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Donnelly is an inventor on patents related to hydrogel-forming microneedles, which have been licensed to several companies, and is a paid advisor to one company developing hydrogel-forming microneedle-based products. Ryan F. Donnelly and Qonita Kurnia Anjani are also applicants on a patent application in 2025 relating to hydrogel-forming microneedles. These potential conflicts of interest have been fully disclosed and are managed by Queen\u2019s University Belfast. The companies had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis or interpretation, manuscript preparation, or the decision to publish. All other authors declare that they have no competing financial or non-financial interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}