{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:09:43Z","timestamp":1792807783610,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012804","name":"Husson University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Husson University Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Husson University Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-018-0532-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T23:46:17Z","timestamp":1542671177000},"page":"389-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Optimally Profiling Lamotrigine Disposition and Drug\u2013Drug Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Todd M.","family":"Conner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0087-0","volume":"52","author":"PN Patsalos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patsalos PN. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)\u2013part 1: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(11):927\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.13001.x","volume":"32","author":"PN Patsalos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Patsalos PN, Froscher W, Pisani F, van Rijn CM. The importance of drug interactions in epilepsy therapy. Epilepsia. 2002;32(3):365\u201385.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"532_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g254","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g254","volume":"348","author":"D Schmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt D, Schachter SC. Drug treatment of epilepsy in adults. BMJ. 2014;348:g254.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.06.001","volume":"7","author":"S Karceski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karceski S, Morrell MJ, Carpenter D. Treatment of epilepsy in adults: expert opinion, 2005. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;7(Suppl 1):S1\u201364.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"532_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00111.x","volume":"41","author":"CL Deckers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deckers CL, Czuczwar SJ, Hekster YA, Keyser A, Kubova H, Meinardi H, et al. Selection of antiepileptic drug polytherapy based on mechanisms of action: the evidence reviewed. Epilepsia. 2000;41(11):1364\u201374.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"532_CR6","unstructured":"Drugs@FDA [online database]. FDA Approved Drug Products: LAMICTAL. U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/daf\/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=020241 . Accessed June 14 2018."},{"key":"532_CR7","first-page":"370","volume-title":"Antiepileptic Drugs","author":"M Dickins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dickins M, Chen C. Lamotrigine: Chemistry, biotransformation, and pharmacokinetics. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E, editors. Antiepileptic Drugs. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p. 370\u20139.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073897012001041","volume":"12","author":"WR Garnett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Garnett WR. Lamotrigine: pharmacokinetics. J Child Neurol. 1997;12(Suppl 1):S10\u20135.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01274.x","volume":"49","author":"DJ Tompson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tompson DJ, Ali I, Oliver-Willwong R, Job S, Zhu L, Lemme F, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine when converting from a twice-daily immediate-release to a once-daily extended-release formulation in subjects with epilepsy (The COMPASS Study). Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):410\u20137.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1987.193","volume":"42","author":"AF Cohen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cohen AF, Land GS, Breimer DD, Yuen AW, Winton C, Peck AW. Lamotrigine, a new anticonvulsant: pharmacokinetics in normal humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1987;42(5):535\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"532_CR11","first-page":"8","volume":"32","author":"MK Yau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yau MK, Garnett WE, Wargin WA, Pellock JM. A single dose, dose proportionality and bioequivalence study of lamotrigine in normal volunteers. Epilepsia. 1991;32(Suppl 3):8.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(96)90130-7","volume":"60","author":"GD Anderson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anderson GD, Yau MK, Gidal BE, Harris SJ, Levy RH, Lai AA, et al. Bidirectional interaction of valproate and lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;60(2):145\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(91)90012-5","volume":"10","author":"RE Ramsay","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ramsay RE, Pellock JM, Garnett WR, Sanchez RM, Valakas AM, Wargin WA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of lamotrigine (Lamictal) in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1991;10(2\u20133):191\u2013200.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"532_CR14","first-page":"877","volume-title":"Antiepileptic Drugs","author":"DN Parsons","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parsons DN, Dickins M, Morley TJ. Lamotrigine: Absorption, distribution, and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic Drugs. 4th ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p. 877\u201381.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11424-9","volume":"260","author":"J Magdalou","year":"1992","unstructured":"Magdalou J, Herber R, Bidault R, Siest G. In vitro N-glucuronidation of a novel antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine, by human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;260(3):1166\u201373.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2001.01389.x","volume":"51","author":"P Marcellin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marcellin P, de Bony F, Garret C, Altman C, Boige V, Castelnau C, et al. Influence of cirrhosis on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;51(5):210\u2013414.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"22 Pt 2","key":"532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000289511.20864.2a","volume":"70","author":"PB Pennell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pennell PB, Peng L, Newport DJ, Ritchie JC, Koganti A, Holley DK, et al. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: clearance, therapeutic drug monitoring, and seizure frequency. Neurology. 2008;70(22 Pt 2):2130\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199610000-00001","volume":"18","author":"TW May","year":"1996","unstructured":"May TW, Rambeck B, J\u00fcrgens U. Serum concentrations of lamotrigine in epileptic patients: the influence of dose and comedication. Ther Drug Monit. 1996;18(5):523\u201331.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/00912709922007949","volume":"39","author":"TH Grasela","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grasela TH, Fiedler-Kelly J, Cox E, Womble GP, Risner ME, Chen C. Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in adults with epilepsy. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;39(4):373\u201384.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0714","volume":"16","author":"G Zaccara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zaccara G, Perucca E. Interactions between antiepileptic drugs, and between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs. Epileptic Disord. 2014;16(4):409\u201331.","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.02.002","volume":"94","author":"A Reimers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reimers A, Helde G, Br\u00e5then G, Brodtkorb E. Lamotrigine and its N2-glucuronide during pregnancy: the significance of renal clearance and estradiol. Epilepsy Res. 2011;94(3):198\u2013205.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"532_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.026609","volume":"37","author":"H Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen H, Yang K, Choi S, Fischer JH, Jeong H. Up-regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4 by 17beta-estradiol: a potential mechanism of increased lamotrigine elimination in pregnancy. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37(9):1841\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07072-2","volume":"19","author":"MW Sinz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sinz MW, Remmel RP. Isolation and characterization of a novel quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronide of lamotrigine. Drug Metab Dispos. 1991;19(1):149\u201353.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"532_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)88448-X","volume":"554","author":"MV Doig","year":"1991","unstructured":"Doig MV, Clare RA. Use of thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to aid in the identification of urinary metabolites of a novel antiepileptic drug, Lamotrigine. J Chromatogr. 1991;554(1\u20132):181\u20139.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"532_CR25","unstructured":"Lamictal [package insert]. GlaxoSmithKline, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. 2015. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2015\/020241s053,020764s046,022251s017lbl.pdf .\u00a0Accessed 19 Nov 2018."},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200306000-00016","volume":"25","author":"SI Johannessen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johannessen SI, Nattino D, Berry DJ, Bialer M, Kr\u00e4mer G, Tomson T, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25(3):347\u201363.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07355-6","volume":"24","author":"MD Green","year":"1996","unstructured":"Green MD, Tephly TR. Glucuronidation of amines and hydroxylated xenobiotics and endobiotics catalyzed by expressed human UGT1.4 protein. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996;24(3):356\u201363.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"6","key":"532_CR28","first-page":"507","volume":"26","author":"MD Green","year":"1998","unstructured":"Green MD, King CD, Mojarrabi B, Mackenzie PI, Tephly TR. Glucuronidation of amines and other xenobiotics catalyzed by expressed human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998;26(6):507\u201312.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250902745082","volume":"39","author":"UA Argikar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Argikar UA, Remmel RP. Variation in glucuronidation of lamotrigine in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica. 2009;39(5):355\u201363.","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1251","volume":"225","author":"B Mojarrabi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mojarrabi B, Butler R, Mackenzie PI. cDNA cloning and characterization of the human UDP glucuronosyltransferase, UGT1A3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996;225(3):785\u201390.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-009-9088-1","volume":"11","author":"HM Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jones HM, Gardner IB, Watson KJ. Modelling and PBPK simulation in drug discovery. AAPS J. 2009;11(1):155\u201366.","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"issue":"11","key":"532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.065920","volume":"43","author":"JE Sager","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sager JE, Yu J-T, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Isoherranen N. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation approaches: a systematic review of published models, applications, and model verification. Drug Metab Dispos. 2015;43(11):1823\u201337.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280000146","volume":"56","author":"U Ebert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ebert U, Thong N, Oertel R, Kirch W. Effects of rifampicin and cimetidine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56(4):299\u2013304.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-003-0558-6","volume":"58","author":"R Hermann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hermann R, Knebel NG, Niebch G, Richards L, Borlak J, Locher M. Pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;58(12):795\u2013802.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR35","first-page":"421","volume":"60","author":"T Ker\u00e4nen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ker\u00e4nen T, Sorri A, Moilanen E, Ylitalo P. Effects of charcoal on the absorption and elimination of the antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine. Arzneimittelforschung. 2010;60(7):421\u20136.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"issue":"10","key":"532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.10.018","volume":"30","author":"A Srichaiya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Srichaiya A, Longchoopol C, Oo-Puthinan S, Sayasathid J, Sripalakit P, Viyoch J. Bioequivalence of generic lamotrigine 100-mg tablets in healthy Thai male volunteers: a randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence crossover study. Clin Ther. 2008;30(10):1844\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1321859","volume":"62","author":"S Perez-Lloret","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perez-Lloret S, Olmos L, de Mena F, Pieczanski P, Rodriguez Moncalvo JJ. Bioequivalence of lamotrigine 50-mg tablets in healthy male volunteers: a randomized, single-dose, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover study. Arzneimittelforschung. 2012;62(10):470\u20136.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"532_CR38","first-page":"242P","volume":"26","author":"AW Yuen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yuen AW, Peck AW. Lamotrigine pharmacokinetics: oral and i.v. infusion in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;26:242P.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05883.x","volume":"32","author":"AW Peck","year":"1991","unstructured":"Peck AW. Clinical pharmacology of lamotrigine. Epilepsia. 1991;32(Suppl 2):S9\u201312.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"532_CR40","volume-title":"New epileptic drugs","author":"AW Yuen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yuen AW. Lamotrigine. In: Pisani E, Avanzini G, Richens A, editors. New epileptic drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991."},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00154","volume":"12","author":"S Vaithianathan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vaithianathan S, Raman S, Jiang W, Ting TY, Kane MA, Polli JE. Biopharmaceutic risk assessment of brand and generic lamotrigine tablets. Mol Pharm. 2015;12(7):2436\u201343.","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-009-9099-y","volume":"11","author":"M Jamei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jamei M, Turner D, Yang J, Neuhoff S, Polak S, Rostami-Hodjegan A, et al. Population-based mechanistic prediction of oral drug absorption. AAPS J. 2009;11(2):225\u201337.","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"532_CR43","unstructured":"Buxton IR, Currie R, Dela-Cruz MA, Goodson GW, Karolak W, Maleki M et al., inventors; Glaxosmithkline, assignee. Novel formulations and method of treatment. United States patent US 2004\/0192690 A1. 2004 Sep 30, 2004."},{"key":"532_CR44","unstructured":"LAM105379 [Internet]. A pivotal single-dose randomised, parallel-group, open-label study to demonstrate bioequivalence of 300\u00a0mg lamotrigine XR relative to 100\u00a0mg\u2009+\u2009200\u00a0mg lamotrigine XR and to demonstrate lack of food effect on 300\u00a0mg lamotrigine XR in healthy male and female volunteers. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Study Register, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. 2007. https:\/\/www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com\/files2\/gsk-105377-clinical-study-report-redact.pdf .\u00a0Accessed 19 Nov 2018."},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1021\/js980236p","volume":"88","author":"J Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang J, Flanagan DR. General solution for diffusion-controlled dissolution of spherical particles. 1. Theory. J Pharm Sci. 1999;88(7):731\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10039","volume":"91","author":"J Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang J, Flanagan DR. General solution for diffusion-controlled dissolution of spherical particles. 2. Evaluation of experimental data. J Pharm Sci. 2002;91(2):534\u201342.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"532_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020483911355","volume":"19","author":"D Sun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sun D, Lennernas H, Welage LS, Barnett JL, Landowski CP, Foster D, et al. Comparison of human duodenum and Caco-2 gene expression profiles for 12,000 gene sequences tags and correlation with permeability of 26 drugs. Pharm Res. 2002;19(10):1400\u201316.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"532_CR48","unstructured":"Tchaparian E, Tang L, Xu G, Huang T, Jin L. Cell based experimental models as toold for prediction of human intestinal absorption. 15th North American ISSX Meeting; San Diego, CA 2008."},{"issue":"11","key":"532_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200900101","volume":"6","author":"K Sugano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sugano K. Computational oral absorption simulation for low-solubility compounds. Chem Biodivers. 2009;6(11):2014\u201329.","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR50","first-page":"175","volume":"2","author":"A Nokhodchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nokhodchi A, Raja S, Patel P, Asare-Addo K. The role of oral controlled release matrix tablets in drug delivery systems. Bioimpacts. 2012;2(4):175\u201387.","journal-title":"Bioimpacts"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR51","first-page":"50","volume":"1","author":"B Jayanthi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jayanthi B, Manna PK, Madhusudhan S, Mohanta GP, Manavalan R. Per oral extended release products\u2013an overview. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;1(2):50\u20135.","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"key":"532_CR52","first-page":"515","volume-title":"Applied biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics","author":"L Shargel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shargel L, Wu-Pong S, Yu ABC. Modified-Release Drug Products. In: Brown M, Naglieri C, editors. Applied biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. 5th ed. New York: Appleton and Lange Reviews\/McGraw-Hill; 2005. p. 515\u201352.","edition":"5"},{"key":"532_CR53","unstructured":"Stamatopoulos K. In silico tools to simulate the regional differences of the human GI tract. European Network on Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) Leuven, Belgium 2018. https:\/\/gbiomed.kuleuven.be\/english\/research\/50000715\/50000716\/ungap\/stamatopoulos . Accessed 19 Nov 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-009-9098-z","volume":"11","author":"W Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang W, Lee SL, Yu LX. Mechanistic approaches to predicting oral drug absorption. AAPS J. 2009;11(2):217\u201324.","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(87)90041-6","volume":"1","author":"S Jawad","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jawad S, Yuen WC, Peck AW, Hamilton MJ, Oxley JR, Richens A. Lamotrigine: single-dose pharmacokinetics and initial 1\u00a0week experience in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1987;1(3):194\u2013201.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"532_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14519","volume":"59","author":"AR Polepally","year":"2018","unstructured":"Polepally AR, Brundage RC, Remmel RP, Leppik IE, Pennell PB, White JR, et al. Lamotrigine pharmacokinetics following oral and stable-labeled intravenous administration in young and elderly adult epilepsy patients: effect of age. Epilepsia. 2018;59(9):1718\u201326.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04079.x","volume":"33","author":"AW Yuen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yuen AW, Land G, Weatherley BC, Peck AW. Sodium valproate acutely inhibits lamotrigine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;33(5):511\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1997.tb00028.x","volume":"43","author":"R Wootton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wootton R, Soul-Lawton J, Rolan PE, Sheung CT, Cooper JD, Posner J. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in patients with chronic renal failure and healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;43(1):23\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR59","first-page":"25","volume":"19","author":"JP Fillastre","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fillastre JP, Taburet AM, Fialaire A, Etienne I, Bidault R, Singlas E. Pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in patients with renal impairment: influence of haemodialysis. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1993;19(1):25\u201332.","journal-title":"Drugs Exp Clin Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.6.437.31052","volume":"19","author":"C Chen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chen C, Casale EJ, Duncan B, Culverhouse EH, Gilman J. Pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in children in the absence of other antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19(4):437\u201341.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250310001646353","volume":"34","author":"NJ Proctor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Proctor NJ, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Predicting drug clearance from recombinantly expressed CYPs: intersystem extrapolation factors. Xenobiotica. 2004;34(2):151\u201378.","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.2.158.34104","volume":"21","author":"AK Birnbaum","year":"2001","unstructured":"Birnbaum AK, Kriel RL, Im Y, Remmel RP. Relative bioavailability of lamotrigine chewable dispersible tablets administered rectally. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21(2):158\u201362.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"532_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009345689","volume":"49","author":"M Luin van","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Luin M, Colbers A, Verwey-van Wissen CP, van Ewijk-Beneken-Kolmer EW, van der Kolk M, Hoitsma A, et al. The effect of raltegravir on the glucuronidation of lamotrigine. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49(10):1220\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"532_CR64","first-page":"517","volume":"57","author":"T Incecayir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Incecayir T, Agabeyoglu I, Gucuyener K. Comparison of plasma and saliva concentrations of lamotrigine in healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(8):517\u201321.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.5.627","volume":"26","author":"MW Jann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jann MW, Hon YY, Shamsi SA, Zheng J, Awad EA, Spratlin V. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between lamotrigine and olanzapine in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26(5):627\u201333.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02598.x","volume":"61","author":"J Sidhu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sidhu J, Job S, Bullman J, Francis E, Abbott R, Ascher J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of lamotrigine and olanzapine coadministered to healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;61(4):420\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01233.x","volume":"121","author":"L Almeida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Almeida L, Nunes T, Sicard E, Rocha JF, Falc\u00e3o A, Brunet JS, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction study between eslicarbazepine acetate and lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;121(4):257\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01037.x","volume":"48","author":"S Chien","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chien S, Yao C, Mertens A, Verhaeghe T, Solanki B, Doose DR, et al. An interaction study between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug carisbamate (RWJ-333369) and lamotrigine and valproic acid. Epilepsia. 2007;48(7):1328\u201338.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.64402.x","volume":"44","author":"DR Doose","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doose DR, Brodie MJ, Wilson EA, Chadwick D, Oxbury J, Berry DJ, et al. Topiramate and lamotrigine pharmacokinetics during repetitive monotherapy and combination therapy in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia. 2003;44(7):917\u201322.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04228.x","volume":"36","author":"R Colucci","year":"1996","unstructured":"Colucci R, Glue P, Holt B, Banfield C, Reidenberg P, Meehan JW, et al. Effect of felbamate on the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;36(7):634\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.04.014","volume":"80","author":"MJ Lee van der","year":"2006","unstructured":"van der Lee MJ, Dawood L, ter Hofstede HJ, de Graaff-Teulen MJ, van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer EW, Caliskan-Yassen N, et al. Lopinavir\/ritonavir reduces lamotrigine plasma concentrations in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80(2):159\u201368.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12074","volume":"53","author":"T Glauser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Guerreiro C, K\u00e4lvi\u00e4inen R, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013;53(3):551\u201363.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"532_CR73","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Antiepileptic drugs","author":"LJ Stephen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stephen LJ, Brodie MJ. Lamotrigine: Clinical efficacy and use in Epilepsy. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p. 389\u2013402.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"12","key":"532_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0088-z","volume":"52","author":"PN Patsalos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patsalos PN. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)\u2014Part 2: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs and drugs used to treat non-epilepsy disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(12):1045\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20058","volume":"19","author":"CM Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith CM, Faucette SR, Wang H, LeCluyse EL. Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in primary human hepatocytes by prototypical inducers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2005;19(2):96\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"532_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31815c16f5","volume":"29","author":"SF Zhou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhou SF, Xue CC, Yu XQ, Li C, Wang G. Clinically important drug interactions potentially involving mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29:687\u2013710.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90548-B","volume":"46","author":"H Doostdar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Doostdar H, Grant MH, Melvin WT, Wolf CR, Burke MD. The effects of inducing agents on cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities in human HEPG2 hepatoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993;46(4):629\u201335.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00987.x","volume":"48","author":"KD Gallicano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gallicano KD, Sahai J, Shukla VK, Seguin I, Pakuts A, Kwok D, et al. Induction of zidovudine glucuronidation and amination pathways by rifampicin in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48(2):168\u201379.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"532_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2013","volume":"155","author":"Z Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wong T, Hashizume T, Dickmann LZ, Scian M, Koszewski NJ, et al. Human UGT1A4 and UGT1A3 conjugate 25-hydroxyvitamin D3: metabolite structure, kinetics, inducibility, and interindividual variability. Endocrinology. 2014;155(6):2052\u201363.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"532_CR80","unstructured":"Ritonavir. In: AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc; Updated Feb 27, 2018."},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K615","volume":"42","author":"MM Foisy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Foisy MM, Yakiwchuk EM, Hughes CA. Induction effects of ritonavir: implications for drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(7):1048\u201359.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"532_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.106","volume":"84","author":"DM Burger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burger DM, Huisman A, Van Ewijk N, Neisingh H, Van Uden P, Rongen GA, et al. The effect of atazanavir and atazanavir\/ritonavir on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase using lamotrigine as a phenotypic probe. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;84(6):698\u2013703.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"532_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.009340","volume":"34","author":"A Rowland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rowland A, Elliot DJ, Williams JA, Mackenzie PI, Dickinson RG, Miners JO. In vitro characterization of lamotrigine N2-glucuronidation and the lamotrigine-valproic acid interaction. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006;34(6):1055\u201362.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.111.044057","volume":"40","author":"N Wattanachai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wattanachai N, Tassaneeyakul W, Rowland A, Elliot DJ, Bowalgaha K, Knights KM, et al. Effect of albumin on human liver microsomal and recombinant CYP1A2 activities: impact on in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of drug clearance. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012;40(5):982\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"532_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.10.009","volume":"111","author":"TM Conner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conner TM, Nikolian VC, Georgoff PE, Pai MP, Alam HB, Sun D, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of disposition and drug-drug interactions for valproic acid and divalproex. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018;111:465\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"532_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519110-00001","volume":"19","author":"E Perucca","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perucca E, Kwan P. Overtreatment in epilepsy: how it occurs and how it can be avoided. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(11):897\u2013908.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02529.x","volume":"61","author":"E Perucca","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perucca E. Clinically relevant drug interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;61(3):246\u201355.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.12.10","volume":"5","author":"C Johannessen Landmark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johannessen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Methodologies used to identify and characterize interactions among antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2012;5(3):281\u201392.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"532_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g5673","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5673","volume":"349","author":"T Kendall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kendall T, Morriss R, Mayo-Wilson E, Marcus E. Assessment and management of bipolar disorder: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2014;349:g5673.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"532_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02042.x","volume":"50","author":"SD Shorvon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shorvon SD. Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: the second 50\u00a0years, 1959\u20132009. Epilepsia. 2009;50(Suppl 3):93\u2013130.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.136","volume":"10","author":"C Johannessen Landmark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johannessen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Drug interactions involving the new second- and third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(1):119\u201340.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12234","volume":"79","author":"N Tsamandouras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsamandouras N, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Aarons L. Combining the \u2018bottom up\u2019 and \u2018top down\u2019 approaches in pharmacokinetic modelling: fitting PBPK models to observed clinical data. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(1):48\u201355.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"532_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00409-5","volume":"2","author":"PN Patsalos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patsalos PN, Perucca E. Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: general features and interactions between antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(6):347\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03191157","volume":"34","author":"M Lalic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lalic M, Cvejic J, Popovic J, Bozic K, Golocorbin-Kon S, Al-Salami H, et al. Lamotrigine and valproate pharmacokinetics interactions in epileptic patients. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;34(2):93\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"532_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2003.09.008","volume":"57","author":"BE Gidal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gidal BE, Sheth R, Parnell J, Maloney K, Sale M. Evaluation of VPA dose and concentration effects on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics: implications for conversion to lamotrigine monotherapy. Epilepsy Res. 2003;57(2\u20133):85\u201393.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3109\/03602530903209544","volume":"42","author":"PI Mackenzie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mackenzie PI, Hu DG, Gardner-Stephen DA. The regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors. Drug Metab Rev. 2010;42(1):99\u2013109.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00386","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.386","volume":"6","author":"BT Gufford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gufford BT, Robarge JD, Eadon MT, Gao H, Lin H, Liu Y, et al. Rifampin modulation of xeno- and endobiotic conjugating enzyme mRNA expression and associated microRNAs in human hepatocytes. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2018;6(2):e00386.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"532_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.12.019","volume":"71","author":"JO Miners","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miners JO, Knights KM, Houston JB, Mackenzie PI. In vitro-in vivo correlation for drugs and other compounds eliminated by glucuronidation in humans: pitfalls and promises. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;71(11):1531\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"532_CR99","unstructured":"Remmel RP, Zhou J, Argikar UA. UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. In: Pearson PG, Wienkers LC, editors. Handbook of drug metabolism. 2nd ed. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, Inc; 2009. pp. 137\u201377."},{"issue":"45","key":"532_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37547","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M506683200","volume":"280","author":"S Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen S, Beaton D, Nguyen N, Senekeo-Effenberger K, Brace-Sinnokrak E, Argikar U, et al. Tissue-specific, inducible, and hormonal control of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1 (UGT1) locus. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(45):37547\u201357.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"532_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.013243","volume":"35","author":"K Senekeo-Effenberger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Senekeo-Effenberger K, Chen S, Brace-Sinnokrak E, Bonzo JA, Yueh MF, Argikar U, et al. Expression of the human UGT1 locus in transgenic mice by 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid (WY-14643) and implications on drug metabolism through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007;35(3):419\u201327.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"7","key":"532_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.7.795","volume":"30","author":"G Luo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Luo G, Cunningham M, Kim S, Burn T, Lin J, Sinz M, et al. CYP3A4 induction by drugs: correlation between a pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay and CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30(7):795\u2013804.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"8","key":"532_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00483-6","volume":"2","author":"PN Patsalos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patsalos PN, Perucca E. Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: interactions between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(8):473\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"532_CR104","unstructured":"Guideline on the investigation of drug interactions. London, UK: Committee for Human Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency 2012 Last updated: Mar 6, 2015. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-investigation-drug-interactions_en.pdf .\u00a0Accessed 19 Nov 2018."},{"key":"532_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shebley M, Sandhu P, Emami Riedmaier A, Jamei M, Narayanan R, Patel A et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model qualification and reporting procedures for regulatory submissions: a consortium perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.1013 .","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1013"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0330-y","volume":"55","author":"C Wagner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagner C, Pan Y, Hsu V, Sinha V, Zhao P. Predicting the effect of CYP3A inducers on the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling: an analysis of PBPK submissions to the US FDA. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016;55(4):475\u201383.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318281891c","volume":"35","author":"C Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen C, Wright J, Gidal B, Messenheimer J. Assessing impact of real-world dosing irregularities with lamotrigine extended-release and immediate-release formulations by pharmacokinetic simulation. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35(2):188\u201393.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"532_CR108","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Antiepileptic drugs","author":"O Dulac","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dulac O. General principles: use of antiepileptic drugs in children. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p. 119\u201331.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2165\/00128072-200305040-00005","volume":"5","author":"JT Gilman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gilman JT, Duchowny M, Campo AE. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of childgood epilepsy. Pediatr Drugs. 2003;5(4):267\u201377.","journal-title":"Pediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"532_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-014-9652-1","volume":"16","author":"G Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu G, Zheng QS, Li GF. Similarities and differences in gastrointestinal physiology between neonates and adults: a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling perspective. AAPS J. 2014;16(6):1162\u20136.","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"532_CR111","volume-title":"Biosimulation in drug development","author":"GL Dickinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dickinson GL, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Building virtual human populations: assessing the propagation of genetic variability in drug metabolism to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In: Bertau M, Mosekilde E, Westerhoff HV, editors. Biosimulation in drug development. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2008."},{"issue":"10","key":"532_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.522","volume":"55","author":"AR Polepally","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polepally AR, Remmel RP, Brundage RC, Leppik IE, Rarick JO, Ramsay RE, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of immediate-release and extended-release formulations of lamotrigine in elderly epilepsy patients: use of stable isotope methodology. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55(10):1101\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"532_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.07.018","volume":"68","author":"BE Gidal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gidal BE. Drug absorption in the elderly: biopharmaceutical considerations for the antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res. 2006;68(Suppl 1):S65\u20139.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.02007.x","volume":"57","author":"AA Mangoni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mangoni AA, Jackson SH. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(1):4\u201314.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090222","volume":"9","author":"HA Wynne","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wynne HA, Cope LH, Mutch E, Rawlins MD, Woodhouse KW, James OF. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology. 1989;9(2):297\u2013301.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"532_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00594.x","volume":"43","author":"Z Hussein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hussein Z, Posner J. Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine monotherapy in patients with epilepsy: retrospective analysis of routine monitoring data. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;43(5):457\u201365.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1606-5","volume":"70","author":"B Brzakovi\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brzakovi\u0107 B, Vu\u010di\u0107evi\u0107 K, Kova\u010devi\u0107 SV, Miljkovi\u0107 B, Prostran M, Martinovi\u0107 \u017d, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in paediatric and young adult epileptic patients\u2013nonlinear mixed effects modelling approach. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70(2):179\u201385.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31817fd4d4","volume":"30","author":"N Rivas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rivas N, Buelga DS, Elger CE, Santos-Borbujo J, Otero MJ, Dom\u00ednguez-Gil A, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine with data from therapeutic drug monitoring in German and Spanish patients with epilepsy. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30(4):483\u20139.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12984","volume":"82","author":"D Milosheska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Milosheska D, Lorber B, Vovk T, Kastelic M, Dol\u017ean V, Grabnar I. Pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine and its metabolite N-2-glucuronide: influence of polymorphism of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and drug transporters. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82(2):399\u2013411.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"532_CR120","unstructured":"LEP111102 [Internet]. A Pivotal, Single-Dose, Randomised, Parallel-Group, Open-Label Study to Demonstrate Bioequivalence of 250\u00a0mg Lamotrigine XR relative to 200\u00a0mg\u2009+\u200950\u00a0mg Lamotrigine XR and to Demonstrate Lack of Food Effect on 250\u00a0mg Lamotrigine XR in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Study Register, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. 2008. https:\/\/www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com\/files2\/lep111102-clinical-study-report-redact.pdf . Accessed June 14 2018."},{"key":"532_CR121","unstructured":"LAM105377 [Internet]. A randomised, open-label, parallel-group design study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics, safety and tolerability of single oral doses of three prototype 300\u00a0mg enteric coated\u2014modified release formulations of Lamotrigine in healthy subjects. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Study Registry, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. 2006. https:\/\/www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com\/files2\/gsk-105377-clinical-study-report-redact.pdf . Accessed 19 Nov 2018."},{"issue":"11","key":"532_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01201.x","volume":"48","author":"C Otoul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Otoul C, De Smedt H, Stockis A. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction of levetiracetam on carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, and lamotrigine in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(11):2111\u20135.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"532_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199325060-00003","volume":"25","author":"B Rambeck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rambeck B, Wolf P. Lamotrigine clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1993;25(6):433\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"2","key":"532_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.111.040923","volume":"40","author":"S Sanoh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanoh S, Horiguchi A, Sugihara K, Kotake Y, Tayama Y, Ohshita H, et al. Prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance and half-life of drug candidates in human using chimeric mice with humanized liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012;40(2):322\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0532-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0532-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0532-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T03:51:14Z","timestamp":1775274674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0532-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13318-018-0532-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7966","2107-0180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7966","type":"print"},{"value":"2107-0180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflict of interest relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This work was sponsored by the Husson University Research Grant.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}}]}}