{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:49:25Z","timestamp":1789674565734,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T12:02:40Z","timestamp":1327924960000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Human polyomavirus JC reactivation and pathogenetic mechanisms of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and cancer in the era of monoclonal antibody therapies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Bellizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Nardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Anzivino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Rod\u00eco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Fioriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mischitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Chiarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Pietropaolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"80_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.3.3.435","volume":"3","author":"E Andreakos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andreakos E (2003) Targeting cytokines in autoimmunity: new approaches, new promise. Expert Opin Biol Ther 3:435\u2013447","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"80_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/81.1.93","volume":"81","author":"KE \u00c5str\u00f6m","year":"1958","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m KE, Mancall EL, Richardson EP Jr (1958) Progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy; a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkin\u2019s disease. Brain 81:93\u2013111","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"80_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22146","volume":"224","author":"A Bellizzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bellizzi A, Barucca V, Fioriti D, Colosimo MT, Mischitelli M, Anzivino E, Chiarini F, Pietropaolo V (2010) Early years of biological agents therapy in Crohn\u2019s disease and risk of the human polyomavirus JC reactivation. J Cell Physiol 224:316\u2013326","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"80_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-011-0036-3","volume":"17","author":"A Bellizzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bellizzi A, Anzivino E, Ferrari F, Di Nardo G, Colosimo MT, Fioriti D, Mischitelli M, Chiarini F, Cucchiara S, Pietropaolo V (2011) Polyomavirus JC reactivation and noncoding control region sequence analysis in pediatric Crohn\u2019s disease patients treated with infliximab. J Neurovirol 17:303\u2013313","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"80_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2165\/11537510-000000000-00000","volume":"33","author":"JR Berger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berger JR (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and newer biological agents. Drug Saf 33:969\u2013983","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"80_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210576","volume":"26","author":"R Bhattacharyya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya R, Noch EK, Khalili K (2007) A novel role of Rac1 GTPase in JCV T-antigen-mediated beta-catenin stabilization. Oncogene 26:7628\u20137636","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"80_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0571","volume":"17","author":"AN Burnett-Hartman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burnett-Hartman AN, Newcomb PA, Potter JD (2008) Infectious agents and colorectal cancer: a review of Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus bovis, JC virus, and human papillomavirus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:2970\u20132979","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"80_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70161-5","volume":"10","author":"KR Carson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carson KR, Focosi D, Major EO, Petrini M, Richey EA, West DP, Bennett CL (2009a) Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a Review from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. Lancet Oncol 10:816\u2013824","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"80_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-186999","volume":"113","author":"KR Carson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, Habermann TM, Focosi D, Seymour JF, Laubach J, Bawn SD, Gordon LI, Winter JN, Furman RR, Vose JM, Zelenetz AD, Mamtani R, Raisch DW, Dorshimer GW, Rosen ST, Muro K, Gottardi-Littell NR, Talley RL, Sartor O, Green D, Major EO, Bennett CL (2009b) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood 113:4834\u20134840","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"80_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-5-18","volume":"5","author":"PA Chan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chan PA, Wakeman SE, Flanigan T, Cu-Uvin S, Kojic E, Kantor R (2008) HIV-2 diagnosis and quantification in high-risk patients. AIDS Res Ther 5:18","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"80_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1086\/653823","volume":"202","author":"ML Chapagain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chapagain ML, Nerurkar VR (2010) Human polyomavirus JC [JCV] infection of human B lymphocytes: a possible mechanism for JCV transmigration across the blood\u2013brain barrier. J Infect Dis 202:184\u2013191","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"80_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70028-4","volume":"9","author":"DB Clifford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clifford DB, De Luca A, Simpson DM, Arendt G, Giovannoni G, Nath A (2010) Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol 9:438\u2013446","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"80_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-42","volume":"7","author":"TR Coelho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coelho TR, Almeida L, Lazo PA (2010) JC virus in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, an etiological agent or another component in a multistep process? Virol J 7:42","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"80_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.06.029","volume":"180","author":"AH Cross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cross AH, Stark JL, Lauber J, Ramsbottom MJ, Lyons JA (2006) Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 180:63\u201370","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"80_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.12.noc80051","volume":"65","author":"M Pilar Martin del","year":"2008","unstructured":"del Pilar Martin M, Cravens PD, Winger R, Frohman EM, Racke MK, Eagar TN, Zamvil SS, Weber MS, Hemmer B, Karandikar NJ, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, St\u00fcve O (2008) Decrease in the numbers of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells in cerebral perivascular spaces due to natalizumab. Arch Neurol 65:1596\u20131603","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"80_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20806","volume":"103","author":"L Valle Del","year":"2005","unstructured":"Del Valle L, White MK, Enam S, Pi\u00f1a Oviedo S, Bromer MQ, Thomas RM, Parkman HP, Khalili K (2005) Detection of JC virus DNA sequences and expression of viral T antigen and agnoprotein in esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 103:516\u2013527","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"80_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318180e631","volume":"67","author":"L Valle Del","year":"2008","unstructured":"Del Valle L, White MK, Khalili K (2008) Potential mechanisms of the human polyomavirus JC in neural oncogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67:729\u2013740","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"80_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21313","volume":"80","author":"S Delbue","year":"2008","unstructured":"Delbue S, Branchetti E, Boldorini R, Vago L, Zerbi P, Veggiani C, Tremolada S, Ferrante P (2008) Presence and expression of JCV early gene large T antigen in the brains of immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. J Med Virol 80:2147\u20132152","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"80_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000269706.59977.a5","volume":"84","author":"CB Drachenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drachenberg CB, Hirsch HH, Papadimitriou JC, Gosert R, Wali RK, Munivenkatappa R, Nogueira J, Cangro CB, Haririan A, Mendley S, Ramos E (2007) Polyomavirus BK versus JC replication and nephropathy in renal transplant recipients: a prospective evaluation. Transplantation 84:323\u2013330","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"80_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02123-07","volume":"82","author":"AS Dugan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dugan AS, Gasparovic ML, Atwood WJ (2008) Direct correlation between sialic acid binding and infection of cells by two human polyomaviruses (JC virus and BK virus). J Virol 82:2560\u20132564","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"80_CR21","first-page":"935","volume":"5","author":"RG Edula","year":"2009","unstructured":"Edula RG, Picco MF (2009) An evidence-based review of natalizumab therapy in the management of Crohn\u2019s disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag 5:935\u2013942","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"80_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103492","volume":"306","author":"GF Elphick","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elphick GF, Querbes W, Jordan JA, Gee GV, Eash S, Manley K, Dugan A, Stanifer M, Bhatnagar A, Kroeze WK, Roth BL, Atwood WJ (2004) The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells. Science 306:1380\u20131383","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"80_CR23","first-page":"7093","volume":"62","author":"S Enam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Enam S, Del Valle L, Lara C, Gan DD, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Palazzo JP, Khalili K (2002) Association of human polyomavirus JCV with colon cancer: evidence for interaction of viral T-antigen and beta-catenin. Cancer Res 62:7093\u20137101","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"80_CR24","unstructured":"FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2011) FDA drug safety communication: safety update on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with Tysabri (natalizumab). In: drug safety and availability. Available via DIALOG. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/ucm252045.htm . Accessed 1 Dec 2011"},{"key":"80_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705546","volume":"39","author":"D Focosi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Focosi D, Kast RE (2007) Hyaluronate and risperidone for hemorrhagic cystitis. Bone Marrow Transplant 39:57","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"80_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701809076","volume":"14","author":"D Focosi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Focosi D, Kast RE, Petrini M (2008) JC viremia and multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol 14:85\u201386","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"80_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409356594","volume":"16","author":"D Focosi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Focosi D, Tuccori M, Kast RE, Maggi F, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Petrini M (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: what\u2019s new? Neuroscientist 16:308\u2013323","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"80_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22128","volume":"68","author":"L Gorelik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S, Crossman M, Schlain B, Simon K, Pace A, Cheung A, Chen LL, Berman M, Zein F, Wilson E, Yednock T, Sandrock A, Goelz SE, Subramanyam M (2010) Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann Neurol 68:295\u2013303","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"80_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir198","volume":"204","author":"L Gorelik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorelik L, Reid C, Testa M, Brickelmaier M, Bossolasco S, Pazzi A, Bestetti A, Carmillo P, Wilson E, McAuliffe M, Tonkin C, Carulli JP, Lugovskoy A, Lazzarin A, Sunyaev S, Simon K, Cinque P (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) development is associated with mutations in JC virus capsid protein VP1 that change its receptor specificity. J Infect Dis 204:103\u2013114","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"80_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2721","volume":"175","author":"AB Gottlieb","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gottlieb AB, Chamian F, Masud S, Cardinale I, Abello MV, Lowes MA, Chen F, Magliocco M, Krueger JG (2005) TNF inhibition rapidly down-regulates multiple proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis plaques. J Immunol 175:2721\u20132729","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"80_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","volume":"144","author":"D Hanahan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144:646\u2013674","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"80_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","volume":"358","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox RJ, Bar-Or A, Panzara M, Sarkar N, Agarwal S, Langer-Gould A, Smith CH, HERMES Trial Group (2008) B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 358:676\u2013688","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.027","volume":"384","author":"M Jiang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jiang M, Abend JR, Johnson SF, Imperiale MJ (2009) The role of polyomaviruses in human disease. Virology 384:266\u2013273","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"80_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280490468663","volume":"10","author":"A Kato","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kato A, Kitamura T, Takasaka T, Tominaga T, Ishikawa A, Zheng HY, Yogo Y (2004) Detection of the archetypal regulatory region of JC virus from the tonsil tissue of patients with tonsillitis and tonsilar hypertrophy. J Neurovirol 10:244\u2013249","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"80_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100012105","volume":"38","author":"DL Keene","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keene DL, Legare C, Taylor E, Gallivan J, Cawthorn GM, Vu D (2011) Monoclonal antibodies and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Can J Neurol Sci 38:565\u2013571","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"80_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471221945","volume-title":"Human polyomaviruses molecular and clinical perspectives","author":"K Khalili","year":"2001","unstructured":"Khalili K, Stoner GL (2001) Human polyomaviruses molecular and clinical perspectives. Wiley-Liss, Inc, New York"},{"key":"80_CR37","first-page":"2035","volume":"23","author":"K Khalili","year":"2003","unstructured":"Khalili K, Del Valle L, Wang JY, Darbinian N, Lassak A, Safak M, Reiss K (2003) T-antigen of human polyomavirus JC cooperates with IGF-IR signalling system in cerebellar tumors of the childhood-medulloblastomas. Anticancer Res 23:2035\u20132041","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"80_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21326","volume":"215","author":"K Khalili","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khalili K, Sariyer IK, Safak M (2008) Small tumor antigen of polyomaviruses: role in viral life cycle and cell transformation. J Cell Physiol 215:309\u2013319","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"80_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051782","volume":"353","author":"BK Kleinschmidt-DeMasters","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Tyler KL (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 353:369\u2013374","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.05.033","volume":"65","author":"N Kothary","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kothary N, Diak IL, Brinker A, Bezabeh S, Avigan M, Dal Pan G (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with efalizumab use in psoriasis patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 65:546\u2013551","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"80_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.98","volume":"128","author":"JG Krueger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krueger JG, Ochs HD, Patel P, Gilkerson E, Guttman-Yassky E, Dummer W (2008) Effect of therapeutic integrin (CD11\u03b1) blockade with efalizumab on immune responses to model antigens in humans: results of a randomized, single blind study. J Invest Dermatol 128:2615\u20132624","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"80_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27687","volume":"62","author":"D Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar D, Bouldin TW, Berger RG (2010) A case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 62:3191\u20133195","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"80_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7484","volume":"96","author":"L Laghi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laghi L, Randolph AE, Chauhan DP, Marra G, Major EO, Neel JV, Boland CR (1999) JC virus DNA is present in the mucosa of the human colon and in colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:7484\u20137489","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"80_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051847","volume":"353","author":"A Langer-Gould","year":"2005","unstructured":"Langer-Gould A, Atlas SW, Green AJ, Bollen AW, Pelletier D (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 353:375\u2013381","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030002","volume":"349","author":"M Lebwohl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lebwohl M, Tyring SK, Hamilton TK, Toth D, Glazer S, Tawfik NH, Walicke P, Dummer W, Wang X, Garovoy MR, Pariser D, Efalizumab Study Group (2003) A novel targeted T-cell modulator, efalizumab, for plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med 349:2004\u20132013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.11.007","volume":"194","author":"RL Lindberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lindberg RL, Achtnichts L, Hoffman F, Kuhle J, Kappos L (2008) Natalizumab alters transcriptional expression profiles of blood cell subpopulations of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 194:153\u2013164","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"80_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283398c96","volume":"23","author":"AP Lysandropoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lysandropoulos AP, Du Pasquier RA (2010) Demyelination as a complication of new immunomodulatory treatments. Curr Opin Neurol 23:226\u2013233","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"80_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.02.013","volume":"19","author":"M Maginnis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maginnis M, Atwood W (2009) JC virus: an oncogenic virus in animals and humans? Semin Cancer Biol 19:261\u2013269","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"80_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0906248","volume":"361","author":"EO Major","year":"2009","unstructured":"Major EO (2009) Reemergence of PML in natalizumab-treated patients: new cases, same concerns. N Engl J Med 361:1041\u20131043","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.080708.082655","volume":"61","author":"EO Major","year":"2010","unstructured":"Major EO (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies. Annu Rev Med 61:35\u201347","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"80_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.13","volume":"167","author":"RB Markowitz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Markowitz RB, Thompson HC, Mueller JF, Cohen JA, Dynan WS (1993) Incidence of BK virus and JC virus viruria in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected subjects. J Infect Dis 167:13\u201320","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"80_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0138-3","volume":"45","author":"L Mayer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mayer L (2010) Evolving paradigms in the pathogenesis of IBD. J Gastroenterol 45:9\u201316","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"80_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.060","volume":"128","author":"H Mitoma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mitoma H, Horiuchi T, Hatta N, Tsukamoto H, Harashima S, Kikuchi Y, Otsuka J, Okamura S, Fujita S, Harada M (2005) Infliximab induces potent anti-inflammatory responses by outside-to-inside signals through transmembrane TNF alpha. Gastroenterology 128:376\u2013392","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"80_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590903055011","volume":"9","author":"F Neumann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neumann F, Zohren F, Haas R (2009) The role of natalizumab in hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Expert Opin Biol Ther 9:1099\u20131106","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"80_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.81188","volume":"11","author":"K Nosho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nosho K, Shima K, Kure S, Irahara N, Baba Y, Chen L, Kirkner GJ, Fuchs CS, Ogino S (2009) JC virus T-antigen in colorectal cancer is associated with p53 expression and chromosomal instability, independent of CpG island methylator phenotype. Neoplasia 11:87\u201395","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"80_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91777-6","volume":"1","author":"BL Padgett","year":"1971","unstructured":"Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, Eckroade RJ, Dessel BH (1971) Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1:1257\u20131260","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"80_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.55.2.74","volume":"55","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005) Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55:74\u2013108","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"80_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21443","volume":"64","author":"G Perez-Liz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perez-Liz G, Del Valle L, Gentilella A, Croul S, Khalili K (2008) Detection of JC virus DNA fragments but not proteins in normal brain tissue. Ann Neurol 64:379\u2013387","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"80_CR59","first-page":"1633","volume":"57","author":"G Pineton de Chambrun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pineton de Chambrun G, Vernier-Massouille G, Viget N, Colombel JF, Yazdanpanah Y (2008) Is detection of JC virus DNA in blood a valuable screening test for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in Crohn\u2019s disease patients eligible for anti-alpha4 integrin therapy? Gut 57:1633\u20131634","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"80_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.10.003","volume":"9","author":"M Ramos-Casals","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals M, Roberto Perez A, Diaz-Lagares C et al (2010) Autoimmune diseases induced by biological agents: a double-edged sword? Autoimmun Rev 9:188\u2013193","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"80_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20455","volume":"206","author":"K Reiss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reiss K, Khalili K, Giordano A, Trojanek J (2006) JC virus large T-antigen and IGF-I signaling system merge to affect DNA repair and genomic integrity. J Cell Physiol 206:295\u2013300","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"80_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.19269","volume":"119","author":"L Ricciardiello","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ricciardiello L, Laghi L, Ramamirtham P, Chang CL, Chang DK, Randolph AE, Boland CR (2000) JC virus DNA sequences are frequently present in the human upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 119:1228\u20131235","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"80_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.4.1996-2001.2001","volume":"75","author":"L Ricciardiello","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ricciardiello L, Chang DK, Laghi L, Goel A, Chang CL, Boland CR (2001) Mad-1 is the exclusive JC virus strain present in the human colon, and its transcriptional control region has a deleted 98-base-pair sequence in colon cancer tissues. J Virol 75:1996\u20132001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"80_CR64","first-page":"7256","volume":"63","author":"L Ricciardiello","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ricciardiello L, Baglioni M, Giovannini C, Pariali M, Cenacchi G, Ripalti A, Landini MP, Sawa H, Nagashima K, Frisque RJ, Goel A, Boland CR, Tognon M, Roda E, Bazzoli F (2003) Induction of chromosomal instability in colonic cells by the human polyomavirus JC virus. Cancer Res 63:7256\u20137262","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"80_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.152512","volume":"58","author":"M Selgrad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Selgrad M, De Giorgio R, Fini L, Cogliandro RF, Williams S, Stanghellini V, Barbara G, Tonini M, Corinaldesi R, Genta RM, Domiati-Saad R, Meyer R, Goel A, Boland CR, Ricciardiello L (2009) JC virus infects the enteric glia of patients with chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Gut 58:25\u201332","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"80_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6_Suppl_6.S44","volume":"45","author":"KW Selmaj","year":"1995","unstructured":"Selmaj KW, Raine CS (1995) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: immunotherapy with antitumor necrosis factor antibodies and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors. Neurology 45(Suppl 6):S44\u2013S49","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"80_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1086\/597117","volume":"199","author":"CS Tan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tan CS, Dezube BJ, Bhargava P, Autissier P, W\u00fcthrich C, Miller J, Koralnik IJ (2009) Detection of JC virus DNA and proteins in the bone marrow of HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients: implications for viral latency and neurotropic transformation. J Infect Dis 199:881\u2013888","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"80_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822e55e7","volume":"77","author":"IL Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan IL, McArthur JC, Clifford DB, Major EO, Nath A (2011) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in natalizumab-associated PML. Neurology 77:1061\u20131067","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"80_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03653.x","volume":"17","author":"E Tavazzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tavazzi E, Ferrante P, Khalili K (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an unexpected complication of modern therapeutic monoclonal antibody therapies. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1776\u20131780","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"80_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.057","volume":"140","author":"TA Ullman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ullman TA, Itzkowitz SH (2011) Intestinal inflammation and cancer. Gastroenterology 140:1807\u20131816","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"80_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051586","volume":"353","author":"G Assche Van","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van Assche G, Van Ranst M, Sciot R, Dubois B, Vermeire S, Noman M, Verbeeck J, Geboes K, Robberecht W, Rutgeerts P (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 353:362\u2013368","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510385834","volume":"17","author":"C Warnke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warnke C, Smolianov V, Dehmel T, Andr\u00e9e M, Hengel H, Zohren F, Arendt G, Wiendl H, Haas R, Hartung HP, Adams O, Kieseier BC (2011) CD34+ progenitor cells mobilized by natalizumab are not a relevant reservoir for JC virus. Mult Scler 17:151\u2013156","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"80_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.025","volume":"324","author":"MK White","year":"2004","unstructured":"White MK, Khalili K (2004) Polyomaviruses and human cancer: molecular mechanisms underlying patterns of tumorigenesis. Virology 324:1\u201316","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"80_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209618","volume":"25","author":"MK White","year":"2006","unstructured":"White MK, Khalili K (2006) Interaction of retinoblastoma protein family members with large T-antigen of primate polyomaviruses. Oncogene 25:5286\u20135293","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"80_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq097","volume":"203","author":"MK White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White MK, Khalili K (2011) Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy\u2014revisited. J Infect Dis 203:578\u2013586","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"80_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054693","volume":"354","author":"TA Yousry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yousry TA, Major EO, Ryschkewitsch C, Fahle G, Fischer S, Hou J, Curfman B, Miszkiel K, Mueller-Lenke N, Sanchez E, Barkhof F, Radue EW, J\u00e4ger HR, Clifford DB (2006) Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 354:924\u2013933","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686650","volume":"8","author":"GM Zu Rhein","year":"1967","unstructured":"Zu Rhein GM (1967) Polyoma-like virions in a human demyelinating disease. Acta Neuropathol 8:57\u201368","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroVirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T12:08:26Z","timestamp":1559477306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["80"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-0284","1538-2443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-0284","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-2443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]}}}