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The structural characterization of the resulting\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -CMCS-\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    -DA conjugates was carried out by spectral (i.e., \u00ec FT-IR,\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-NMR spectroscopy) and potentiometric titrations. The physicochemical characterization of these conjugates was performed by thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The in vitro DA release was carried out in simulated nasal fluid showing in any case a sustained release of the neurotransmitter. The amphiphilic\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -CMCS-\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    -DA conjugate at highest substitution degree was allowed to form micelles using the dialysis method. The Critical Micellar Concentration of such micelles was determined by the conductometric method and resulted of 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20094<\/jats:sup>\n                    mg\/mL Quercetin (QUE), selected as hydrophobic antioxidant model drug, was encapsulated into the core of these micelles with an efficiency of 18%. From a biological point of view, none of the\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -CMCS-\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    -DA conjugates was cytotoxic against the target neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, all the\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -CMCS-\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    -DA conjugates were able to modulate neuroinflammation as demonstrated by mRNA expression level analysis. Therefore, these\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -CMCS-\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    -DA based micelles showed a great potential as multifunctional nanomedicines for brain delivery by intranasal route of a lipophilic antioxidant involved in the oxidative stress together with the neurotransmitter DA exploiting a delivery system with modulating properties of neuroinflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01963-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T16:21:40Z","timestamp":1756743700000},"page":"3310-3326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-grafted-dopamine based micelles as multifunctional nanomedicines for Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment by intranasal administration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Trapani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalucia","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sante Di","family":"Gioia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fracchiolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piera","family":"Soccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo Maria","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Francesca","family":"Quivelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Paolo","family":"Suranna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Grisorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Lo","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Conelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuditta","family":"Colangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Conese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1963_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-239901","volume":"13","author":"K McFarthing","year":"2023","unstructured":"McFarthing K, et al. 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We affirm that the manuscript is original, free of conflicts, and complies with ethical and copyright requirements.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}