{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T16:31:53Z","timestamp":1793550713077,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-026-02053-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:19:42Z","timestamp":1770484782000},"page":"3457-3476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microneedles self-implanting Astragalus polysaccharides-hybridized composite hydrogel combined with minoxidil to enhance in situ anti-androgenetic alopecia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulalan","family":"Abudureyimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nianping","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1427-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongtai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2053_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01880-x","volume":"83","author":"S Devjani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Devjani S, Ezemma O, Kelley KJ, Stratton E, Senna M. Androgenetic alopecia: therapy update. Drugs. 2023;83(8):701\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-023-01880-x.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2053_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111247","volume":"137","author":"D Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu D, Huang J, Li K, Chen Y, He Y, Sun Y, et al. Dihydrotestosterone-induced hair regrowth inhibition by activating androgen receptor in C57BL6 mice simulates androgenetic alopecia. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111247.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2023.2182618","volume":"34","author":"M Balasundaram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balasundaram M, Kumari R, Ramassamy S. Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma therapy versus topical minoxidil in men with moderate androgenetic alopecia: a randomized open-label trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2023;34(1):2182618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09546634.2023.2182618.","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2053_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05785.x","volume":"150","author":"AG Messenger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Messenger AG, Rundegren J. Minoxidil: mechanisms of action on hair growth. Br J Dermatol. 2024;150(2):186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05785.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2053_CR5","first-page":"190","volume":"69","author":"GC Gob\u00e9","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gob\u00e9 GC, Strutton GM. An experimental study evaluating the effect of minoxidil on the growth cycle of hair follicles. Acta Derm Venereol. 1989;69(3):190\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2053_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.019","volume":"84","author":"M Dastan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dastan M, Najafzadeh N, Abedelahi A, Sarvi M, Niapour A. Human platelet lysate versus minoxidil stimulates hair growth by activating anagen promoting signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;84:979\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.019.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15980","volume":"23","author":"N Mehta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehta N, Huang S, Dhura R, Wambier C, do Nascimento Fonesca D, Little S, et al. Minoxidil sulfotransferase enzymatical activity in plants: a novel paradigm in increasing minoxidil response in androgenetic alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23(1):339\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.15980.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2053_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12130","volume":"27","author":"J Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts J, Desai N, McCoy J, Goren A. Sulfotransferase activity in plucked hair follicles predicts response to topical minoxidil in the treatment of female androgenetic alopecia. Dermatol Ther. 2014;27(4):252\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dth.12130.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"2053_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e799","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16645","volume":"34","author":"PM Ramos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos PM, McCoy J, Wambier C, Shapiro J, Va\u00f1\u00f3-Galvan S, Sinclair R, et al. Novel topical booster enhances follicular sulfotransferase activity in patients with androgenetic alopecia: a new strategy to improve minoxidil response. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(12):e799-800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16645.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.12.003","volume":"21","author":"R Dhurat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhurat R, Daruwalla S, Pai S, Kovacevic M, McCoy J, Shapiro J, et al. SULT1A1 (Minoxidil Sulfotransferase) enzyme booster significantly improves response to topical minoxidil for hair regrowth. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(1):343\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.12.003.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2053_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02688-1","volume":"315","author":"P Abdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdi P, Awad C, Anthony MR, Farkouh C, Kenny B, Maibach HI, et al. Efficacy and safety of combinational therapy using topical minoxidil and microneedling for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023;315(10):2775\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00403-023-02688-1.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"2053_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3298378","volume":"2018","author":"DB Lew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lew DB, LeMessurier KS, Palipane M, Lin Y, Samarasinghe AE. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived mannan does not alter immune responses to Aspergillus allergens. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:3298378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3298378.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2053_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.121974","volume":"333","author":"K Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang K, Zhou Y, Li M, Chen Z, Wu Z, Ji W, et al. Structural elucidation and immunomodulatory activities in vitro of type I and II arabinogalactans from different origins of Astragalus membranaceus. Carbohydr Polym. 2024;333:121974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.121974.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2053_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121036","volume":"316","author":"Y Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai Y, Si Z, Jiang Y, Ye M, Wang F, Yang X, et al. Structure-activity relationship of low molecular weight Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides produced by Bacteroides. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;316:121036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121036.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2053_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112654","volume":"147","author":"Y Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du Y, Wan H, Huang P, Yang J, He Y. A critical review of astragalus polysaccharides: from therapeutic mechanisms to pharmaceutics. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;147:112654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112654.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2053_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1339406","volume":"15","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu S, Wang L, Zhang Z, Leng Y, Yang Y, Fu X, et al. The potential of astragalus polysaccharide for treating diabetes and its action mechanism. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1339406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1339406.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2053_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17800","volume":"27","author":"W Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du W, Hu J, Huang X, Wang Z, Zhou H, Yang Y, et al. Feasibility of repairing skin defects by VEGF165 gene-modified iPS-HFSCs seeded on a 3D printed scaffold containing astragalus polysaccharide. J Cell Mol Med. 2023;27(15):2136\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.17800.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2053_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-5725.2013.11.011","volume":"29","author":"PC Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu PC, Huang J, Zhou D, Chen XY, Liu W. Regulatory effect of astraglus polysaccharide on proliferation of follicle stem cells and mRNA expression of its specific marker: K19 and \u03b21 integrin. J Pract Med. 2013;29(11):1747\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1006-5725.2013.11.011.","journal-title":"J Pract Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2053_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.08.024","volume":"114","author":"YW Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang YW, Wu CY, Cheng JT. Merit of astragalus polysaccharide in the improvement of early diabetic nephropathy with an effect on mRNA expressions of NF-kappaB and IkappaB in renal cortex of streptozotoxin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):387\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2007.08.024.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2053_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6705","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S434196","volume":"18","author":"B Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang B, Wu X, Zeng J, Song J, Qi T, Yang Y, et al. A Multi-component nano-co-delivery system utilizing astragalus polysaccharides as carriers for improving biopharmaceutical properties of astragalus flavonoids. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023;18:6705\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S434196.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"16","key":"2053_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00262","volume":"55","author":"K Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li K, Yang J, Gu J. Hierarchically porous MOFs synthesized by soft-template strategies. Acc Chem Res. 2022;55(16):2235\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00262.","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"2053_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.06.028","volume":"360","author":"X Zhai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhai X, Chen K, Wei X, Zhang H, Yang H, Jiao K, et al. Microneedle\/CD-MOF-mediated transdural controlled release of methylprednisolone sodium succinate after spinal cord injury. J Control Release. 2023;360:236\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.06.028.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2053_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119507","volume":"291","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Guo T, Ren X, Yang T, Zhang K, Guo Y, et al. Efficient capture and stabilization of iodine via gas-solid reaction using cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;291:119507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119507.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"issue":"39","key":"2053_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401094","volume":"36","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun Y, Ding SL, Zhao X, Sun D, Yang Y, Chen M, et al. Self-reinforced MOF-based nanogel alleviates osteoarthritis by long-acting drug release. Adv Mater. 2024;36(39):e2401094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202401094.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2053_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123605","volume":"403","author":"RM Rego","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rego RM, Kuriya G, Kurkuri MD, Kigga M. MOF based engineered materials in water remediation: recent trends. J Hazard Mater. 2021;403:123605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123605.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"12","key":"2053_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100056","volume":"10","author":"S Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao S, Chi J, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Wang Y. Zn-MOF encapsulated antibacterial and degradable microneedles array for promoting wound healing. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10(12):e2100056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202100056.","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02555-9","volume":"22","author":"Q Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo Q, Yang Y, Ho C, Li Z, Chiu W, Li A, et al. Dynamic hydrogel-metal-organic framework system promotes bone regeneration in periodontitis through controlled drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22(1):287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-024-02555-9.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"2053_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117123","volume":"252","author":"S Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang S, Chi K, Xu H, Yong Q, Yang J, Catchmark JM. A covalently cross-linked hyaluronic acid\/bacterial cellulose composite hydrogel for potential biological applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2021;252:117123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117123.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2053_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121611","volume":"286","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang T, Li Y, Liu J, Fang Y, Guo W, Liu Y, et al. Intraarticularly injectable silk hydrogel microspheres with enhanced mechanical and structural stability to attenuate osteoarthritis. Biomaterials. 2022;286:121611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121611.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2053_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.04.020","volume":"38","author":"YW Ding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding YW, Li Y, Zhang ZW, Dao JW, Wei DX. Hydrogel forming microneedles loaded with VEGF and Ritlecitinib\/polyhydroxyalkanoates nanoparticles for mini-invasive androgenetic alopecia treatment. Bioact Mater. 2024;38:95\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.04.020.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"11","key":"2053_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.84118","volume":"13","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Y, Wang P, Gong Y, Yu Z, Gan Y, Li P, et al. Curcumin-zinc framework encapsulated microneedle patch for promoting hair growth. Theranostics. 2023;13(11):3675\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.84118.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"19","key":"2053_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200908","volume":"11","author":"Y Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Y, Zhao J, Li H, Yu M, Zhang W, Qin D, et al. A drug-free, hair follicle cycling regulatable, separable, antibacterial microneedle patch for hair regeneration therapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2022;11(19):e2200908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202200908.","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"2053_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.02.011","volume":"143","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim MJ, Seong KY, Kim DS, Jeong JS, Kim SY, Lee S, et al. Minoxidil-loaded hyaluronic acid dissolving microneedles to alleviate hair loss in an alopecia animal model. Acta Biomater. 2022;143:189\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.02.011.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"2053_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.10.016","volume":"172","author":"JH Tay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tay JH, Lim YH, Zheng M, Zhao Y, Tan WS, Xu C, et al. Development of hyaluronic acid-silica composites via in situ precipitation for improved penetration efficiency in fast-dissolving microneedle systems. Acta Biomater. 2023;172:175\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.10.016.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201293","volume":"7","author":"R Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang R, Zhong T, Bian Q, Zhang S, Ma X, Li L, et al. PROTAC degraders of androgen receptor-integrated dissolving microneedles for androgenetic alopecia and recrudescence treatment via single topical administration. Small Methods. 2023;7(1):e2201293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smtd.202201293.","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2053_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.900078","volume":"41","author":"A Lopedota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Denora N, Laquintana V, Lopalco A, Selva S, et al. New ethanol and propylene glycol free gel formulations containing a minoxidil-methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin complex as promising tools for alopecia treatment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2015;41(5):728\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/03639045.2014.900078.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.029","volume":"514","author":"B Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu B, Li H, Xu X, Li X, Lv N, Singh V, et al. Optimized synthesis and crystalline stability of \u03b3-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks for drug adsorption. Int J Pharm. 2016;514(1):212\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.029.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2053_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.02.035","volume":"102","author":"QZ Zeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng QZ, Ouyang J, Zhang S, Zhang L. Structural characterization and dissolution profile of mycophenolic acid cocrystals. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;102:140\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.02.035.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2053_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122255","volume":"1152","author":"K Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li K, Li S, Du Y, Qin X. Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2020;1152:122255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122255.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"2053_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.037","volume":"123","author":"CY Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li CY, Chen HY, Liu WP, Rui W. Multi-fingerprint profiling combined with chemometric methods for investigating the quality of Astragalus polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;123:766\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.037.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.595692","volume":"11","author":"K Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li K, Cui LJ, Cao YX, Li SY, Shi LX, Qin XM, et al. UHPLC Q-Exactive MS-based serum metabolomics to explore the effect mechanisms of immunological activity of astragalus polysaccharides with different molecular weights. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:595692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2020.595692.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2053_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118081","volume":"265","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Ye Y, Hu X, Wang J. Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharide from the lignified okra. Carbohydr Polym. 2021;265:118081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118081.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2053_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124386","volume":"241","author":"G Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen G, Jiang N, Zheng J, Hu H, Yang H, Lin A, et al. Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;241:124386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124386.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.257","volume":"225","author":"Y Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Wang S, Yang J, Ismael M, et al. Purification, structural characterization and antioxidant activities of two neutral polysaccharides from persimmon peel. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;225:241\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.257.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.016","volume":"210","author":"M Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou M, Hu X, Wang Y, Wang J, Tang F, Liu Y. Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of a pectin polysaccharide HBHP-3 from Houttuynia cordata. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;210:161\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.11.006","volume":"157","author":"P Maity","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maity P, Nandi AK, Manna DK, Pattanayak M, Sen IK, Bhanja SK, et al. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a glucan from Meripilus giganteus. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;157:1237\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.11.006.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2053_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Souza RO, Assreuy AMJC, Madeira, Chagas FD, Parreiras LA, Santos GR, et al. Purified polysaccharides of Geoffroea spinosa barks have anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities devoid of hemorrhagic risks. CarbohydrPolym. 2015;124 :208\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.01.069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.01.069"},{"key":"2053_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.177","volume":"175","author":"DF de Araujo","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Araujo DF, Madeira JDC, Cunha AP, Ricardo NMPS, Bezerra FF, Mour\u00e3o PAS, et al. Structural characterization of anticoagulant and antithrombotic polysaccharides isolated from Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;175:147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.177.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fo01921a","volume":"9","author":"C Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu C, Qin N, Yan C, Wang S. Isolation, purification, characterization and bioactivities of a glucan from the root of Pueraria lobata. Food Funct. 2018;9:2644\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7fo01921a.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2053_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.030","volume":"161","author":"H Aburas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aburas H, \u0130spirli H, Taylan O, Yilmaz MT, Dertli E. Structural and physicochemical characterisation and antioxidant activity of an \u03b1-D-glucan produced by sourdough isolate Weissellacibaria MED17. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;161:648\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.030.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118081","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Ye Y, Hu X, Wang J. Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharide from the lignified okra. Carbohydr Polym. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118081.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2053_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.044","volume":"209","author":"WN Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang WN, Su RN, Gong LL, Yang WW, Chen J, Yang R, et al. Structural characterization and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a glucan from Euryale ferox Salisb. seeds. Carbohydr Polym. 2019;209:363\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.044.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2053_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121611","volume":"286","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang T, Li Y, Liu J, Fang Y, Guo W, Liu Y, et al. Intraarticularly injectable silk hydrogel microspheres with enhanced mechanical and structural stability to attenuate osteoarthritis. Biomaterials. 2022;286:121611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121611.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c01052","volume":"24","author":"Y Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo Y, Li G, Chen L, Hong FF. Preparation and evaluation of bacterial nanocellulose\/hyaluronic acid composite artificial cornea for application of corneal transplantation. Biomacromol. 2023;24(1):201\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c01052.","journal-title":"Biomacromol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2053_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142050","volume":"308","author":"BS Akgun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akgun BS, Bostan MS, Un I, Sadak AE, Bahadori F, Eroglu MS. Physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterization of hyaluronic acid hydrogels crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE). Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;308(Pt 2):142050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142050.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124236","volume":"239","author":"C Min","year":"2023","unstructured":"Min C, Zhang C, Cao Y, Li H, Pu H, Huang J, et al. Rheological, textural, and water-immobilizing properties of mung bean starch and flaxseed protein composite gels as potential dysphagia food: the effect of Astragalus polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;239:124236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124236.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2053_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.233","volume":"141","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Fan D. Novel hyaluronic acid-tyrosine\/collagen-based injectable hydrogels as soft filler for tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;141:700\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.233.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2053_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2369-6","volume":"35","author":"HX Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen HX, Banga AK. Delivery of methotrexate and characterization of skin treated by fabricated PLGA microneedles and fractional ablative laser. Pharm Res. 2018;35(3):68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-018-2369-6.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-023-00798-w","volume":"14","author":"Q Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Q, Cheng W, Wei J, Ou Y, Xiao X, Jia Y. Synergist for antitumor therapy: astragalus polysaccharides acting on immune microenvironment. Discov Oncol. 2023;14(1):179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-023-00798-w.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"2053_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.002","volume":"64","author":"M Jin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jin M, Zhao K, Huang Q, Shang P. Structural features and biological activities of the polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;64:257\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.002.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0331","volume":"93","author":"X Pu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pu X, Fan W, Yu S, Li Y, Ma X, Liu L, et al. Polysaccharides from Angelica and Astragalus exert hepatoprotective effects against carbon-tetrachloride-induced intoxication in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2015;93(1):39\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0331.","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2053_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.045","volume":"348","author":"Z Sartawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sartawi Z, Blackshields C, Faisal W. Dissolving microneedles: applications and growing therapeutic potential. J Control Release. 2022;348:186\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.045.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2053_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.04.003","volume":"27","author":"S Lyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyu S, Dong Z, Xu X, Bei HP, Yuen HY, James Cheung CW, et al. Going below and beyond the surface: microneedle structure, materials, drugs, fabrication, and applications for wound healing and tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater. 2023;27:303\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.04.003.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"17","key":"2053_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202002255","volume":"10","author":"H Teymourian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teymourian H, Tehrani F, Mahato K, Wang J. Lab under the skin: microneedle based wearable devices. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10(17):e2002255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202002255.","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"2053_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2021.07.002","volume":"17","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang L, Yang Y, Chen H, Mei L, Zeng X. Polymeric microneedle-mediated sustained release systems: design strategies and promising applications for drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2022;17(1):70\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajps.2021.07.002.","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"}],"container-title":["Drug Delivery and Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02053-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02053-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02053-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:57:16Z","timestamp":1788353836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02053-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02053-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-393X","2190-3948"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-393X","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-3948","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All the animal experiments were conducted in strict compliance with the National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM2303160002).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors agreed with the journal policy and provided our consent for the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}