{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:39:33Z","timestamp":1790372373273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AES PI24\/00573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AES PI24\/00573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/00466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UCM 920415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCM 920415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-02014-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T13:52:15Z","timestamp":1769781135000},"page":"1035-1051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A liposomal formulation of cyclosporine a shows promising results in treating symptoms of moderate to severe dry eye disease in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngela","family":"Caballo-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"G\u00f3mez-Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Brugnera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Ben\u00edtez-del-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Margarita","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Alonso-Alegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"de-las-Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Gil-Alegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Vicario-de-la-Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Herrero-Vanrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene Teresa","family":"Molina-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","volume":"15","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report, et al. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003. Epub 20170720.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"2014_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben\u00edtez-Del-Castillo JM, Burgos-Blasco B. Prevalence of dry eye disease in Spain: A population-based survey (PrevEOS). Ocul Surf. 2025;36:126\u2009\u2013\u200933. Epub 20250117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2025.01.006. PubMed PMID: 39828133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2025.01"},{"issue":"2","key":"2014_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/nhh.0000000000000652","volume":"36","author":"PA Rouen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rouen PA, White ML. Dry eye disease: Prevalence, Assessment, and management. Home Healthc now. 2018;36(2):74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/nhh.0000000000000652. PubMed PMID: 29498987.","journal-title":"Home Healthc now"},{"issue":"5","key":"2014_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202403_35602","volume":"28","author":"S Barabino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barabino S, Ben\u00edtez-Del-Castillo JM. Dry eye disease pathogenesis and clinical signs: searching for correspondence in the clinical practice. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2024;28(5):1881\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_202403_35602. PubMed PMID: 38497871.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2014_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rhee MK, Mah FS. Inflammation in dry eye disease: how do we break the cycle? Ophthalmology. 2017;124(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.029. Supplement):S14-S9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.029"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307415","volume":"100","author":"C Baudouin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baudouin C, Messmer EM, Aragona P, Geerling G, Akova YA, Ben\u00edtez-del-Castillo J, et al. Revisiting the vicious circle of dry eye disease: a focus on the pathophysiology of meibomian gland dysfunction. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(3):300\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307415. Epub 20160118.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221141481","volume":"33","author":"EM Messmer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Messmer EM, Ahmad S, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Mrukwa-Kominek E, Rolando M, Vitovska O, et al. Management of inflammation in dry eye disease: recommendations from a European panel of experts. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2023;33(3):1294\u2013307. Epub 20221205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721221141481. PubMed PMID: 36471573; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC10152565.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2014_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil EC, Henderson M, Massaro-Giordano M, Bunya VY. Advances in dry eye disease treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019;30(3).","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000569"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.006","volume":"15","author":"L Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones L, Downie LE, Korb D, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, Dana R, Deng SX, et al. TFOS DEWS II management and therapy report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):575\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.006. Epub 20170720.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"2014_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mehdaoui H, Ait Abderrahmane H, de Loubens C, Nait Bouda F, Hamani S. Dynamics of a Gel-Based Artificial Tear Film with an Emphasis on Dry Disease Treatment Applications. Gels. 2021;7(4). Epub 20211116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels7040215. PubMed PMID: 34842690; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8628727.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7040215"},{"key":"2014_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Labetoulle M, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, Barabino S, Herrero Vanrell R, Daull P, Garrigue JS, et al. Artificial tears: biological role of their ingredients in the management of dry eye disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23052434. Epub 20220223.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052434"},{"issue":"9","key":"2014_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2017.0052","volume":"33","author":"JS Garrigue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garrigue JS, Amrane M, Faure MO, Holopainen JM, Tong L. Relevance of Lipid-Based products in the management of dry eye disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33(9):647\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jop.2017.0052. Epub 20170928.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.12.003","volume":"42","author":"C Lievens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lievens C, Berdy G, Douglass D, Montaquila S, Lin H, Simmons P, et al. Evaluation of an enhanced viscosity artificial tear for moderate to severe dry eye disease: A multicenter, double-masked, randomized 30-day study. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2019;42(4):443\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2018.12.003. Epub 20181217.","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"8","key":"2014_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15159","volume":"100","author":"L Hynnekleiv","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hynnekleiv L, Magno M, Vernhardsdottir RR, Moschowits E, T\u00f8nseth KA, Dartt DA, et al. Hyaluronic acid in the treatment of dry eye disease. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(8):844\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.15159. Epub 20220505.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2014_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.10.036","volume":"137","author":"SC Pflugfelder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pflugfelder SC. Antiinflammatory therapy for dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(2):337\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.10.036. PubMed PMID: 14962426.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000000756","volume":"35","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim YJ, Ryu JS, Park SY, Lee HJ, Ko JH, Kim MK, et al. Comparison of topical application of TSG-6, Cyclosporine, and prednisolone for treating dry eye. Cornea. 2016;35(4):536\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ico.0000000000000756. PubMed PMID: 26807900.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2014_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2022.109073","volume":"186","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Jin X, Wang J, Li X, Zhang H. Dexamethasone attenuates dry eye-induced pyroptosis by regulating the KCNQ1OT1\/miR-214 cascade. Steroids. 2022;186:109073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2022.109073. Epub 20220630.","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"1","key":"2014_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09","volume":"123","author":"J Pinto-Fraga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinto-Fraga J, L\u00f3pez-Miguel A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda MJ, Fern\u00e1ndez I, L\u00f3pez-de-la-Rosa A, Enr\u00edquez-de-Salamanca A, et al. Topical Fluorometholone protects the ocular surface of dry eye patients from desiccating stress: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(1):141\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09. Epub 20151029.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0060","volume":"36","author":"LM Periman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Periman LM, Perez VL, Saban DR, Lin MC, Neri P. The immunological basis of dry eye disease and current topical treatment options. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2020;36(3):137\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jop.2019.0060. Epub 20200312.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.02","volume":"54","author":"E Donnenfeld","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donnenfeld E, Pflugfelder SC. Topical ophthalmic cyclosporine: Pharmacology and clinical uses. Surv Ophthalmol. 2009;54(3):321\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.02. .002. PubMed PMID: 19422961.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2014_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/s0162-3109(00)00192-2","volume":"47","author":"S Matsuda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Matsuda S, Koyasu S. Mechanisms of action of cyclosporine. Immunopharmacology. 2000;47(2\u20133):119\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0162-3109(00)00192-2. PubMed PMID: 10878286.","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2014_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199811000-00014","volume":"17","author":"J Gao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gao J, Schwalb TA, Addeo JV, Ghosn CR, Stern ME. The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: the effect of topical cyclosporin A therapy. Cornea. 1998;17(6):654\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003226-199811000-00014. PubMed PMID: 9820947.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"2014_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0403-7","volume":"14","author":"KC Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu KC, Huynh K, Grubbs J Jr., Davis RM. Autoimmunity in the pathogenesis and treatment of keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014;14(1):403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11882-013-0403-7. PubMed PMID: 24395332; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3992282.","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"2014_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Periman LM, Mah FS, Karpecki PM. A Review of the Mechanism of Action of Cyclosporine A: The Role of Cyclosporine A in Dry Eye Disease and Recent Formulation Developments. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:4187\u2009\u2013\u2009200. Epub 20201202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/opth.S279051. PubMed PMID: 33299295; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7719434.","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.S279051"},{"issue":"6","key":"2014_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-019-00650-1","volume":"9","author":"D Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel D, Wairkar S. Recent advances in cyclosporine drug delivery: challenges and opportunities. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2019;9(6):1067\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-019-00650-1. PubMed PMID: 31144214.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2014_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2022043085","volume":"40","author":"G Rawat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rawat G, Kolhe S, Rana D, Salave S, Benival D. Exploring the therapeutic potential of cyclosporine for ophthalmic indications by novel carrier systems. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2023;40(5):1\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2022043085. PubMed PMID: 37522548.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"2014_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317907","volume":"106","author":"R Deshmukh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deshmukh R, Ting DSJ, Elsahn A, Mohammed I, Said DG, Dua HS. Real-world experience of using ciclosporin-A 0.1% in the management of ocular surface inflammatory diseases. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;106(8):1087\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317907. Epub 20210309.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2014_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stevenson D, Tauber J, Reis BL. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease: a dose-ranging, randomized trial. The Cyclosporin A Phase 2 Study Group. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(5):967\u2009\u2013\u200974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(00)00035-x. PubMed PMID: 10811092.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(00)00035-x"},{"key":"2014_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4137\/OED.S16067","volume":"6","author":"C Schultz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schultz C. Safety and efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of chronic dry eye. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2014;6:37\u201342. Epub 20140624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/oed.S16067. PubMed PMID: 25002818; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4076204.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Eye Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2014_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1872542","volume":"18","author":"JJ L\u00f3pez-Cano","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cano JJ, Gonz\u00e1lez-Cela-Casamayor MA, Andr\u00e9s-Guerrero V, Herrero-Vanrell R, Molina-Mart\u00ednez IT. Liposomes as vehicles for topical ophthalmic drug delivery and ocular surface protection. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2021;18(7):819\u201347. PubMed PMID: 33412914.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2014_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vicario-de-la-Torre M, Caballo-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Vico E, Morales-Fern\u00e1ndez L, Arriola-Villalobos P, De Las Heras B et al. Novel Nano-Liposome Formulation for Dry Eyes with Components Similar to the Preocular Tear Film. Polymers (Basel). 2018;10(4). Epub 20180411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym10040425. PubMed PMID: 30966460; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6415276.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10040425"},{"key":"2014_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brugnera M, Vicario-de-la-Torre M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Cela Casamayor MA, L\u00f3pez-Cano JJ, Bravo-Osuna I, Huete-Toral F et al. Enhancing the hypotensive effect of latanoprost by combining synthetic phosphatidylcholine liposomes with hyaluronic acid and osmoprotective agents. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2024. Epub 20240411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-024-01584-z. PubMed PMID: 38602615.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01584-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"2014_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/10.1.28","volume":"10","author":"GC Kahn","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kahn GC, Shaw LM, Kane MD. Routine monitoring of cyclosporine in whole blood and in kidney tissue using high performance liquid chromatography. J Anal Toxicol. 1986;10(1):28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/10.1.28. PubMed PMID: 3512913.","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2014_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guidel IHT. International Conference for Harmonisation (ICH) Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology. 2005;62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118532331.ch23","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118532331.ch23"},{"key":"2014_CR35","unstructured":"U.S. Food and drug Administration. Validation of chromatographic methods.: FDA: Silver Spring, MD, USA; 1994."},{"key":"2014_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Cela Casamayor MA, L\u00f3pez Cano JJ, Andr\u00e9s Guerrero V, Herrero Vanrell R, Del Ben\u00edtez JM, Molina Mart\u00ednez IT. A novel osmoprotective liposomal formulation from synthetic phospholipids to reduce in vitro hyperosmolar stress in dry eye treatments. J Liposome Res. 2022:1\u201312. Epub 20220615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08982104.2022.2087083. PubMed PMID: 35706400.","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2022.2087083"},{"key":"2014_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101408010067","volume":"8","author":"AG Actis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Actis AG, Rolle T. Ocular surface alterations and topical antiglaucomatous therapy: a review. Open Ophthalmol J. 2014;8:67\u201372. Epub 20141003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874364101408010067. PubMed PMID: 25317218; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4192829.","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2014_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2008.0140","volume":"25","author":"SP Epstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Epstein SP, Chen D, Asbell PA. Evaluation of biomarkers of inflammation in response to Benzalkonium chloride on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009;25(5):415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jop.2008.0140. PubMed PMID: 19857103; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2981370.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2014_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13887","volume":"97","author":"G Carracedo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carracedo G, Pastrana C, Serramito M, Rodriguez-Pomar C. Evaluation of tear meniscus by optical coherence tomography after different sodium hyaluronate Eyedrops instillation. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97(2):e162\u20139. Epub 20181002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.13887. PubMed PMID: 30280515.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2014_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702204","volume":"21","author":"P Versura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Versura P, Frigato M, Cellini M, Mul\u00e8 R, Malavolta N, Campos EC. Diagnostic performance of tear function tests in sjogren\u2019s syndrome patients. Eye (Lond). 2007;21(2):229\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6702204. Epub 20060106.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2014_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108313","volume":"202","author":"F Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang F, Chen H, Lan J, Song K, Wu X. Preparation and in vitro\/in vivo evaluations of novel ocular micelle formulations of Hesperetin with glycyrrhizin as a nanocarrier. Exp Eye Res. 2021;202:108313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108313. Epub 20201017.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2014_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cano JJ, Gonz\u00e1lez-Cela-Casamayor MA, Andr\u00e9s-Guerrero V, Vicario-de-la-Torre M, Ben\u00edtez, Castillo D, Herrero-Vanrell JM et al. R,. Development of an osmoprotective microemulsion as a therapeutic platform for ocular surface protection. Int J Pharm. 2022;623:121948. Epub 20220623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121948. PubMed PMID: 35752388.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121948"},{"key":"2014_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.01.041","volume":"379","author":"M Brugnera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brugnera M, Vicario-de-la-Torre M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Cela-Casamayor MA, Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez FM, Ferraboschi I, Andr\u00e9s-Guerrero V, et al. Disclosing long-term tolerance, efficacy and penetration properties of hyaluronic acid-coated latanoprost-loaded liposomes as chronic glaucoma therapy. J Controlled Release. 2025;379:730\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.01.041.","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0495","volume":"47","author":"A Enr\u00edquez de Salamanca","year":"2006","unstructured":"Enr\u00edquez de Salamanca A, Diebold Y, Calonge M, Garc\u00eda-Vazquez C, Callejo S, Vila A, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles as a potential drug delivery system for the ocular surface: toxicity, uptake mechanism and in vivo tolerance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(4):1416\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.05-0495. PubMed PMID: 16565375.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2014_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.19.1.4.5341","volume":"19","author":"B Nagyov\u00e1","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nagyov\u00e1 B, Tiffany JM. Components responsible for the surface tension of human tears. Curr Eye Res. 1999;19(1):4\u201311. .5341. PubMed PMID: 10415451.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"2014_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross A, Blake RC 2nd, Ayyala RS. Surface tension of aqueous humor. J Glaucoma. 2010;19(7):456\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3181c4ae92. PubMed PMID: 20051891.","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3181c4ae92"},{"key":"2014_CR47","unstructured":"ICH. International Council for harmonisation of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH) guideline Q3C(R9) on impurities: guideline for residual solvents. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH); 2021."},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"2014_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-27492008000700017","volume":"71","author":"CS de Paiva","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. Rationale for anti-inflammatory therapy in dry eye syndrome. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008;71(6 Suppl):89\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-27492008000700017. PubMed PMID: 19274418.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/s0939-6411(03)00138-3","volume":"56","author":"F Lallemand","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lallemand F, Felt-Baeyens O, Besseghir K, Behar-Cohen F, Gurny R. Cyclosporine A delivery to the eye: a pharmaceutical challenge. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2003;56(3):307\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0939-6411(03)00138-3. PubMed PMID: 14602172.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"2014_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wong KY, Liu Y, Zhou L, Wong MS, Liu J. Mucin-targeting-aptamer functionalized liposomes for delivery of cyclosporin A for dry eye diseases. J Mater Chem B. 2023;11(21):4684-94. Epub 20230531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d3tb00598d. PubMed PMID: 37161679.","DOI":"10.1039\/d3tb00598d"},{"key":"2014_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.02.043","volume":"368","author":"K Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang K, Guo R, Luo H, Liu H, Chen D, Deng T, et al. Mucoadhesive liposomal delivery system synergizing anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation for enhanced treatment against dry eye disease. J Control Release. 2024;368:318\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.02.043. Epub 20240304.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2014_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S65601","volume":"9","author":"PR Karn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karn PR, Kim HD, Kang H, Sun BK, Jin SE, Hwang SJ. Supercritical fluid-mediated liposomes containing cyclosporin A for the treatment of dry eye syndrome in a rabbit model: comparative study with the conventional cyclosporin A emulsion. Int J Nanomed. 2014;9:3791\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.S65601. Epub 20140808.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2411172","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411172","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhou T, Wang K, Luo C, Chen D, Lv Z, et al. Corneal Mucin-Targeting liposome nanoplatforms enable effective treatment of dry eye diseases by integrated regulation of ferroptosis and inflammation. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025;12(3):e2411172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202411172. Epub 20241128.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"2014_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.05.018","volume":"565","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Zhang H, Gan L. Cationized hyaluronic acid coated spanlastics for cyclosporine A ocular delivery: prolonged ocular retention, enhanced corneal permeation and improved tear production. Int J Pharm. 2019;565:133\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.05.018. Epub 20190508.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2014_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000267872","volume":"28","author":"JV Greiner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Greiner JV, Glonek T, Korb DR, Booth R, Leahy CD. Phospholipids in meibomian gland secretion. Ophthalmic Res. 1996;28(1):44\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000267872. PubMed PMID: 8726676.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"2014_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krilov D, Kosovi\u0107 M, Serec K. Spectroscopic studies of alpha tocopherol interaction with a model liposome and its influence on oxidation dynamics. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2014;129:588\u2009\u2013\u200993. Epub 20140403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.saa.2014.03.087. PubMed PMID: 24746659.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.03.087"},{"issue":"5","key":"2014_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.29.5.803","volume":"29","author":"RD Houlsby","year":"1986","unstructured":"Houlsby RD, Ghajar M, Chavez GO. Antimicrobial activity of borate-buffered solutions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;29(5):803\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.29.5.803. PubMed PMID: 3729341; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC284157.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"2014_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(02","volume":"109","author":"T Matsuo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matsuo T, Tsuchida Y, Morimoto N. Trehalose eye drops in the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(11):2024\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(02)01219-8. PubMed PMID: 12414409.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2014_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laihia J, Kaarniranta K. Trehalose for Ocular Surface Health. Biomolecules. 2020;10(5). Epub 20200525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10050809. PubMed PMID: 32466265; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7277924.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10050809"},{"key":"2014_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casey-Power S, Ryan R, Behl G, McLoughlin P, Byrne ME, Fitzhenry L. Hyaluronic Acid: Its Versatile Use in Ocular Drug Delivery with a Specific Focus on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(7). Epub 20220715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071479. PubMed PMID: 35890371; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9323903.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071479"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200405000-00015","volume":"23","author":"S Nakamura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nakamura S, Okada S, Umeda Y, Saito F. Development of a rabbit model of tear film instability and evaluation of viscosity of artificial tear preparations. Cornea. 2004;23(4):390\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003226-200405000-00015. PubMed PMID: 15097136.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2014_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.11.010","volume":"154","author":"L Soriano-Roman\u00ed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soriano-Roman\u00ed L, Vicario-de-la-Torre M, Crespo-Moral M, L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda A, Herrero-Vanrell R, Molina-Mart\u00ednez IT, et al. Novel anti-inflammatory liposomal formulation for the pre-ocular tear film: in vitro and ex vivo functionality studies in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2017;154:79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2016.11.010. Epub 20161111.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2014_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51065-4","volume":"9","author":"H Elsana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elsana H, Olusanya TOB, Carr-Wilkinson J, Darby S, Faheem A, Elkordy AA. Evaluation of novel cationic gene based liposomes with cyclodextrin prepared by thin film hydration and microfluidic systems. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):15120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51065-4. Epub 20191022.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318030d259","volume":"26","author":"L Luo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luo L, Li DQ, Pflugfelder SC. Hyperosmolarity-induced apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells is mediated by cytochrome c and MAPK pathways. Cornea. 2007;26(4):452\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318030d259. PubMed PMID: 17457195.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2014_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baudouin C, Aragona P, Messmer EM, Tomlinson A, Calonge M, Boboridis KG et al. Role of hyperosmolarity in the pathogenesis and management of dry eye disease: proceedings of the OCEAN group meeting. Ocul Surf. 2013;11(4):246\u2009\u2013\u200958. Epub 20130809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.07.003. PubMed PMID: 24112228.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.07.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.08.019","volume":"82","author":"DQ Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li DQ, Luo L, Chen Z, Kim HS, Song XJ, Pflugfelder SC. JNK and ERK MAP kinases mediate induction of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 following hyperosmolar stress in human limbal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82(4):588\u201396. PubMed PMID: 16202406; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2198933.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2014_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108723","volume":"211","author":"JJ L\u00f3pez-Cano","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cano JJ, Gonz\u00e1lez-Cela-Casamayor MA, Andr\u00e9s-Guerrero V, Herrero-Vanrell R, Ben\u00edtez-Del-Castillo JM, Molina-Mart\u00ednez IT. Combined hyperosmolarity and inflammatory conditions in stressed human corneal epithelial cells and macrophages to evaluate osmoprotective agents as potential DED treatments. Exp Eye Res. 2021;211:108723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108723. Epub 20210809.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2014_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11060929","volume":"11","author":"M G\u00f3mez-Ballesteros","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ballesteros M, L\u00f3pez-Cano JJ, Bravo-Osuna I, Herrero-Vanrell R, Molina-Mart\u00ednez IT. Osmoprotectants in hybrid Liposome\/HPMC systems as potential glaucoma treatment. Polymers. 2019;11(6):929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym11060929.","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"12","key":"2014_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7839","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14700","volume":"55","author":"M De La Vicario","year":"2014","unstructured":"De La Vicario M, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Vico E, Guzman M, De Las Heras B, Herrero Vanrell R, et al. Design and characterization of an ocular topical liposomal Preparation to replenish the lipids of the tear film. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(12):7839\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-14700.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2020.43447.10205","volume":"23","author":"M Abrishami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abrishami M, Motamed Shariati M, Malaekeh-Nikouei B, Tajani AS, Mahmoudi A, Abrishami M, et al. Preparation and in vivo evaluation of nanoliposomes containing Vancomycin after intravitreal injection in albino rabbits. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020;23(4):551\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/ijbms.2020.43447.10205. PubMed PMID: 32489571; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7239418.","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2014_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.272","volume":"32","author":"DL Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams DL. Optimising tear replacement rheology in canine keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(2):195\u20139. Epub 20180105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2017.272. PubMed PMID: 29303147; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5811739.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2014_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13066","volume":"26","author":"EA Hisey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hisey EA, Galor A, Leonard BC. A comparative review of evaporative dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction in dogs and humans. Vet Ophthalmol. 2023;26(1):16\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.13066. Epub 20230214.","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1276933","volume":"25","author":"A Leonardi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leonardi A, Flamion B, Baudouin C. Keratitis in dry eye disease and topical ciclosporin A. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(4):577\u201386. 1276933. PubMed PMID: 28146363.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"2014_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.12.006","volume":"13","author":"KH Wan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wan KH, Chen LJ, Young AL. Efficacy and safety of topical 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops in the treatment of dry eye syndrome: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Ocul Surf. 2015;13(3):213\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.12.006. Epub 20150411.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2014_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.0101","volume":"142","author":"R Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng R, Jie Y, Long Q, Gong L, Zhu L, Zhong X, et al. Water-Free cyclosporine ophthalmic solution vs vehicle for dry eye disease: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024;142(4):337\u201343. PubMed PMID: 38451509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC10921345.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Drug Delivery and Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02014-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02014-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02014-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:25:20Z","timestamp":1781630720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02014-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02014-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-393X","2190-3948"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-393X","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-3948","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the experimental protocols regarding in vivo studies were approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the Complutense University of Madrid (approval number PROEX 091.5\/21). All institutional, European (86\/609\/EEC), and national (RD 53\/2013 of 1 February 2013, modified by RD 118\/2021 of 23 February 2021) guidelines on the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No human studies have been performed in this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}