{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:25:21Z","timestamp":1788175521254,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-02024-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:29:12Z","timestamp":1764174552000},"page":"469-493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ectoine as a multifunctional molecule: biotechnological production and pharmaceutical applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana\u00edna Artem","family":"Ataide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0259-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraya","family":"Babaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia C. F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9359-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0036-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia C.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila Gava","family":"Mazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8532-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Paiva-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105389","volume":"164","author":"L Bethlehem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bethlehem L, van Echten-Deckert G. Ectoines as novel anti-inflammatory and tissue protective lead compounds with special focus on inflammatory bowel disease and lung inflammation. Pharmacol Res. 2021;164:105389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105389","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/S13555-021-00676-9","volume":"12","author":"M Kauth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kauth M, Trusova OV. Topical Ectoine application in children and adults to treat inflammatory diseases associated with an impaired skin barrier: A systematic review. Dermatology Therapy. 2022;12(2):295\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13555-021-00676-9","journal-title":"Dermatology Therapy"},{"key":"2024_CR3","unstructured":"Ectoine. | C6H10N2O2 | CID 126041 - PubChem. Access date: 21 May 2024. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Ectoine"},{"key":"2024_CR4","unstructured":"bitop AG. Ectoin\u00ae The natural stress-protection molecule. Access date: 21 May 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02774-12","volume":"79","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Moya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Moya J, Argando\u00f1a M, Iglesias-Guerra F, Nieto JJ, Vargas C. Temperature- and salinity-decoupled overproduction of hydroxyectoine by chromohalobacter salexigens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(3):1018\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02774-12","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Czech L, Hermann L, St\u00f6veken N, Richter AA, H\u00f6ppner A, Smits SHJ, Heider J, Bremer E. Role of the extremolytes Ectoine and hydroxyectoine as stress protectants and nutrients: Genetics, Phylogenomics, Biochemistry, and structural analysis. Genes. 2018;9(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/GENES9040177","DOI":"10.3390\/GENES9040177"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093809","volume":"9","author":"N Widderich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Widderich N, H\u00f6ppner A, Pittelkow M, Heider J, Smits SHJ, Bremer E. Biochemical properties of Ectoine hydroxylases from extremophiles and their wider taxonomic distribution among microorganisms. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e93809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0093809","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00136-06","volume":"188","author":"R Garc\u00eda-Estepa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Estepa R, Argando\u00f1a M, Reina-Bueno M, Capote N, Iglesias-Guerra F, Nieto JJ, Vargas C. The EctD gene, which is involved in the synthesis of the compatible solute hydroxyectoine, is essential for thermoprotection of the halophilic bacterium chromohalobacter salexigens. J Bacteriol. 2006;188(11):3774\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00136-06","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"44","key":"2024_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27917","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP05308A","volume":"20","author":"CJ Sahle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahle CJ, Schroer MA, Jeffries CM, Niskanen J. Hydration in aqueous solutions of Ectoine and hydroxyectoine. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2018;20(44):27917\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8CP05308A","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"2024_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Czech L, Hermann L, St\u00f6veken N, Richter AA, H\u00f6ppner A, Smits SHJ, Heider J, Bremer E. Role of the extremolytes Ectoine and hydroxyectoine as stress protectants and nutrients: Genetics, Phylogenomics, Biochemistry, and structural analysis. Genes (Basel). 2018;9(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes9040177","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9040177"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2024_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BPC.2010.02.007","volume":"150","author":"RK Harishchandra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harishchandra RK, Wulff S, Lentzen G, Neuhaus T, Galla HJ. The effect of compatible solute ectoines on the structural organization of lipid monolayer and bilayer membranes. Biophys Chem. 2010;150(1\u20133):37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BPC.2010.02.007","journal-title":"Biophys Chem"},{"key":"2024_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galinski EA, Pfeiffer HPP, Tr\u00dcPer HG. 1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid. A novel cyclic amino acid from halophilic phototrophic bacteria of the genus Ectothiorhodospira. European journal of biochemistry, 1985. 149(1): pp. 135\u2013139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1432-1033.1985.TB08903.X","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1432-1033.1985.TB08903.X"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1432-1033.1993.TB17993.X","volume":"214","author":"L Inbar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Inbar L, Frolow F, Lapidot A. The conformation of new tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives in solution and in the crystal. Eur J Biochem. 1993;214(3):897\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1432-1033.1993.TB17993.X","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S11274-017-2281-Y\/FIGURES\/2","volume":"33","author":"R Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen R, Zhu L, Lv L, Yao S, Li B, Qian J. Optimization of the extraction and purification of the compatible solute Ectoine from Halomonas elongate in the laboratory experiment of a commercial production project. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;33(6):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11274-017-2281-Y\/FIGURES\/2","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBIOSC.2017.12.011","volume":"125","author":"WC Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen WC, Hsu CC, Lan JCW, Chang YK, Wang LF, Wei YH. Production and characterization of Ectoine using a moderately halophilic strain Halomonas Salina BCRC17875. J Biosci Bioeng. 2018;125(5):578\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JBIOSC.2017.12.011","journal-title":"J Biosci Bioeng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12934-019-1230-X\/TABLES\/2","volume":"18","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Li S, Lv P, Sun S, Ma C, Xu P, Su H, Yang C. High Ectoine production by an engineered Halomonas hydrothermalis Y2 in a reduced salinity medium. Microb Cell Fact. 2019;18(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12934-019-1230-X\/TABLES\/2","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/S13213-019-01474-7\/FIGURES\/5","volume":"69","author":"D Van Thuoc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Thuoc D, Hien TT, Sudesh K. Identification and characterization of ectoine-producing bacteria isolated from can Gio Mangrove soil in Vietnam. Ann Microbiol. 2019;69(8):819\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13213-019-01474-7\/FIGURES\/5","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol"},{"key":"2024_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2021.126898","volume":"254","author":"JY Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang JY, Lee B, Kim JA, Kim M-S, Kim CH. Identification and characterization of an Ectoine biosynthesis gene cluster from aestuariispira ectoiniformans sp. nov., isolated from seawater. Microbiol Res. 2022;254:126898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micres.2021.126898","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"2024_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128646","volume":"371","author":"F Orhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orhan F, Ceyran E, Akincio\u011flu A. Optimization of Ectoine production from Nesterenkonia xinjiangensis and one-step Ectoine purification. Bioresour Technol. 2023;371:128646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128646","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13156","volume":"18","author":"N Widderich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Widderich N, Czech L, Elling FJ, K\u00f6nneke M, St\u00f6veken N, Pittelkow M, Riclea R, Dickschat JS, Heider J, Bremer E. Strangers in the archaeal world: osmostress-responsive biosynthesis of Ectoine and hydroxyectoine by the marine thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus. Environ Microbiol. 2016;18(4):1227\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13156","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130016","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIORTECH.2023.130016","volume":"393","author":"P Kadam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kadam P, Khisti M, Ravishankar V, Barvkar V, Dhotre D, Sharma A, Shouche Y, Zinjarde S. Recent advances in production and applications of ectoine, a compatible solute of industrial relevance. Bioresour Technol. 2024;393:130016\u2013130016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIORTECH.2023.130016","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174204\/METRICS","volume":"37","author":"K Lippert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lippert K, Galinski EA. Enzyme stabilization be ectoine-type compatible solutes: protection against heating, freezing and drying. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1992;37(1):61\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00174204\/METRICS","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1021\/BP050294Y","volume":"22","author":"PE Cruz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cruz PE, Silva AC, Rold\u00e3o A, Carmo M, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Screening of novel excipients for improving the stability of retroviral and adenoviral vectors. Biotechnol Prog. 2006;22(2):568\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/BP050294Y","journal-title":"Biotechnol Prog"},{"issue":"21","key":"2024_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FEBSLET.2005.07.057","volume":"579","author":"M Kanapathipillai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanapathipillai M, Lentzen G, Sierks M, Park CB. Ectoine and hydroxyectoine inhibit aggregation and neurotoxicity of alzheimer\u2019s beta-amyloid. FEBS Lett. 2005;579(21):4775\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FEBSLET.2005.07.057","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2017.075","volume":"7","author":"N Bazazzadegan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bazazzadegan N, Shasaltaneh MD, Saliminejad K, Kamali K, Banan M, Nazari R, Riazi GH, Khorshid HRK. Effects of Ectoine on behavior and candidate genes expression in ICV-STZ rat model of sporadic alzheimer\u2019s disease. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017;7(4):629\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/apb.2017.075","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/S40487-018-0060-Z","volume":"6","author":"VA Dao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dao VA, Bilstein A, Overhagen S, G\u00e9czi L, Bar\u00e1th Z, M\u00f6sges R. Effectiveness, Tolerability, and safety of Ectoine-Containing mouthwash versus those of a calcium phosphate mouthwash for the treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced oral mucositis: A Prospective, Active-Controlled, Non-interventional study. Oncol Therapy. 2018;6(1):59\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40487-018-0060-Z","journal-title":"Oncol Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S115061","volume":"11","author":"K Unfried","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unfried K, Kr\u00e4mer U, Sydlik U, Autengruber A, Bilstein A, Stolz S, Marini A, Schikowski T, Keymel S, Krutmann J. Reduction of neutrophilic lung inflammation by inhalation of the compatible solute ectoine: a randomized trial with elderly individuals. Int J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2016;11(1):2573\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S115061","journal-title":"Int J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"key":"2024_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapidot A, Ben-Asher E, Eisenstein M. Tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives inhibit binding of a Tat-like, arginine-containing peptide, to HIV TAR RNA in vitro. FEBS 15586 FEBS Letters, 1995. 367: pp. 33\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00514-A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07441-z","volume":"2017 7","author":"S Meyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meyer S, Schr\u00f6ter MA, Hahn MB, Solomun T, Sturm H, Kunte HJ. Ectoine can enhance structural changes in DNA in vitro. Sci Rep. 2017;2017 7(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-07441-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00132211","volume":"41","author":"U Sydlik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sydlik U, Peuschel H, Paunel-Gorgulu A, Keymel S, Kramer U, Weissenberg A, Kroker M, Seghrouchni S, Heiss C, Windolf J, Bilstein A, Kelm M, Krutmann J, Unfried K. Recovery of neutrophil apoptosis by ectoine: a new strategy against lung inflammation. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(2):433\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00132211","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1159\/000080216","volume":"17","author":"J Buenger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buenger J, Driller H. Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature Photoaging. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;17(5):232\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000080216","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2024_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BEJ.2013.01.005","volume":"78","author":"CL Yao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yao CL, Lin YM, Mohamed MS, Chen JH. Inhibitory effect of Ectoine on melanogenesis in B16-F0 and A2058 melanoma cell lines. Biochem Eng J. 2013;78:163\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BEJ.2013.01.005","journal-title":"Biochem Eng J"},{"key":"2024_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen X, Lin N, Li JM, Liu H, Abu-Romman A, Yaman E, Bian F, de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Ectoine, from a natural bacteria protectant to a new treatment of dry eye disease. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS16020236","DOI":"10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS16020236"},{"key":"2024_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/176597","volume":"2014","author":"N Werkh\u00e4user","year":"2014","unstructured":"Werkh\u00e4user N, Bilstein A, Sonnemann U. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with Ectoine containing nasal spray and eye drops in comparison with azelastine containing nasal spray and eye drops or with Cromoglycic acid containing nasal spray. J Allergy. 2014;2014:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/176597","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"key":"2024_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/292545","volume":"2014","author":"A Eichel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eichel A, Bilstein A, Werkh\u00e4user N, M\u00f6sges R. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of Ectoine nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy. 2014;2014:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/292545","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/S00405-021-06916-0","volume":"279","author":"N Werkh\u00e4user","year":"2022","unstructured":"Werkh\u00e4user N, Bilstein A, Mahlstedt K, Sonnemann U. Observational study investigating Ectoin\u00ae rhinitis nasal spray as natural treatment option of acute rhinosinusitis compared to treatment with xylometazoline. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(3):1371\u20131371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00405-021-06916-0","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2024_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/273219","volume":"2014","author":"U Sonnemann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonnemann U, Scherner O, Werkh\u00e4user N. Treatment of rhinitis Sicca anterior with Ectoine containing nasal spray. J Allergy. 2014;2014:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/273219","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00395","volume":"17","author":"PK Nayak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nayak PK, Goode M, Chang DP, Rajagopal K. Ectoine and hydroxyectoine stabilize antibodies in Spray-Dried formulations at elevated temperature and during a Freeze\/Thaw process. Mol Pharm. 2020;17(9):3291\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00395","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2024_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng Y, Qiu M, Shao L, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Jiang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Strategies for the biological production of Ectoine by using different chassis strains. Biotechnol Adv. 2024;70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOTECHADV.2023.108306","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOTECHADV.2023.108306"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/S12223-023-01105-4","volume":"69","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Qiao D, Yuan T, Feng Y, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhang L. Biotechnological production of ectoine: current status and prospects. Folia Microbiol. 2024;69(2):247\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12223-023-01105-4","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"key":"2024_CR41","unstructured":"Hydroxyectoine |. CAS 165542-15-4 - Adipogen Life Sciences - Potent Compatible Solute for Protein Stabilization.Access date: 11 June 2024. https:\/\/adipogen.com\/ag-cn2-0392-hydroxyectoine.html\/https:\/\/adipogen.com\/ag-cn2-0392-hydroxyectoine.html\/"},{"issue":"49","key":"2024_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15212","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.JPCB.5B09506\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/MEDIUM\/JP-2015-09506T_0011.GIF","volume":"119","author":"MB Hahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hahn MB, Solomun T, Wellhausen R, Hermann S, Seitz H, Meyer S, Kunte HJ, Zeman J, Uhlig F, Smiatek J, Sturm H. Influence of the compatible solute Ectoine on the local water structure: implications for the binding of the protein G5P to DNA. J Phys Chem B. 2015;119(49):15212\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACS.JPCB.5B09506\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/MEDIUM\/JP-2015-09506T_0011.GIF","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"issue":"41","key":"2024_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28398","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP05417J","volume":"18","author":"MB Hahn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hahn MB, Uhlig F, Solomun T, Smiatek J, Sturm H. Combined influence of Ectoine and salt: spectroscopic and numerical evidence for compensating effects on aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016;18(41):28398\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C6CP05417J","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BPC.2011.09.007","volume":"160","author":"J Smiatek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smiatek J, Harishchandra RK, Rubner O, Galla HJ, Heuer A. Properties of compatible solutes in aqueous solution. Biophys Chem. 2012;160(1):62\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BPC.2011.09.007","journal-title":"Biophys Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"2024_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2019.1649484","volume":"117","author":"M Di Gioacchino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Gioacchino M, Bruni F, Sodo A, Imberti S, Ricci MA. Ectoine hydration, aggregation and influence on water structure. Mol Phys. 2019;117(22):3311\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00268976.2019.1649484","journal-title":"Mol Phys"},{"key":"2024_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panuszko A, Szymczak M, D\u0142u\u017cewska J, Godlewska J, Kuffel A, Bru\u017adziak P. Effect of Ectoine on hydration spheres of peptides-spectroscopic studies. Spectrochim Acta A. 2024;306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SAA.2023.123590","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SAA.2023.123590"},{"key":"2024_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casale M, Moffa A, Carbone S, Fraccaroli F, Costantino A, Sabatino L, Lopez MA, Baptista P, Cassano M, Rinaldi V. Topical ectoine: A promising molecule in the upper airways Inflammation-A systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/7150942","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7150942"},{"key":"2024_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parwata IP, Wahyuningrum D, Suhandono S, Hertadi R. Heterologous Ectoine production in Escherichia coli: optimization using response surface methodology. Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/5475361","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5475361"},{"key":"2024_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2017.03.123","volume":"152","author":"S Cantera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cantera S, Lebrero R, Rodr\u00edguez E, Garc\u00eda-Encina PA, Mu\u00f1oz R. Continuous abatement of methane coupled with Ectoine production by methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z in stirred tank reactors: A step further towards greenhouse gas biorefineries. J Clean Prod. 2017;152:134\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2017.03.123","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-02003-z","volume":"21","author":"L Jungmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jungmann L, Hoffmann SL, Lang C, De Agazio R, Becker J, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. High-efficiency production of 5-hydroxyectoine using metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact. 2022;21(1):274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-022-02003-z","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27952","volume":"119","author":"Q Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma Q, Xia L, Wu H, Zhuo M, Yang M, Zhang Y, Tan M, Zhao K, Sun Q, Xu Q, Chen N, Xie X. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient osmotic stress-free production of compatible solute hydroxyectoine. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2022;119(1):89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.27952","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"2024_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129803","volume":"390","author":"S Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu S, Zhang B, Chen W, Ye K, Shen J, Liu P, Wu J, Wang H, Chu X. Highly efficient production of Ectoine via an optimized combination of precursor metabolic modules in Escherichia coli BL21. Bioresour Technol. 2023;390:129803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129803","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"2024_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2024.02.010","volume":"82","author":"Q Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu Q, Sun S, Zhang Z, Liu W, Yi X, He H, Scrutton NS, Chen G-Q. Ectoine hyperproduction by engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis. Metab Eng. 2024;82:238\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymben.2024.02.010","journal-title":"Metab Eng"},{"key":"2024_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2024.04.003","volume":"388","author":"F Orhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orhan F, Ak\u0131nc\u0131o\u011flu A, Ceyran E. Ectoine production from a novel bacterial strain and high-purity purification with a cost-effective and single-step method. J Biotechnol. 2024;388:24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2024.04.003","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13197-0","volume":"108","author":"N Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang N, Liu M, Han J, Jiang M, Zeng Y, Liu Y, Xiang H, Zheng Y. Rational engineering of Halomonas Salifodinae to enhance hydroxyectoine production under lower-salt conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;108(1):353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-024-13197-0","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma Z, Wu C, Zhu L, Chang R, Ma W, Deng Y, Chen X. Bioactivity profiling of the extremolyte Ectoine as a promising protectant and its heterologous production. 3 Biotech. 2022;12(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13205-022-03370-5","DOI":"10.1007\/S13205-022-03370-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28222","volume":"119","author":"J Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu J, Wang Z, Wang J, Mohisn A, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Guo M. Physiological metabolic topology analysis of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T in response to sodium chloride stress. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2022;119(12):3509\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28222","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"2024_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101420","volume":"4","author":"I Guynn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guynn I, Beaver K, Gaffney E, Bonizol Zani A, Dantanarayana A. Salinivibrio sp. EAGSL as a halophilic and ectoine-producing bacteria for broad microbial electrochemistry applications. Cell Rep Phys Sci. 2023;4:101420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101420","journal-title":"Cell Rep Phys Sci"},{"key":"2024_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang-Lin E, Lebrero R, Cantera S. Continuous valorization of carbon dioxide into the fine chemical Ectoine by hydrogenovibrio marinus: A new strategy for pharmaceutical production. Volume 59. Environmental Science & Technology; 2025. pp. 5088\u201397. 1010.1021\/acs.est.4c12259.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12259"},{"key":"2024_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128753","volume":"374","author":"S Cantera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cantera S, Di Benedetto F, Tumulero BF, Sousa DZ. Microbial conversion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen into the fine chemicals hydroxyectoine and Ectoine. Bioresour Technol. 2023;374:128753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128753","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11020339","volume":"11","author":"HS Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng HS, Wan P-K, Kondo A, Chang J-S, Lan JC-W. Production and recovery of ectoine: A review of current state and future prospects. Processes. 2023;11(2):339.","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01567-6","volume":"20","author":"M Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu M, Liu H, Shi M, Jiang M, Li L, Zheng Y. Microbial production of Ectoine and hydroxyectoine as high-value chemicals. Microb Cell Fact. 2021;20(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-021-01567-6","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"2024_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.02.010","volume":"65","author":"J Becker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becker J, Wittmann C. Microbial production of extremolytes - high-value active ingredients for nutrition, health care, and well-being. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2020;65:118\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.02.010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JENVMAN.2016.07.064","volume":"182","author":"S Cantera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cantera S, Lebrero R, Sadornil L, Garc\u00eda-Encina PA, Mu\u00f1oz R. Valorization of CH4 emissions into high-added-value products: assessing the production of Ectoine coupled with CH4 abatement. J Environ Manage. 2016;182:160\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JENVMAN.2016.07.064","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"2024_CR65","unstructured":"Ectoin\u00ae. 2024.Access date: 04 June 2024. https:\/\/www.ectoin.net\/index.php\/EN\/fachkreise\/https:\/\/www.ectoin.net\/index.php\/EN\/fachkreise\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLINDERMATOL.2008.01.002","volume":"26","author":"R Graf","year":"2008","unstructured":"Graf R, Anzali S, Buenger J, Pfluecker F, Driller H. The multifunctional role of Ectoine as a natural cell protectant. Clin Dermatol. 2008;26(4):326\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CLINDERMATOL.2008.01.002","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2024_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSSYNBIO.4C00019","author":"Z Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma Z, Chang R, Zhu L, Zhu D, Deng Y, Guo X, Cheng Z, Chen X. Metabolic Eng Corynebacterium Glutamicum Highly Efficient Prod Ectoine ACS Synth Biology. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACSSYNBIO.4C00019","journal-title":"Metabolic Eng Corynebacterium Glutamicum Highly Efficient Prod Ectoine ACS Synth Biology"},{"key":"2024_CR68","unstructured":"Kolarsick PAJ, Ann M, Kolarsick, Goodwin C. Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin. 2006."},{"key":"2024_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benson HAE, Watkinson AC. Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery: Principles and Practice. Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery: Principles and Practice, 2012 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118140505","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118140505"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000103204","volume":"20","author":"U Heinrich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heinrich U, Garbe B, Tronnier H. Vivo assessment of ectoin: a randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;20(4):211\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000103204","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2024_CR71","unstructured":"ECMDB. : Ectoine (ECMDB21379) (M2MDB001775). Access date: 9 September 2024. https:\/\/ecmdb.ca\/compounds\/ECMDB21379"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540500455975","volume":"13","author":"MB Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown MB, Martin GP, Jones SA, Akomeah FK. Dermal and transdermal drug delivery systems: current and future prospects. Drug Delivery. 2006;13(3):175\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10717540500455975","journal-title":"Drug Delivery"},{"key":"2024_CR73","unstructured":"ChemSpider. Ectoine | C6H10N2O2. Access date: 06 June 2024. http:\/\/www.chemspider.com\/Chemical-Structure.670.html"},{"key":"2024_CR74","unstructured":"Allen. Ansel\u2019s pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. 10 ed. 2017, Filad\u00e9lfia, PA, USA."},{"key":"2024_CR75","unstructured":"Romanowski P, Schueller R. Beginning Cosmetic Chemistry Practical Knowledge for the Cosmetic Industry Third Edition Beginning Cosmetic Chemistry, Third Edition. 2009."},{"key":"2024_CR76","unstructured":"Solinea Ectokrem ingredients (Explained). Access date: 9 Sepetember 2024. https:\/\/incidecoder.com\/products\/solinea-ectokrem"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2024_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3121\/CMR.2017.1363","volume":"15","author":"S Purnamawati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Purnamawati S, Indrastuti N, Danarti R, Saefudin T. The role of moisturizers in addressing various kinds of dermatitis: A review. Clin Med Res. 2017;15(3\u20134):75\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3121\/CMR.2017.1363","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"2024_CR78","unstructured":"Harwood A, Nassereddin A, Krishnamurthy K. Moisturizers. StatPearls, 2024."},{"key":"2024_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Ohno Y, Kihara A. Whole picture of human stratum corneum ceramides, including the chain-length diversity of long-chain bases. J Lipid Res. 2022;63(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JLR.2022.100235","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JLR.2022.100235"},{"issue":"5\u2013s","key":"2024_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.22270\/JDDT.V10I5-S.4430","volume":"10","author":"L Chauhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chauhan L, Gupta S. Creams: A review on Classification, Preparation Methods, evaluation and its applications. J Drug Delivery Ther. 2020;10(5\u2013s):281\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22270\/JDDT.V10I5-S.4430","journal-title":"J Drug Delivery Ther"},{"key":"2024_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bujak T, Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok M, Nizio\u0142-\u0141ukaszewska Z. Complexes of Ectoine with the anionic surfactants as active ingredients of cleansing cosmetics with reduced irritating potential. Molecules. 2020;25(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/MOLECULES25061433","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES25061433"},{"key":"2024_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000351381","volume":"27","author":"A Marini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marini A, Reinelt K, Krutmann J, Bilstein A. Ectoine-Containing cream in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: A Randomised, Comparator-Controlled, Intra-Individual Double-Blind, Multi-Center trial. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27:57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000351381","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560902926106","volume":"10","author":"A Patrizi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patrizi A, Raone B, Neri I. Atopiclair. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(7):1223\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14656560902926106","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPEDS.2007.11.031","volume":"152","author":"M Boguniewicz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boguniewicz M, Zeichner JA, Eichenfield LF, Hebert AA, Jarratt M, Lucky AW, Paller AS. MAS063DP is effective monotherapy for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in infants and children: a multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. J Pediatr. 2008;152(6):854\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JPEDS.2007.11.031","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1399-3038.2008.00724.X","volume":"19","author":"A Patrizi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patrizi A, Capitanio B, Neri I, Giacomini F, Sinagra JL, Raone B, Berardesca E. A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MAS063DP (ATOPICLAIR) in the management of atopic dermatitis in paediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunology: Official Publication Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19(7):619\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1399-3038.2008.00724.X","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunology: Official Publication Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.17116\/KLINDERMA201918051583","volume":"18","author":"OV Trusova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trusova OV, Kamaev AV, Lyashenko NL, Makarova IV. Prospective open controlled study of 7% Ectoine cream in complex treatment of persistent skin lesions in children with atopic dermatitis. Klin Dermatologiya I Venerologiya. 2019;18(5):583\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17116\/KLINDERMA201918051583","journal-title":"Klin Dermatologiya I Venerologiya"},{"key":"2024_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello SAN, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC, Askarian-Amiri ME. Signaling pathways in melanogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS17071144","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS17071144"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-4362.2002.01335.X","volume":"41","author":"P Del Giudice","year":"2002","unstructured":"Del Giudice P, Yves P. The widespread use of skin lightening creams in senegal: a persistent public health problem in West Africa. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(2):69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1365-4362.2002.01335.X","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.142486","volume":"5","author":"VK Dey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dey VK. Misuse of topical corticosteroids: A clinical study of adverse effects. Indian Dermatology Online J. 2014;5(4):436\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2229-5178.142486","journal-title":"Indian Dermatology Online J"},{"key":"2024_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Kojic Acid as Used in Cosmetics.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1091581810385956, 2010. 29(6) DOI: 10.1177\/1091581810385956.","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581810385956"},{"key":"2024_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BCP.2019.04.015","volume":"164","author":"YC Hseu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hseu YC, Ho YG, Mathew DC, Yen HR, Chen XZ, Yang HL. The in vitro and in vivo depigmenting activity of coenzyme Q10 through the down-regulation of \u03b1-MSH signaling pathways and induction of Nrf2\/ARE-mediated antioxidant genes in UVA-irradiated skin keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;164:299\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BCP.2019.04.015","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hseu YC, Chen XZ, Gowrisankar YV, Yen HR, Chuang JY, Yang HL. The Skin-Whitening effects of Ectoine via the suppression of \u03b1-MSH-Stimulated melanogenesis and the activation of antioxidant Nrf2 pathways in UVA-Irradiated keratinocytes. Antioxid (Basel Switzerland). 2020;9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANTIOX9010063","DOI":"10.3390\/ANTIOX9010063"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/S00403-015-1554-2","volume":"307","author":"A G\u0119gotek","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u0119gotek A, Skrzydlewska E. The role of transcription factor Nrf2 in skin cells metabolism. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015;307(5):385\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00403-015-1554-2","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1755-148X.2007.00424.X","volume":"21","author":"L Marrot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marrot L, Jones C, Perez P, Meunier JR. The significance of Nrf2 pathway in (photo)-oxidative stress response in melanocytes and keratinocytes of the human epidermis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008;21(1):79\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1755-148X.2007.00424.X","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1164\/RCCM.200812-1911OC","volume":"180","author":"U Sydlik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sydlik U, Gallitz I, Albrecht C, Abel J, Krutmann J, Unfried K. The compatible solute Ectoine protects against nanoparticle-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(1):29\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/RCCM.200812-1911OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S8088","volume":"3","author":"RM Naclerio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naclerio RM, Bachert C, Baraniuk JN. Pathophysiology of nasal congestion. Int J Gen Med. 2010;3:47\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S8088","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14410","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-021-93769-6","volume":"11","author":"Q Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao Q, Bates AJ, Cetto R, Doorly DJ. The effect of decongestion on nasal airway patency and airflow. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14410\u201314410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41598-021-93769-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sutter Aim D, Driel DeckxL vML, SutterAim D, DrielMl v. Cochrane Library Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (Review). 2016 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009612.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009612.pub2"},{"key":"2024_CR99","unstructured":"Wahid NWB, Shermetaro C. Rhinitis Medicamentosa. StatPearls, 2023."},{"key":"2024_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Driel ML, Scheire S, Deckx L, Gevaert P, De Sutter A. What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2018;363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJ.K3786","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.K3786"},{"key":"2024_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salapatek AM, Werkh\u00e4user N, Ismail B, M\u00f6sges R, Raskopf E, Bilstein A. Effects of Ectoine containing nasal spray and eye drops on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin Translational Allergy. 2021;11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CLT2.12006","DOI":"10.1002\/CLT2.12006"},{"key":"2024_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Head K, Snidvongs K, Glew S, Scadding G, Schilder AGM, Philpott C, Hopkins C. Saline irrigation for allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2018(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012597.PUB2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012597.PUB2"},{"key":"2024_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160tanfel D, Kalogjera L, Ryazantsev SV, Hla\u010da K, Radtsig EY, Teimuraz R, Hraba\u010d P. The role of seawater and saline solutions in treatment of upper respiratory conditions. Mar Drugs. 2022;20(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/MD20050330","DOI":"10.3390\/MD20050330"},{"key":"2024_CR104","unstructured":"Xylometazoline. : Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online. Access date: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB06694"},{"key":"2024_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2012.09.005","volume":"130","author":"G Mortuaire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mortuaire G, De Gabory L, Fran\u00e7ois M, Mass\u00e9 G, Bloch F, Brion N, Jankowski R, Serrano E. Rebound congestion and rhinitis medicamentosa: nasal decongestants in clinical practice. Critical review of the literature by a medical panel. Eur Annals Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2013;130:137\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anorl.2012.09.005","journal-title":"Eur Annals Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"key":"2024_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Amin MM, Sayed S. Ocular drug delivery: a comprehensive review. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2023;24(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/S12249-023-02516-9","DOI":"10.1208\/S12249-023-02516-9"},{"key":"2024_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baranowski P, Karolewicz B, Gajda M, Pluta J. Ophthalmic drug dosage forms: characterisation and research methods. Sci World J. 2014;2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/861904","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/861904"},{"key":"2024_CR108","unstructured":"Package leaflet. Information for the patient Azelastine hydrochloride 0.5\u00a0mg\/ml Eye drops, solution (Azelastine hydrochloride)."},{"key":"2024_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103996","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JDDST.2022.103996","volume":"79","author":"N Vasdev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasdev N, Chaudhari N, Polaka S, Rajpoot K, Gondaliya P, Sayyed AA, Sengupta P, Tekade RK. Current progress in preservative-free topical ophthalmic formulations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;79:103996\u2013103996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JDDST.2022.103996","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1800417","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201800417","volume":"14","author":"G Gie\u00dfelmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gie\u00dfelmann G, Dietrich D, Jungmann L, Kohlstedt M, Jeon EJ, Yim SS, Sommer F, Zimmer D, M\u00fchlhaus T, Schroda M, Jeong KJ, Becker J, Wittmann C. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for High-Level Ectoine production: Design, combinatorial Assembly, and implementation of a transcriptionally balanced heterologous Ectoine pathway. Biotechnol J. 2019;14(9):e1800417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/biot.201800417","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2024_CR111","unstructured":"European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edition. 2011, english: Supplement 6\u2009+\u2009Supplement 7\u2009+\u2009Supplement 8. 1 ed. 2012, Stuttgart, Germany: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag."},{"issue":"7","key":"2024_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1167\/IOVS.05-1281","volume":"47","author":"CS De Paiva","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Paiva CS, Corrales RM, Villarreal AL, Farley W, Li DQ, Stern ME, Pflugfelder SC. Apical corneal barrier disruption in experimental murine dry eye is abrogated by Methylprednisolone and Doxycycline. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(7):2847\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/IOVS.05-1281","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2024_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KC Yoon, Park CS, You IC, Choi HJ, Lee KH, Im SK, Park HY, Pflugfelder SC. Expression of CXCL9, -10, -11, and CXCR3 in the tear film and ocular surface of patients with dry eye syndrome. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(2):643\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/IOVS.09-3425","DOI":"10.1167\/IOVS.09-3425"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.4.4.457","volume":"4","author":"A Enr\u00edquez-de-Salamanca","year":"2008","unstructured":"Enr\u00edquez-de-Salamanca A, Calonge M. Cytokines and chemokines in immune-based ocular surface inflammation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2008;4(4):457\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/1744666X.4.4.457","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S13479","volume":"4","author":"PB Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams PB, Crandall E, Sheppard JD. Azelastine hydrochloride, a dual-acting anti-inflammatory ophthalmic solution, for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4(1):993\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S13479","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1586\/ECI.09.38","volume":"5","author":"F Horak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horak F, Zieglmayer UP. Azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2009;5(6):659\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/ECI.09.38","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024_CR117","unstructured":"AG B. Dermatology. 2024.Access date: 04 June 2024. https:\/\/www.bitop.de\/en\/products\/medical-devices\/dermatology"},{"key":"2024_CR118","unstructured":"Jart D. Ceramidin\u2122 Ectoin\u00ae-Infused Cream. 2024.Access date: 13 October 2024. https:\/\/www.drjart.co.uk\/product\/28260\/115186\/shop-all\/ceramidintm-ectoin-infused-cream"},{"key":"2024_CR119","unstructured":"Edol. Rezimar\u00ae. 2024. Access date: 13 October 2024. https:\/\/edol.pt\/produto\/rezimar\/#rezimar-conteudo"},{"key":"2024_CR120","unstructured":"Edol Rezitop\u00ae. 2024.Access date: 13 October 2024. https:\/\/edol.pt\/produto\/rezitop\/"},{"key":"2024_CR121","unstructured":"Lda U. HYLO DUAL\u00ae - URSAPHARM Lda. 2024. Access date: 13 October 2024. https:\/\/ursapharm.pt\/todos-os-produtos\/os-olhos-secos\/hylo\/hylo-dual\/"},{"key":"2024_CR122","unstructured":"Vidisan\u00ae Alergia con Ectoin\u00ae | Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb. Access date: https:\/\/www.bausch.com.pt\/produtos\/saude-ocular\/alergia\/vidisanr-alergia-con-ectoinr\/"},{"key":"2024_CR123","unstructured":"Ectoine Market Share By, 2031 | 99 Pages Report. Access date: https:\/\/www.businessresearchinsights.com\/market-reports\/ectoine-market-100579"},{"key":"2024_CR124","unstructured":"Insights BR. Ectoine Market Size, Share, Growth, and Industry Analysis, By Type (No less than 99%, Below 99%), By Application (Skin Care Products, Others), Regional Insights and Forecast From 2025 To 2034. 2025, [cited 2025 Access date:08 October 2025]; Available from: https:\/\/www.businessresearchinsights.com\/market-reports\/ectoine-market-100579"},{"key":"2024_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bilstein A, Heinrich A, Rybachuk A, M\u00f6sges R. Ectoine in the Treatment of Irritations and Inflammations of the Eye Surface. BioMed Research International, 2021. 2021 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8885032","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8885032"},{"issue":"37","key":"2024_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25717","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP02860A","volume":"19","author":"MB Hahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hahn MB, Meyer S, Schr\u00f6ter M-A, Kunte H-J, Solomun T, Sturm H. DNA protection by Ectoine from ionizing radiation: molecular mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2017;19(37):25717\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7CP02860A","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"2024_CR127","unstructured":"Scheme AICI, NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT SCHEME (NICNAS). 4-Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-, (4S)- (INCI Name: Ectoin). 2017,. Access date: 02 October 2025. https:\/\/www.industrialchemicals.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/STD1613 Public Report PDF.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.22036\/PCR.2021.292404.1929","volume":"10","author":"NM Mahani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahani NM, Mostaghni F, Shafiekhani H. Density functional theory study of the reaction behavior histidine modified polyamidoamine dendrimer as nanocarrier for delivery of Ectoine drug. Phys Chem Res. 2022;10(2):225\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22036\/PCR.2021.292404.1929","journal-title":"Phys Chem Res"},{"key":"2024_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIORTECH.2013.05.004","volume":"142","author":"K Tanimura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tanimura K, Nakayama H, Tanaka T, Kondo A. Ectoine production from lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugars by engineered Halomonas elongata. Bioresour Technol. 2013;142:523\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIORTECH.2013.05.004","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"2024_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100851","volume":"30","author":"A Bozza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bozza A, Campi C, Garelli S, Ugazio E, Battaglia L. Current regulatory and market frameworks in green cosmetics: the role of certification. Sustainable Chem Pharm. 2022;30:100851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100851","journal-title":"Sustainable Chem Pharm"}],"container-title":["Drug Delivery and Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02024-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02024-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02024-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:41:11Z","timestamp":1768920071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02024-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-025-02024-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-393X","2190-3948"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-393X","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-3948","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}