.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200201000-00020","volume":"30","author":"J Jacobi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(1):119\u201341.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"462_CR19","first-page":"CD008537","volume":"6","author":"L Amato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;6:CD008537.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.10.1094.32762","volume":"23","author":"NE Yaucher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yaucher NE, Fish JT, Smith HW, Wells JA. Propylene glycol-associated renal toxicity from lorazepam infusion. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(9):1094\u20139.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"462_CR21","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Background review for the excipient propylene glycol. 1\u201396. 11-20-2014. London, UK."},{"key":"462_CR22","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Evaluations of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database\/chemical.aspx?chemID=2698\n                    \n                  . Accessed May 2016."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0462-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0462-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0462-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T21:19:34Z","timestamp":1548969574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0462-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0462-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7966","2107-0180"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0378-7966"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2107-0180"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"No funding was received for the conduct of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration (and its amendments). The study was approved by Legacy Health Institutional Review Board.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}