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Stability studies revealed the impact of light exposure on Vitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    degradation. In vitro, release, and skin penetration studies using Franz diffusion cells and two-photon microscopy demonstrated enhanced drug permeation and retention in deeper skin layers with the cream formulation. Cell Viability test confirmed high cell viability (~\u200980\u2013100%) for both free Vitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and the LNP formulation; also inflammation test showed a significant reduction in ROS levels with Vitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -LNP treatment. These findings highlight the therapeutic value of LNP in managing conditions like Vitiligo, providing insights into the design of stable, effective Vitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    delivery systems for dermal applications, and offering a promising approach for advanced skin treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01946-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T17:27:24Z","timestamp":1755970044000},"page":"4338-4366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vitamin D-loaded lipid nanoparticles: antioxidant properties, preparation, optimization, and in vitro characterization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Khadeejeh","family":"AL-Smadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayyah","family":"Abdoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanh","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Newton Andreo","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vania Rodrigues","family":"Leite-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousuf","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1946_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10030084","volume":"10","author":"K Al-smadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-smadi K, et al. 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