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Res."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To address the hyper-inflammation associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, we evaluated the efficacy of inhalable Nano into Micro (NiM) formulations carrying a repurposed anti-inflammatory agent, i.e. Iloprost (ILO), a prostacyclin analogue. Nasal epithelial brushings were obtained from 15 individuals with CF bearing at least one\n                    <jats:italic>F508del<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation. The isolated cells were expanded using the conditional reprogramming culture method and subsequently differentiated into a mucociliary epithelium at air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) cultures capable of producing endogenous mucus. ALI cultures were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), either alone or in combination with NiM formulations \u2013 entrapping pegylated or non-pegylated nanoparticles \u2013 carrying ILO (named NiM-PEG-ILO and NiM-ILO, respectively). The treatment with NiM-PEG-ILO significantly reduced mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1\u03b2 compared to LPS stimulation alone. Furthermore, a marked downregulation of miR-145, miR-146a, and miR-17 levels was observed relative to the LPS-only group. Cytofluorimetry analysis carried out by using NiM samples entrapping fluorescent pegylated and unpegylated nanoparticles loaded with ILO showed that both nanoparticles NiM formulations were internalized by cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that inhalable NiM-based formulations delivery system loaded with ILO can efficiently attenuate inflammation in a pre-clinical model of human airway epithelium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-026-02101-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T17:20:57Z","timestamp":1774113657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iloprost-loaded inhalable Nano into Micro (NiM) formulations for treating hyper-inflammation in a pre-clinical model of cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Annalucia","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piera","family":"Soccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuela F.","family":"Craparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Vitullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Bonsignore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Tondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Scialabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namra","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sobhan","family":"Jahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore Emanuele","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sante","family":"Di Gioia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Lacedonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gennara","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Conese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04190-9","volume":"79","author":"G Blacona","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blacona G, et al. 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