{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:46:47Z","timestamp":1792090007182,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009793","name":"Chapman University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-025-00963-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T10:04:43Z","timestamp":1758189883000},"page":"449-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Interactions of Remimazolam"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Derek E.","family":"Murrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Harirforoosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"963_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S384155","volume":"16","author":"Q Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu Q, Liu X, Wen C, Li D, Lei X. Remimazolam: an updated review of a new sedative and anaesthetic. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2022;16:3957\u201374.","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2344\/anpr-69-01-07","volume":"69","author":"KJ Kramer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kramer KJ. Remimazolam: the next evolutionary step for sedative-hypnotics. Anesth Prog. 2022;69(1):1\u20132.","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"963_CR3","unstructured":"Acacia Pharma Inc. Remimazolam (Byfavo) [Package Insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. Revised January 13, 2023 . https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/212295s003lbl.pdf. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"key":"963_CR4","unstructured":"Byfavo. Overview. European Medicines Agency. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/byfavo#related-medicines. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.21115","volume":"17","author":"KM Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim KM. Remimazolam: pharmacological characteristics and clinical applications in anesthesiology. Anesth Pain Med. 2022;17(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"963_CR6","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 9867812, Remimazolam.  https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Remimazolam. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"key":"963_CR7","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4192, Midazolam. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Midazolam. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25399","volume":"10","author":"N Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin N, Xue Z. Benefits of remimazolam as an anesthetic sedative for older patients: a review. Heliyon. 2024;10(4): e25399.","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.24514","volume":"9","author":"N Noor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noor N, Legendre R, Cloutet A, Chitneni A, Varrassi G, Kaye AD. A comprehensive review of remimazolam for sedation. Health Psychol Res. 2021;9(1): 24514.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"963_CR10","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 46941174, Cns-70534.https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Cns-7054. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"issue":"9","key":"963_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1806","volume":"36","author":"AM Wesolowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wesolowski AM, Zaccagnino MP, Malapero RJ, Kaye AD, Urman RD. Remimazolam: pharmacologic considerations and clinical role in anesthesiology. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(9):1021\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900211027303","volume":"36","author":"MM Pantos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pantos MM, Kennedy DR, Nemec EC. Remimazolam: a novel option for procedural sedation in high risk patients. J Pharm Pract. 2023;36(1):149\u201354.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.124.001916","volume":"53","author":"Z Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Z, McCalla Z, Lin L, Tornichio D, Agyemang Y, Bastulli JA, et al. Impact of genetic polymorphisms and drug\u2013drug interactions mediated by carboxylesterase 1 on remimazolam deactivation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2025;53(1): 100023.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"7","key":"963_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.03.006","volume":"39","author":"E Sigel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sigel E, Ernst M. The benzodiazepine binding sites of GABA(A) receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2018;39(7):659\u201371.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"963_CR15","unstructured":"Acacia Pharma Inc. Short Acting Procedural Sedative. Byfavo (Remimazolam). The Information Intended for U.S. Healthcare Professionals. https:\/\/byfavo.com\/. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"key":"963_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.690875","volume":"12","author":"GJ Kilpatrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kilpatrick GJ. Remimazolam: non-clinical and clinical profile of a new sedative\/anesthetic agent. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12: 690875.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"963_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.14740\/jmc3977","volume":"13","author":"H Petkus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petkus H, Willer BL, Tobias JD. Remimazolam in a pediatric patient with a suspected family history of malignant hyperthermia. J Med Cases. 2022;13(8):386\u201390.","journal-title":"J Med Cases."},{"issue":"5","key":"963_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268568","volume":"17","author":"Y Shimamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shimamoto Y, Sanuki M, Kurita S, Ueki M, Kuwahara Y, Matsumoto A. Factors affecting prolonged time to extubation in patients given remimazolam. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(5): e0268568.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"963_CR19","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23658607, Remimazolam Besylate. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Remimazolam-Besylate. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"key":"963_CR20","unstructured":"Acacia Pharma Inc. Remimazolam (Byfavo) [Product Quality Review(s)]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. Revised February 1, 2019. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2020\/212295Orig1s000ChemR.pdf. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"key":"963_CR21","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 71608022, Remimazolam Tosylate. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Remimazolam-tosylate. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"issue":"8","key":"963_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282930","volume":"18","author":"A Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei A, Ma S, Dou Y, Wang X, Wu J, Zhou S, et al. The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(8): e0282930.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"963_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-071912","volume":"13","author":"HX Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li HX, Li BL, Wang TH, Xu X, Wang F, Zhang X, et al. Comparison of the effects of remimazolam tosylate and propofol on postoperative delirium among older adults undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2023;13(5): e071912.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02773-6","volume":"24","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Fu M, Yue F, Wei Y, Shi X, Yu S, et al. Comparison of the anesthetic effects of remimazolam tosilate and remimazolam besylate in daytime hysteroscopic surgery. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024;24(1):382.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"963_CR25","unstructured":"Remimazolam. Lexi-Drugs. UpToDate Lexidrug. UpToDate Inc. https:\/\/online.lexi.com\/. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"issue":"12","key":"963_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12491","volume":"8","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Liao M, Sang X, Zhou Z, Zhang X. A case of precipitate in intravenous line when general anesthesia implemented with remimazolam. Heliyon. 2022;8(12): e12491.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02613-7","volume":"24","author":"P Hofmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hofmann P, Bachmann L, Brummer P, Drexler B. Incompatibility of the short-acting benzodiazepine remimazolam with common perioperative medication. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024;24(1):233.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"963_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02984-z","volume":"76","author":"M Pesic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pesic M, Schippers F, Saunders R, Webster L, Donsbach M, Stoehr T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal remimazolam-a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(11):1505\u201316.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"963_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S461122","volume":"18","author":"YH Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai YH, Wang CY, Fang YB, Ma HY, Gao YQ, Wang Z, et al. Preoperative anxiolytic and sedative effects of intranasal remimazolam and dexmedetomidine: a randomized controlled clinical study in children undergoing general surgeries. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2024;18:1613\u201325.","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"key":"963_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372139","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1372139","volume":"15","author":"MJ Ni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ni MJ, Jin YT, Wu QL, Zhang N, Tian JH, Li J, et al. Effective dose of intranasal remimazolam for preoperative sedation in preschool children: a dose-finding study using Dixon\u2019s up-and-down method. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1372139.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"963_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.08.062","volume":"83","author":"DJ Pambianco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pambianco DJ, Borkett KM, Riff DS, Winkle PJ, Schwartz HI, Melson TI, et al. A phase IIb study comparing the safety and efficacy of remimazolam and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(5):984\u201392.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"963_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427 e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.04.2351","volume":"88","author":"DK Rex","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rex DK, Bhandari R, Desta T, DeMicco MP, Schaeffer C, Etzkorn K, et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;88(3):427 e6-437.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.10.039","volume":"53","author":"DK Rex","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rex DK, Bhandari R, Lorch DG, Meyers M, Schippers F, Bernstein D. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in high risk colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(1):94\u2013101.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"963_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31823f0c28","volume":"115","author":"LJ Antonik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Antonik LJ, Goldwater DR, Kilpatrick GJ, Tilbrook GS, Borkett KM. A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): part I. Safety, efficacy, and basic pharmacokinetics. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(2):274\u201383.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"3","key":"963_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02800-3","volume":"76","author":"XY Sheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheng XY, Liang Y, Yang XY, Li LE, Ye X, Zhao X, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single ascending dose and continuous infusion of remimazolam besylate in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(3):383\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"963_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.21-0051","volume":"63","author":"S Oka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oka S, Satomi H, Sekino R, Taguchi K, Kajiwara M, Oi Y, et al. Sedation outcomes for remimazolam, a new benzodiazepine. J Oral Sci. 2021;63(3):209\u201311.","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"963_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004811","volume":"140","author":"R Vellinga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vellinga R, Koomen JV, Eleveld DJ, Stohr T, Pesic M, Struys M, et al. Target-controlled infusion of remimazolam in healthy volunteers shows some acute tolerance. Anesthesiology. 2024;140(2):207\u201319.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003103","volume":"132","author":"J Schuttler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schuttler J, Eisenried A, Lerch M, Fechner J, Jeleazcov C, Ihmsen H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056) after continuous infusion in healthy male volunteers: part I. Pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacodynamics. Anesthesiology. 2020;132(4):636\u201351.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"963_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.05.027","volume":"127","author":"T Stohr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stohr T, Colin PJ, Ossig J, Pesic M, Borkett K, Winkle P, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of remimazolam in subjects with hepatic or renal impairment. Br J Anaesth. 2021;127(3):415\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"963_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan Q, Dai M, Han L, Wang X. Effects of remimazolam on cognitive function. Asian J Surg. 2024;47(11):4841-42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2024.05.155"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01713-6","volume":"22","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo J, Qian Y, Zhang X, Han S, Shi Q, Xu J. Remimazolam tosilate compared with propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients: a prospective, randomized and controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22(1):180.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-022-03079-y","volume":"36","author":"K Masui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masui K, Stohr T, Pesic M, Tonai T. A population pharmacokinetic model of remimazolam for general anesthesia and consideration of remimazolam dose in clinical practice. J Anesth. 2022;36(4):493\u2013505.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40981-022-00590-9","volume":"8","author":"S Uchida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uchida S, Takekawa D, Hashiba E, Kudo R, Hirota K. Anesthetic management with remimazolam in a patient with Child-Pugh C liver cirrhosis: a case report. JA Clin Rep. 2022;8(1):99.","journal-title":"JA Clin Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"963_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.21.15517-8","volume":"87","author":"G Dai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dai G, Pei L, Duan F, Liao M, Zhang Y, Zhu M, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia. Minerva Anestesiol. 2021;87(10):1073\u20139.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"963_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a705ae","volume":"117","author":"MT Worthington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Worthington MT, Antonik LJ, Goldwater DR, Lees JP, Wilhelm-Ogunbiyi K, Borkett KM, et al. A phase Ib, dose-finding study of multiple doses of remimazolam (CNS 7056) in volunteers undergoing colonoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(5):1093\u2013100.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000548","volume":"120","author":"KM Borkett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borkett KM, Riff DS, Schwartz HI, Winkle PJ, Pambianco DJ, Lees JP, et al. A phase IIa, randomized, double-blind study of remimazolam (CNS 7056) versus midazolam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2015;120(4):771\u201380.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR47","volume":"74","author":"P Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang P, Xue S, Zhang L, Gao K, Wang Y. Determination of ED(50) and ED(95) of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for adult gastroscopy: a prospective dose-finding study. Braz J Anesthesiol (Engl Ed). 2024;74(4): 844518.","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.02.040","volume":"129","author":"D Chae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chae D, Kim HC, Song Y, Choi YS, Han DW. Pharmacodynamic analysis of intravenous bolus remimazolam for loss of consciousness in patients undergoing general anaesthesia: a randomised, prospective, double-blind study. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(1):49\u201357.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"963_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.900723","volume":"13","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Hu X, Bai N, Li L, Zhang M, Cheng Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam besylate in patients undergoing colonoscopy: a multicentre, single-blind, randomized, controlled, phase \u2162 trial. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13: 900723.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16205","volume":"79","author":"J Fechner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fechner J, El-Boghdadly K, Spahn DR, Motsch J, Struys M, Duranteau O, et al. Anaesthetic efficacy and postinduction hypotension with remimazolam compared with propofol: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(4):410\u201322.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"30","key":"963_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034358","volume":"102","author":"EK Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi EK, Jang Y, Park SJ. Comparison of remimazolam and propofol induction on hemodynamic response in hypertensive patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(30): e34358.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47271-w","volume":"13","author":"SH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim SH, Cho JY, Kim M, Chung JM, Yang J, Seong C, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with midazolam during bronchoscopy: a single-center, randomized controlled study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):20498.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"963_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto A, Satomi S, Kakuta N, Narasaki S, Toyota Y, Miyoshi H, et al. Remimazolam's effects on postoperative nausea and vomiting are similar to those of propofol after laparoscopic gynecological surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2023;12(16):5402.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165402"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40981-023-00661-5","volume":"9","author":"T Katsuragawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katsuragawa T, Mimuro S, Sato T, Aoki Y, Doi M, Katoh T, et al. Effect of remimazolam versus sevoflurane on intraoperative hemodynamics in noncardiac surgery: a retrospective observational study using propensity score matching. JA Clin Rep. 2023;9(1):70.","journal-title":"JA Clin Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"963_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-021-02915-x","volume":"35","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Kurabe M, Kamiya Y. Re-sleeping after reversal of remimazolam by flumazenil. J Anesth. 2021;35(2):322.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"963_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S, Park J, Kim NH, Hong H, Sohn KH, Kang HY, et al. Remimazolam anaphylaxis during induction of general anesthesia confirmed by provocation test\u2014a case report and literature review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59111915"},{"issue":"5","key":"963_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/XAA.0000000000001460","volume":"15","author":"H Yoshikawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshikawa H, Hosokawa M, Kashima Y, Oki S, Masui K. Remimazolam tolerance in long-term benzodiazepine users: a case report of 2 cases. A A Pract. 2021;15(5): e01460.","journal-title":"A A Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"963_CR58","volume":"15","author":"A Kitaura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kitaura A, Hamasaki S, Sakamoto H, Tsukimoto S, Nakajima Y. Two cases of inadequate response to remimazolam. Cureus. 2023;15(7): e42576.","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"963_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirano T, Kimoto Y, Kuratani N, Cavanaugh D, Mason KP. Remimazolam for pediatric procedural sedation: results of an Institutional Pilot Program. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):5937.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185937"},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40981-024-00734-z","volume":"10","author":"K Tashima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tashima K, Hayashi M, Oyoshi T, Uemura J, Korematsu S, Hirata N. Anesthesia management for percutaneous mitral valve repair in a patient with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy and low cardiac function: a case report. JA Clin Rep. 2024;10(1):49.","journal-title":"JA Clin Rep."},{"issue":"17","key":"963_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002243","volume":"135","author":"Y Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang Y, Yang X, Shu H, Yu Y, Xu J, Pan S, et al. Remimazolam besylate for sedation of postoperative patients in intensive care units: a phase I, open label, dose-finding study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022;135(17):2134\u20136.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892002300657240521094732","volume":"25","author":"KU Petersen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Petersen KU, Schmalix W, Pesic M, Stohr T. Drug\u2013drug interaction potential of remimazolam: CYP 450, transporters, and protein binding. Curr Drug Metab. 2024;25(4):266\u201375.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"963_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892002301026240318060307","volume":"25","author":"W Schmalix","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmalix W, Petersen KU, Pesic M, Stohr T. The metabolism of the new benzodiazepine remimazolam. Curr Drug Metab. 2024;25(2):164\u201373.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"963_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892002308233240801104910","volume":"25","author":"KU Petersen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Petersen KU, Schmalix W, Pesic M, Stohr T. Carboxylesterase 1-based drug\u2013drug interaction potential of remimazolam: in-vitro studies and literature review. Curr Drug Metab. 2024;25(6):431\u201345.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"963_CR65","unstructured":"Acacia Pharma Inc. Remimazolam (Byfavo) [Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics Review(s)]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. Revised February 21, 2020. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2020\/212295Orig1s000ClinPharmR.pdf. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"963_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-02041-z","volume":"23","author":"J Oh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oh J, Park SY, Lee GY, Park JH, Joe HB. Effective dose of remimazolam co-administered with remifentanil to facilitate I-gel insertion without neuromuscular blocking agents: an up-and-down sequential allocation trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023;23(1):81.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13023","volume":"14","author":"J Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou J, Curd L, Lohmer LRL, Delpratt N, Ossig J, Schippers F, et al. A population pharmacodynamic Markov mixed-effects model for determining remimazolam-induced sedation when co-administered with fentanyl in procedural sedation. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;14(4):1554\u201365.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"963_CR68","unstructured":"Acacia Pharma Inc. Remimazolam (Byfavo) [Summary Review]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. Revised July 2, 2020. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2020\/212295Orig1s000SumR.pdf. Accessed Jul 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"963_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01568-y","volume":"45","author":"S Lyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyu S, Deng Q, Lin W, Wu X. Randomized controlled trial for anesthesia during gastroscopy: interactions between remimazolam and propofol in combination with sufentanil. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(4):857\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"963_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X231204574","volume":"11","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watanabe Y, Obara S, Inoue S. Total intravenous anesthesia management with simultaneous use of remimazolam and propofol: a case series of three patients. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2023;11: 2050313X231204574.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-025-00963-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13318-025-00963-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-025-00963-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:04:09Z","timestamp":1761127449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13318-025-00963-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13318-025-00963-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7966","2107-0180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7966","type":"print"},{"value":"2107-0180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Sam Harirforoosh is an Editorial Board member of the European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Sam Harirforoosh was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}