{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:56:47Z","timestamp":1781719007241,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-026-01003-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T19:51:08Z","timestamp":1780429868000},"page":"359-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulmonary Pharmacokinetics\/Pharmacodynamics of Commonly Used Antibiotics in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Yimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiankang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10517","key":"1003_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01493-x","volume":"406","author":"LF Reyes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reyes LF, Morris AC, Serrano-Mayorga C, et\u00a0al. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet. 2025;406(10517):2371\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01493-x.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"1003_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.14796","volume":"332","author":"VM Vaughn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vaughn VM, Dickson RP, Horowitz JK, et\u00a0al. Community-acquired pneumonia: a review. JAMA. 2024;332(15):1282\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.14796.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2261785","volume":"22","author":"E Tsoumani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsoumani E, Carter JA, Salomonsson S, et\u00a0al. Clinical, economic, and humanistic burden of community acquired pneumonia in Europe: a systematic literature review. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2023;22(1):876\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2023.2261785.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae349","volume":"11","author":"A Sabra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sabra A, Bourgeois M, Blanc E, et\u00a0al. Hospital burden of all-cause pneumonia and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in adults in France between 2013 and 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(7):ofae349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae349.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08166-3","volume":"23","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Xiao Y, Zhang G, et\u00a0al. Identification of priority pathogens for aetiological diagnosis in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in China: a multicentre prospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08166-3.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1003_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-020-00074-3","volume":"12","author":"S Shoar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shoar S, Musher DM. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2020;12:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41479-020-00074-3.","journal-title":"Pneumonia (Nathan)"},{"key":"1003_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2024.105694","volume":"173","author":"T D\u00e4hne","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u00e4hne T, Bauer W, Essig A, et\u00a0al. Resurgence of common respiratory viruses in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)\u2014A prospective multicenter study. J Clin Virol. 2024;173:105694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2024.105694.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"1003_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.07.019","volume":"95","author":"Y Alimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alimi Y, Lim WS, Lansbury L, et\u00a0al. Systematic review of respiratory viral pathogens identified in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Europe. J Clin Virol. 2017;95:26\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.07.019.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"140","key":"1003_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0076-2015","volume":"25","author":"M Burk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burk M, El-Kersh K, Saad M, et\u00a0al. Viral infection in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 2016;25(140):178\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0076-2015.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1003_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(24)00158-0","volume":"24","author":"M Naghavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naghavi M, Mestrovic T, Gray A, et\u00a0al. Global burden associated with 85 pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24(8):868\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(24)00158-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1003_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001153","volume":"31","author":"GCY Lui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lui GCY, Lai CKC. Community acquired pneumonia due to antibiotic resistant-Streptococcus pneumoniae: diagnosis, management and prevention. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2025;31(3):211\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001153.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1003_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis022","volume":"54","author":"GJ Moran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as an etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1126\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis022.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02309-18","volume":"63","author":"ML Rizk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rizk ML, Bhavnani SM, Drusano G, et\u00a0al. Considerations for dose selection and clinical pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics for the development of antibacterial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(5):e02309-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02309-18.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa049","volume":"75","author":"L Caro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caro L, Nicolau DP, De Waele JJ, et\u00a0al. Lung penetration, bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic profile and safety of 3 g of ceftolozane\/tazobactam administered to ventilated, critically ill patients with pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(6):1546\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkaa049.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01564-21","volume":"65","author":"M Paal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paal M, Scharf C, Denninger AK, et\u00a0al. Target site pharmacokinetics of meropenem: measurement in human explanted lung tissue by bronchoalveolar lavage, microdialysis, and homogenized lung tissue. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65(12):e0156421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01564-21.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn032","volume":"61","author":"M Lucchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lucchi M, Damle B, Fang A, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in serum, bronchial washings, alveolar macrophages and lung tissue following a single oral dose of extended or immediate release formulations of azithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(4):884\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkn032.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv442","volume":"71","author":"M Zeitlinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeitlinger M, Schwameis R, Burian A, et\u00a0al. Simultaneous assessment of the pharmacokinetics of a pleuromutilin, lefamulin, in plasma, soft tissues and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(4):1022\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkv442.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"1003_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.11.1134","volume":"49","author":"PJ Cook","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cook PJ, Andrews JM, Woodcock J, et\u00a0al. Concentration of amoxycillin and clavulanate in lung compartments in adults without pulmonary infection. Thorax. 1994;49(11):1134\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.49.11.1134.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.2.532","volume":"60","author":"SI Rennard","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rennard SI, Basset G, Lecossier D, et\u00a0al. Estimation of volume of epithelial lining fluid recovered by lavage using urea as marker of dilution. J Appl Physiol. 1986;60(2):532\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.2.532.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01844-2016","volume":"49","author":"B-A Bollmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bollmann B-A, Seeliger B, Drick N, et\u00a0al. Cellular analysis in bronchoalveolar lavage: inherent limitations of current standard procedure. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(6):1601844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01844-2016.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.6.1276","volume":"135","author":"TW Marcy","year":"1987","unstructured":"Marcy TW, Merrill WW, Rankin JA, et\u00a0al. Limitations of using urea to quantify epithelial lining fluid recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135(6):1276\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.6.1276.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L807","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00054.2024","volume":"327","author":"S Haeger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haeger S, Moore CM, Mcmanus SA, et\u00a0al. The bronchoalveolar lavage dilution conundrum: an updated view on a long-standing problem. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2024;327(5):L807\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00054.2024.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.148","volume":"147","author":"P Von Wichert","year":"1993","unstructured":"Von Wichert P, Joseph K, M\u00fcller B, et\u00a0al. Bronchoalveolar lavage. Quantitation of intraalveolar fluid? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147(1):148\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.148.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1159\/000151656","volume":"76","author":"F Jin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jin F, Mu D, Chu D, et\u00a0al. Severe complications of bronchoscopy. Respiration. 2008;76(4):429\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000151656.","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"8","key":"1003_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.47.8.2450-2457.2003","volume":"47","author":"KA Rodvold","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rodvold KA, Danziger LH, Gotfried MH. Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary concentrations of intravenous levofloxacin and azithromycin in healthy adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(8):2450\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.47.8.2450-2457.2003.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1003_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg355","volume":"52","author":"MH Gotfried","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gotfried MH, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA. Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary characteristics of clarithromycin extended-release tablets in normal healthy adult subjects. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;52(3):450\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkg355.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.013","volume":"25","author":"JE Conte Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Conte JE Jr, Golden JA, Kelly MG, et\u00a0al. Steady-state serum and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tigecycline. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;25(6):523\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.013.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198911000-00010","volume":"71","author":"JJ Rouby","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rouby JJ, Rossignon MD, Nicolas MH, et\u00a0al. A prospective study of protected bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Anesthesiology. 1989;71(5):679\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-198911000-00010.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2222-8","volume":"30","author":"B Emmanuel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Emmanuel B, Dominique B, Maxime C, et\u00a0al. Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations of piperacillin\/tazobactam 4 g\/0.5 g administered to critically ill patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(5):976\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-004-2222-8.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2171-2","volume":"30","author":"E Boselli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boselli E, Breilh D, Rimmel\u00e9 T, et\u00a0al. Plasma and lung concentrations of ceftazidime administered in continuous infusion to critically ill patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(5):989\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-004-2171-2.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1003_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0688-x","volume":"33","author":"E Boselli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boselli E, Breilh D, Djabarouti S, et\u00a0al. Reliability of mini-bronchoalveolar lavage for the measurement of epithelial lining fluid concentrations of tobramycin in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(9):1519\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-007-0688-x.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666231193379","volume":"38","author":"J Tepper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tepper J, Johnson S, Parker C, et\u00a0al. Comparing the accuracy of mini-BAL to bronchoscopic BAL in the diagnosis of pneumonia among ventilated patients: a systematic literature review. J Intensive Care Med. 2023;38(12):1099\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08850666231193379.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1003_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200301-111OC","volume":"168","author":"K Yamazaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamazaki K, Ogura S, Ishizaka A, et\u00a0al. Bronchoscopic microsampling method for measuring drug concentration in epithelial lining fluid. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(11):1304\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200301-111OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-0989","volume":"131","author":"M Sasabayashi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sasabayashi M, Yamazaki Y, Tsushima K, et\u00a0al. Usefulness of bronchoscopic microsampling to detect the pathogenic bacteria of respiratory infection. Chest. 2007;131(2):474\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.06-0989.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01208.x","volume":"13","author":"E Kikuchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kikuchi E, Yamazaki K, Kikuchi J, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin in bronchial epithelial lining fluid. Respirology. 2008;13(2):221\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01208.x.","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2006.05.006","volume":"20","author":"J Kikuchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kikuchi J, Yamazaki K, Kikuchi E, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics of telithromycin using bronchoscopic microsampling after single and multiple oral doses. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2007;20(5):549\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2006.05.006.","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm476","volume":"61","author":"JW Mouton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mouton JW, Theuretzbacher U, Craig WA, et\u00a0al. Tissue concentrations: do we ever learn? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(2):235\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkm476.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.2106082","volume":"165","author":"H Herkner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herkner H, M\u00fcller MR, Kreischitz N, et\u00a0al. Closed-chest microdialysis to measure antibiotic penetration into human lung tissue. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(2):273\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.2106082.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12403","volume":"117","author":"LA Rottb\u00f8ll","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rottb\u00f8ll LA, Skovgaard K, Barington K, et\u00a0al. Intrabronchial microdialysis: effects of probe localization on tissue trauma and drug penetration into the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;117(4):242\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.12403.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-8-78","volume":"8","author":"SS Tyvold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tyvold SS, Sollig\u00e5rd E, Lyng O, et\u00a0al. Continuous monitoring of the bronchial epithelial lining fluid by microdialysis. Respir Res. 2007;8(1):78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-8-78.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04828-z","volume":"28","author":"J Dhanani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhanani J, Roberts JA, Monsel A, et\u00a0al. Understanding the nebulisation of antibiotics: the key role of lung microdialysis studies. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-024-04828-z.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264530","volume":"64","author":"D Izquierdo-Garcia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Izquierdo-Garcia D, D\u00e9sog\u00e8re P, Fur ML, et\u00a0al. Biodistribution, dosimetry, and pharmacokinetics of (68)Ga-CBP8: a type I collagen-targeted PET probe. J Nucl Med. 2023;64(5):775\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.122.264530.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/rli.0000000000001052","volume":"59","author":"S Schraven","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schraven S, Br\u00fcck R, Rosenhain S, et\u00a0al. CT- and MRI-aided fluorescence tomography reconstructions for biodistribution analysis. Investig Radiol. 2024;59(7):504\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/rli.0000000000001052.","journal-title":"Investig Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1003_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241080-00003","volume":"41","author":"AJ Fischman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fischman AJ, Alpert NM, Rubin RH. Pharmacokinetic imaging: a noninvasive method for determining drug distribution and action. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(8):581\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003088-200241080-00003.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00292","volume":"11","author":"M Sarhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sarhan M, Shelke AM, Mane K, et\u00a0al. Improved radiosynthesis of [18F]-labeled oxazolidinone antibiotics for future clinical translation. ACS Infect Dis. 2025;11(7):2009\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00292.","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70053","volume":"38","author":"O Marfouk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marfouk O, Kaouane G, Leclerc L, et\u00a0al. MR imaging of pulmonary surfactant distribution in a preclinical neonatal lung model. NMR Biomed. 2025;38(6):e70053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.70053.","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-013-0412-5","volume":"27","author":"A Bianchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bianchi A, Dufort S, Lux F, et\u00a0al. Quantitative biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of multimodal gadolinium-based nanoparticles for lungs using ultrashort TE MRI. MAGMA. 2014;27(4):303\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10334-013-0412-5.","journal-title":"MAGMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01186-3","volume":"61","author":"LBS Aulin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aulin LBS, Tandar ST, Van Zijp T, et\u00a0al. Physiologically based modelling framework for prediction of pulmonary pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial target site concentrations. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022;61(12):1735\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-022-01186-3.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0042-0","volume":"52","author":"D Stepensky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stepensky D. Prediction of drug disposition on the basis of its chemical structure. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(6):415\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-013-0042-0.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.70004","volume":"14","author":"D Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang D, Li J, Mak WY, et\u00a0al. PBPK modeling: empowering drug development and precision dosing in China. CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol. 2025;14(5):828\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.70004.","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1003_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3289","volume":"116","author":"K Rowland Yeo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rowland Yeo K, Gil Berglund E, Chen Y. Dose optimization informed by PBPK modeling: state-of-the art and future. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2024;116(3):563\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.3289.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg138","volume":"51","author":"R Danesi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Danesi R, Lupetti A, Barbara C. Comparative distribution of azithromycin in lung tissue of patients given oral daily doses of 500 and 1000 mg. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(4):939\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkg138.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/s1043661802002384","volume":"46","author":"A Di Paolo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Di Paolo A, Barbara C, Chella A, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in lung tissue, bronchial washing, and plasma in patients given multiple oral doses of 500 and 1000 mg daily. Pharmacol Res. 2002;46(6):545\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1043661802002384.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2003.15.6.558","volume":"15","author":"D Breilh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Breilh D, Jougon J, Djabarouti S, et\u00a0al. Diffusion of oral and intravenous 400 mg once-daily moxifloxacin into lung tissue at pharmacokinetic steady-state. J Chemother. 2003;15(6):558\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/joc.2003.15.6.558.","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.6.835","volume":"44","author":"A Soman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Soman A, Honeybourne D, Andrews J, et\u00a0al. Concentrations of moxifloxacin in serum and pulmonary compartments following a single 400 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;44(6):835\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/44.6.835.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1003_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.3.965","volume":"125","author":"B Capitano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Capitano B, Mattoes HM, Shore E, et\u00a0al. Steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults. Chest. 2004;125(3):965\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.125.3.965.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"1003_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00800-19","volume":"63","author":"T Paiboonvong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paiboonvong T, Nosoongnoen W, Sathirakul K, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics and penetration of sitafloxacin into alveolar epithelial lining fluid in critically ill Thai patients with pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(10):e00800-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00800-19.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70081","volume":"13","author":"T Paiboonvong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paiboonvong T, Montakantikul P, Panjasawatwong N, et\u00a0al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitafloxacin in plasma and alveolar epithelial lining fluid of critically ill Thai patients with pneumonia. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2025;13(2):e70081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prp2.70081.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"1003_CR59","unstructured":"Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. Baxdela (Delafloxacin) [Package Insert]. https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/. Accessed July 2025."},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz123","volume":"74","author":"T Katsube","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katsube T, Saisho Y, Shimada J, et\u00a0al. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, in healthy adult subjects. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(7):1971\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz123.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"1003_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab280","volume":"76","author":"T Katsube","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katsube T, Nicolau DP, Rodvold KA, et\u00a0al. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetic profile of cefiderocol in mechanically ventilated patients with pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(11):2902\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkab280.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.36.12.2804","volume":"36","author":"C Martin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Martin C, Ragni J, Lokiec F, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a single dose of ceftriaxone (1,000 milligrams intravenously) for antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992;36(12):2804\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.36.12.2804.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000238250","volume":"30","author":"HM Just","year":"1984","unstructured":"Just HM, Frank U, Simon A, et\u00a0al. Concentrations of ceftriaxone in serum and lung tissue. Chemotherapy. 1984;30(2):81\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000238250.","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq413","volume":"66","author":"J Lindenmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lindenmann J, Kugler SA, Matzi V, et\u00a0al. High extracellular levels of cefpirome in unaffected and infected lung tissue of patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(1):160\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkq413.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/28.1.79","volume":"28","author":"DR Baldwin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baldwin DR, Maxwell SR, Honeybourne D, et\u00a0al. The penetration of cefpirome into the potential sites of pulmonary infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991;28(1):79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/28.1.79.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"1003_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv170","volume":"70","author":"DP Nicolau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicolau DP, Siew L, Armstrong J, et\u00a0al. Phase 1 study assessing the steady-state concentration of ceftazidime and avibactam in plasma and epithelial lining fluid following two dosing regimens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(10):2862\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkv170.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7232","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01713-15","volume":"59","author":"E Wenzler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wenzler E, Gotfried MH, Loutit JS, et\u00a0al. Meropenem-RPX7009 concentrations in plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and alveolar macrophages of healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(12):7232\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01713-15.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01647016","volume":"18","author":"U Frank","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frank U, Schmidt-Eisenlohr E, Joos-W\u00fcrttemberger A, et\u00a0al. Concentrations of sulbactam\/ampicillin in serum and lung tissue. Infection. 1990;18(5):307\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01647016.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.34.6.958","volume":"34","author":"YJ Valcke","year":"1990","unstructured":"Valcke YJ, Rosseel MT, Pauwels RA, et\u00a0al. Penetration of ampicillin and sulbactam in the lower airways during respiratory infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;34(6):958\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.34.6.958.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020303","volume":"12","author":"T Onita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Onita T, Ikawa K, Ishihara N, et\u00a0al. Pulmonary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of ampicillin\/sulbactam regimens for pneumonia caused by various bacteria, including Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;12(2):303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020303.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"issue":"10","key":"1003_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02755-15","volume":"60","author":"TA Riccobene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riccobene TA, Pushkin R, Jandourek A, et\u00a0al. Penetration of ceftaroline into the epithelial lining fluid of healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(10):5849\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02755-15.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"9","key":"1003_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15731","volume":"89","author":"FS Martins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martins FS, Martins JES, Severino P, et\u00a0al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to inform combination dosing regimens of ceftaroline and daptomycin in special populations. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;89(9):2726\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.15731.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1003_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00679-21","volume":"65","author":"M Edlinger-Stanger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edlinger-Stanger M, Al Jalali V, Andreas M, et\u00a0al. Plasma and lung tissue pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline fosamil in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: an in vivo microdialysis study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65(10):e0067921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00679-21.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"1003_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00144-09","volume":"53","author":"KA Rodvold","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodvold KA, Nicolau DP, Lodise TP, et\u00a0al. Identifying exposure targets for treatment of Staphylococcal pneumonia with ceftobiprole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(8):3294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00144-09.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01422-07","volume":"52","author":"S Laohavaleeson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laohavaleeson S, Tessier PR, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic characterization of ceftobiprole in experimental pneumonia caused by phenotypically diverse Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(7):2389\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01422-07.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1003_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000221888","volume":"21","author":"J Gartmann","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gartmann J. Doxycycline concentrations in lung tissue, bronchial wall, and bronchial secretions. Chemotherapy. 1975;21(Suppl 1):19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000221888.","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.78.2.304","volume":"78","author":"H Thadepalli","year":"1980","unstructured":"Thadepalli H, Mandal AK, Bach VT, et\u00a0al. Tissue levels of doxycycline in the human lung and pleura. Chest. 1980;78(2):304\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.78.2.304.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000048494","volume":"47","author":"A Watanabe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watanabe A, Anzai Y, Niitsuma K, et\u00a0al. Penetration of minocycline hydrochloride into lung tissue and sputum. Chemotherapy. 2001;47(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000048494.","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"1003_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01135-17","volume":"61","author":"MH Gotfried","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gotfried MH, Horn K, Garrity-Ryan L, et\u00a0al. Comparison of omadacycline and tigecycline pharmacokinetics in the plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and alveolar cells of healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(9):e01135-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01135-17.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp301","volume":"64","author":"JL Crandon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crandon JL, Kim A, Nicolau DP. Comparison of tigecycline penetration into the epithelial lining fluid of infected and uninfected murine lungs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(4):837\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkp301.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00715-2","volume":"10","author":"G De Pascale","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Pascale G, Lisi L, Ciotti GMP, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose tigecycline in critically ill patients with severe infections. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-020-00715-2.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106487","volume":"59","author":"G Dimopoulos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dimopoulos G, Almyroudi M, Kapralos I, et\u00a0al. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of high doses of tigecycline in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2022;59(1):106487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106487.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02263-19","volume":"64","author":"EA Lakota","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lakota EA, Van Wart SA, Trang M, et\u00a0al. Population pharmacokinetic analyses for omadacycline using phase 1 and 3 data. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(7):e02263-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02263-19.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13378","volume":"291","author":"JR Covvey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Covvey JR, Guarascio AJ. Clinical use of lefamulin: a first-in-class semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic. J Intern Med. 2022;291(1):51\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13378.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"1003_CR85","unstructured":"Nabriva Therapeutics Us, Inc. XenletaTM (lefamulin) [Package Insert]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/211672s002,211673s002lbl.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1003_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz086","volume":"74","author":"WW Wicha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wicha WW, Strickmann DB, Paukner S. Pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of lefamulin in a neutropenic murine pneumonia model with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(Suppl 3):iii11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz086.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1003_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii27","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz088","volume":"74","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang L, Wicha WW, Bhavnani SM, et\u00a0al. Prediction of lefamulin epithelial lining fluid penetration after intravenous and oral administration using Phase 1 data and population pharmacokinetics methods. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(Suppl 3):iii27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz088.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.31083\/ph.2012.1699","volume":"67","author":"K Togami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Togami K, Chono S, Morimoto K. Transport characteristics of clarithromycin, azithromycin and telithromycin, antibiotics applied for treatment of respiratory infections, in Calu-3 cell monolayers as model lung epithelial cells. Pharmazie. 2012;67(5):389\u201393.","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.767","volume":"32","author":"K Togami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Togami K, Chono S, Morimoto K. Distribution characteristics of clarithromycin and azithromycin, macrolide antimicrobial agents used for treatment of respiratory infections, in lung epithelial lining fluid and alveolar macrophages. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2011;32(7):389\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdd.767.","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"1003_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S106071","volume":"11","author":"FJ Candel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Candel FJ, Pe\u00f1uelas M. Delafloxacin: design, development and potential place in therapy. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2017;11:881\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dddt.S106071.","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2021.100970","volume":"40","author":"AJ Heffernan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heffernan AJ, Mohd Sazlly Lim S, Lipman J, et\u00a0al. A personalised approach to antibiotic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in critically ill patients. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2021;40(6):100970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2021.100970.","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1003_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.011","volume":"53","author":"AJ Heffernan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heffernan AJ, Sime FB, Lipman J, et\u00a0al. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of antibiotics used to treat nosocomial pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacilli: a systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;53(3):234\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.011.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.04232-14","volume":"59","author":"J Cousson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cousson J, Floch T, Guillard T, et\u00a0al. Lung concentrations of ceftazidime administered by continuous versus intermittent infusion in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(4):1905\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.04232-14.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1003_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.900551","volume":"13","author":"C Jongmans","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jongmans C, Muller AE, Van Den Broek P, et\u00a0al. An overview of the protein binding of cephalosporins in human body fluids: a systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:900551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.900551.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00208","volume":"20","author":"J Keemink","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keemink J, Cantrill C, Riboulet W, et\u00a0al. Estimating unbound drug concentrations in simulated human lung fluid: relevance to lung antibiotic PKPD. Mol Pharm. 2023;20(7):3578\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00208.","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.023","volume":"44","author":"J Dallow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dallow J, Otterson LG, Huband MD, et\u00a0al. Microbiological interaction studies between ceftazidime\u2013avibactam and pulmonary surfactant and between ceftazidime\u2013avibactam and antibacterial agents of other classes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44(6):552\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.023.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"1003_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01702-17","volume":"62","author":"D Rubio-Aparicio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rubio-Aparicio D, Loutit J, Dudley M, et\u00a0al. Potency of meropenem\u2013vaborbactam in lung surfactant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;62(1):e01702-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01702-17.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"1003_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00778-13","volume":"57","author":"R Schwameis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwameis R, Erdogan-Yildirim Z, Manafi M, et\u00a0al. Effect of pulmonary surfactant on antimicrobial activity in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(10):5151\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00778-13.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00004-25","volume":"69","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X, Liu F, Li S, et\u00a0al. Evaluating tigecycline dosing for hospital-acquired pneumonia patients: insights from physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of lung exposure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025;69(7):e0000425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00004-25.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1003_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.09.019","volume":"36","author":"KA Rodvold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodvold KA, Hope WW, Boyd SE. Considerations for effect site pharmacokinetics to estimate drug exposure: concentrations of antibiotics in the lung. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2017;36:114\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2017.09.019.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1003_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm242","volume":"60","author":"J Andrews","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andrews J, Honeybourne D, Ashby J, et\u00a0al. Concentrations in plasma, epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and bronchial mucosa after a single intravenous dose of 1.6 mg\/kg of iclaprim (AR-100) in healthy men. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(3):677\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkm242.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"1003_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-0974OC","volume":"209","author":"J Geilen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geilen J, Kainz M, Zapletal B, et\u00a0al. Antimicrobial drug penetration is enhanced by lung tissue inflammation and injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;209(7):829\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202306-0974OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx541","volume":"73","author":"TW Felton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Felton TW, Ogungbenro K, Boselli E, et\u00a0al. Comparison of piperacillin exposure in the lungs of critically ill patients and healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(5):1340\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkx541.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122964","volume":"11","author":"PG Cojutti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cojutti PG, Giuliano S, Pascale R, et\u00a0al. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis for maximizing the effectiveness of ceftobiprole in the treatment of severe methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. Microorganisms. 2023;11(12):2964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11122964.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.08.016","volume":"13","author":"AM Noreddin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noreddin AM, El-Khatib WF, Aolie J, et\u00a0al. Pharmacodynamic target attainment potential of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and telithromycin in serum and epithelial lining fluid of community-acquired pneumonia patients with penicillin-susceptible, intermediate, and resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(4):483\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.08.016.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6160","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01078-12","volume":"56","author":"AA Bhalodi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhalodi AA, Crandon JL, Biek D, et\u00a0al. Efficacy of ceftaroline fosamil in a staphylococcal murine pneumonia model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(12):6160\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01078-12.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"1003_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.12.019","volume":"29","author":"AM Noreddin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Noreddin AM, Reese AA, Ostroski M, et\u00a0al. Comparative pharmacodynamics of garenoxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin in community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: a Monte Carlo simulation analysis. Clin Ther. 2007;29(12):2685\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.12.019.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2165\/00126839-200708020-00001","volume":"8","author":"SY Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee SY, Fan HW, Sutherland C, et\u00a0al. Antibacterial effects of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin simulating epithelial lining fluid concentrations against community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Drugs R D. 2007;8(2):69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00126839-200708020-00001.","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"issue":"5","key":"1003_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02368-16","volume":"61","author":"AJ Lepak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lepak AJ, Zhao M, Marchillo K, et\u00a0al. In vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation of omadacycline (PTK 0796) against Streptococcus pneumoniae in the murine pneumonia model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(5):e02368-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02368-16.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02058-19","volume":"64","author":"AJ Lepak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lepak AJ, Zhao M, Marchillo K, et\u00a0al. In vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation of omadacycline against Staphylococcus aureus in the neutropenic mouse pneumonia model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(2):e02058-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02058-19.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02265-19","volume":"64","author":"BD Vanscoy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vanscoy BD, Lakota EA, Conde H, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characterization of omadacycline against Haemophilus influenzae using a one-compartment in vitro infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(6):e02265-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02265-19.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1003_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02213-21","volume":"67","author":"SM Bhavnani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhavnani SM, Hammel JP, Lakota EA, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic target attainment analyses evaluating omadacycline dosing regimens for the treatment of patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia arising from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023;67(4):e0221321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02213-21.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1003_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmicom.2025.105086","volume":"2","author":"X Bian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bian X, Chen Y, Yu J, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetics and pulmonary tissue penetration simulation analysis of lefamulin in community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: insights from phase III study. CMI Commun. 2025;2(2):4893\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmicom.2025.105086.","journal-title":"CMI Commun"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1003_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii35","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz089","volume":"74","author":"SM Bhavnani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhavnani SM, Zhang L, Hammel JP, et\u00a0al. Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic target attainment analyses to support intravenous and oral lefamulin dose selection for the treatment of patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(Suppl 3):iii35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz089.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1003_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456741","volume":"15","author":"X Bian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bian X, Li N, Li Y, et\u00a0al. Lefamulin dosing optimization using population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic assessment in Chinese patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1456741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456741.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl140","volume":"57","author":"D Sevillano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sevillano D, Alou L, Aguilar L. Azithromycin IV pharmacodynamic parameters predicting Streptococcus pneumoniae killing in epithelial lining fluid versus serum: an in vitro pharmacodynamic simulation. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(6):1128\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkl140.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1003_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207513","volume":"71","author":"P Daniel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daniel P, Rodrigo C, Mckeever TM, et\u00a0al. Time to first antibiotic and mortality in adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: a matched-propensity analysis. Thorax. 2016;71(6):568\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207513.","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-026-01003-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13318-026-01003-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13318-026-01003-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:25:27Z","timestamp":1781717127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13318-026-01003-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13318-026-01003-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7966","2107-0180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7966","type":"print"},{"value":"2107-0180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"All authors have no conflict of interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"YMW, JKZ, and CB were major contributors in writing the manuscript. YMW and JKZ contributed to data acquisition and interpretation. YMW, JKZ, and BC contributed to the study concept, design, and data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"All the authors consent to publish the present paper.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}}]}}