{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:11:10Z","timestamp":1776701470131,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GENESIS- ATI cod. T3-AN-11."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GENESIS- ATI cod. T3-AN-11."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR M4.C2.1.1\u20142022CLLMCP_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR M4.C2.1.1\u20142022CLLMCP_002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the oral cavity, for which the therapeutic gold standard consists of the topical administration of corticosteroids, such as clobetasol-17-propionate (CLB). Nowadays, there are no commercially available pharmaceuticals intended for CLB delivery within the oral cavity. Then, in clinical practice, the drug is administered via magistral galenic preparations, formulated as adhesive semisolids. As they possess numerous drawbacks (e.g., limited contact time, poor patients\u2019 compliance, inaccurate dosing), the research is still focused on the development of suitable solid buccal drug delivery systems (BDDS). This work aims to: i) combine buccal film and lipid microsystem technologies, thus yielding an innovative composite BDDS and ii) preliminary assess its in vivo effectiveness. Solid Lipid Microparticles containing CLB were designed to possess a softening temperature close to body temperature, thereby facilitating the release of the drug in molecular form by fusion once applied. This lipid matrix, being tissue-affine, may also act as a penetration enhancer. Composite buccal films were then developed to facilitate microparticles administration, converting this powder into a solid mucoadhesive formulation. These Solid Lipid Microparticles-into-Film composites (SiF-composites) resulted homogeneous, highly mucoadhesive and capable of promoting CLB accumulation within the buccal mucosa. The best formulation was subjected to a pilot in vivo evaluation (5 patients per group receiving the SiF-composite or 0.05% CLB in Orafix) resulting in treatment adherence and a reduction in Thongprasom et al. scoring. The preliminary results obtained were extremely promising, thus suggest confirmation through a further larger, randomized double blind clinical trial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-026-02122-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:13:05Z","timestamp":1776697985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Solid lipid microparticles-into-film delivering clobetasol: from buccal formulation design to pilot clinical study in patients with oral lichen planus"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Di Prima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Mauceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Coppini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"La Mantia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Mauceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2122_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.07.199","volume":"46","author":"C Scully","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scully C, Carrozzo M. Oral mucosal disease: lichen planus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;46:15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.07.199.","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2122_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.01.045","volume":"408","author":"GA Buchanan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buchanan GA, Hayton AG, MacGregor J. Comment on urban et al. \u201cAssessment of human health risks posed by consumption of fish from the Lower Passaic River (LPR), New Jersey\u201d (2009, 10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.03.004). Sci Total Environ. 2010;408:2002\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.01.045.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2122_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2010.09.004","volume":"44","author":"P Parashar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parashar P. Oral lichen planus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2011;44:89\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2010.09.004.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2122_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/PRD.12260","volume":"80","author":"M Carrozzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carrozzo M, Porter S, Mercadante V, Fedele S. Oral lichen planus: a disease or a spectrum of tissue reactions? Types, causes, diagnostic algorhythms, prognosis, management strategies. Periodontol 2000. 2019;80:105\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/PRD.12260.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"2122_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001168","author":"ES Chan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chan ES, Thornhill M, Zakrzewska JJ. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001168.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2122_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.17219\/DMP\/156167","volume":"61","author":"H Mortazavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mortazavi H, Amid R, Moscowchi A, Yousefi-Koma AA, Yousefi-Koma H. Differential diagnosis and treatment protocols for desquamative gingivitis: a systematic review. Dent Med Probl. 2024;61:747\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/DMP\/156167.","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"key":"2122_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMED.2024.1391754","author":"T Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng T, Liu CY, Wang YT, Zhou R, Wu D, Tan J, et al. Efficacy and safety of topical clobetasol propionate in comparison with alternative treatments in oral lichen planus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMED.2024.1391754.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2122_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00784-024-05943-5","author":"FMM Schroeder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schroeder FMM, Pedra\u00e7a ES, Palma VM, Carrard VC, Martins MAT, Maito FLDM, et al. Topical tacrolimus orabase versus topical clobetasol propionate orabase in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a pilot randomized study. Clin Oral Investig. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00784-024-05943-5.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2122_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ODI.70042","author":"ME Mauceri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mauceri ME, Coppini M, De Caro V, Di Prima G, Mauceri R, Panzarella V, et al. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems for oral chronic inflammatory mucosal diseases. The future is already present. A systematic review. Oral Dis. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ODI.70042.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"2122_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.07.014","volume":"76","author":"F Cilurzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cilurzo F, Gennari CGM, Selmin F, Epstein JB, Gaeta GM, Colella G, et al. A new mucoadhesive dosage form for the management of oral lichen planus: formulation study and clinical study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;76:437\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.07.014.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"2122_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/JOP.13270","volume":"51","author":"MT Brennan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brennan MT, Madsen LS, Saunders DP, Napenas JJ, McCreary C, Ni Riordain R, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel mucoadhesive clobetasol patch for treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. J Oral Pathol Med. 2022;51:86\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JOP.13270.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"2122_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123214","author":"GF Racaniello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Racaniello GF, Pistone M, Meazzini C, Lopedota A, Arduino I, Rizzi R, et al. 3D printed mucoadhesive orodispersible films manufactured by direct powder extrusion for personalized clobetasol propionate based paediatric therapies. Int J Pharm. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123214.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2122_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.012","volume":"114","author":"Y Sudhakar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sudhakar Y, Kuotsu K, Bandyopadhyay AK. Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery\u2013a promising option for orally less efficient drugs. J Control Release. 2006;114:15\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.012.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2122_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS15020637","author":"S He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He S, Mu H. Microenvironmental pH modification in buccal\/sublingual dosage forms for systemic drug delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS15020637.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2122_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MEMBRANES12111169","author":"V De Caro","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Caro V, Angellotti G, D\u2019Agostino F, Di Prima G. Buccal thin films as potent permeation enhancers for cytisine transbuccal delivery. Membranes (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/MEMBRANES12111169.","journal-title":"Membranes (Basel)"},{"key":"2122_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.40330","volume":"70","author":"M Semalty","year":"2008","unstructured":"Semalty M, Semalty A, Kumar G. Formulation and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal films of glipizide. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0250-474X.40330.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2122_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.07.014","volume":"511","author":"E Marxen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marxen E, Axelsen MC, Pedersen AML, Jacobsen J. Effect of cryoprotectants for maintaining drug permeability barriers in porcine buccal mucosa. Int J Pharm. 2016;511:599\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.07.014.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2122_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1002\/JPS.20409","volume":"94","author":"ID Del Consuelo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Del Consuelo ID, Pizzolato GP, Falson F, Guy RH, Jacques Y. Evaluation of pig esophageal mucosa as a permeability barrier model for buccal tissue. J Pharm Sci. 2005;94:2777\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPS.20409.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2122_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.03.022","volume":"429","author":"V De Caro","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Caro V, Giandalia G, Siragusa MG, Sutera FM, Giannola LI. New prospective in treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: studies on permeation of ropinirole through buccal mucosa. Int J Pharm. 2012;429:78\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.03.022.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2122_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001664","volume":"60","author":"JA Teresi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teresi JA, Yu X, Stewart AL, Hays RD. Guidelines for designing and evaluating feasibility pilot studies. Med Care. 2022;60:95\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001664.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2122_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1600-0714.1992.TB00974.X","volume":"21","author":"K Thongprasom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thongprasom K, Luangjarmekorn L, Sererat T, Taweesap W. Relative efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide compared with triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 1992;21:456\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1600-0714.1992.TB00974.X.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"2122_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1111\/ODI.14447","volume":"29","author":"SP Unnikrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unnikrishnan SP, Rampersaud E, Mcgee A, Cruickshank ME, Abu-Eid R, Hijazi K. Disease severity scoring systems in mucosal lichen planus: a systematic review. Oral Dis. 2023;29:3136\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ODI.14447.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"2122_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2133.2004.05943.X","volume":"150","author":"G Campisi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Campisi G, Giandalia G, De Caro V, Di Liberto C, Aric\u00f2 P, Giannola LI. A new delivery system of clobetasol-17-propionate (lipid-loaded microspheres 0.025%) compared with a conventional formulation (lipophilic ointment in a hydrophilic phase 0.025%) in topical treatment of atrophic\/erosive oral lichen planus. A phase IV, ran\u2026. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:984\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1365-2133.2004.05943.X.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2122_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS13091361","author":"V De Caro","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Caro V, Giannola LI, Di Prima G. Solid and semisolid innovative formulations containing miconazole-loaded solid lipid microparticles to promote drug entrapment into the buccal mucosa. Pharmaceutics. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS13091361.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2122_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3390\/powders3020015","volume":"3","author":"J Brubaker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brubaker J, Moghtadernejad S. A comprehensive review of the rheological properties of powders in pharmaceuticals. Powders. 2024;3(2):233\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/powders3020015.","journal-title":"Powders"},{"key":"2122_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/FOODS10061362","volume":"10","author":"P Subramanian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Subramanian P, Subramanian P. Mucoadhesive delivery system: a smart way to improve bioavailability of nutraceuticals. Foods. 2021;10:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/FOODS10061362.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2122_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.04.018","volume":"113","author":"AM Pestana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pestana AM, Calixto GMF, Bezerra AAC, de Morais Ribeiro LN, da Costa AC, Moraes \u00c2M, et al. Analysis of key factors for evaluating mucosal adhesion using swine buccal tissue. J Pharm Sci. 2024;113:2413\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.04.018.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2122_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1002\/JPS.24010","volume":"103","author":"E Meng-Lund","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meng-Lund E, Marxen E, Pedersen AML, M\u00fcllertz A, Hyrup B, Holm R, et al. Ex vivo correlation of the permeability of metoprolol across human and porcine buccal mucosa. J Pharm Sci. 2014;103:2053\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPS.24010.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2122_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EJPS.2019.105142","volume":"142","author":"JF Alopaeus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alopaeus JF, Hellfritzsch M, Gutowski T, Scherlie\u00df R, Almeida A, Sarmento B, et al. Mucoadhesive buccal films based on a graft co-polymer \u2013 a mucin-retentive hydrogel scaffold. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020;142:105142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EJPS.2019.105142.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2122_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/POLYM14235146","author":"L M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller L, Rosenbaum C, Krause J, Weitschies W. Characterization of an in vitro\/ex vivo mucoadhesiveness measurement method of PVA films. Polymers. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/POLYM14235146.","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2122_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010035","volume":"11","author":"V De Caro","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Caro V, Murgia D, Seidita F, Bologna E, Alotta G, Zingales M, et al. Enhanced in situ availability of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae constituents entrapped in buccal films for the treatment of oxidative stress-related oral diseases: biomechanical characterization and in vitro\/ex vivo evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010035.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2122_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1202-1","author":"G Di Prima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Prima G, Conigliaro A, De Caro V. Mucoadhesive polymeric films to enhance barbaloin penetration into buccal mucosa: a novel approach to chemoprevention. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/s12249-018-1202-1.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2122_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Popov VL. Adhesion hysteresis due to chemical heterogeneity. Springer Tracts Mech Eng 2021;473\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-60124-9_20\/FIGURES\/6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60124-9_20\/FIGURES\/6"},{"key":"2122_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.03.008","volume":"144","author":"DS Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones DS, Laverty TP, Morris C, Andrews GP. Statistical modelling of the rheological and mucoadhesive properties of aqueous poly(methylvinylether-co-maleic acid) networks: redefining biomedical applications and the relationship between viscoelasticity and mucoadhesion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2016;144:125\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.03.008.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"2122_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10617","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.MACROMOL.1C01182","volume":"54","author":"G Raos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raos G, Zappone B. Polymer adhesion: seeking new solutions for an old problem#. Macromolecules. 2021;54:10617\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACS.MACROMOL.1C01182.","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2122_CR36","first-page":"226","volume":"37","author":"LM Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen LM, Wang B, Zhou YF, Wu MH. Chemical stability of the aqueous clobetasol propionate solution. J China Pharm Univ. 2006;37:226\u20139.","journal-title":"J China Pharm Univ"}],"container-title":["Drug Delivery and Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02122-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02122-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02122-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:13:07Z","timestamp":1776697987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02122-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["2122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-026-02122-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-393X","2190-3948"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-393X","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-3948","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}