{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:39:21Z","timestamp":1787319561361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R01NS089482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01NS089482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R01NS077869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01NS077869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R01 NS097221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01 NS097221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U42 OD013117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42 OD013117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00844-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T12:45:31Z","timestamp":1591188331000},"page":"511-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Differential regulation of TREM2 and CSF1R in CNS macrophages in an SIV\/macaque model of HIV CNS disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Audrey C.","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Brill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarisse V.","family":"Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan R.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"McCarron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Queen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles C.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Mankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91779-5","volume":"639","author":"H Akiyama","year":"1994","unstructured":"Akiyama H, Nishimura T, Kondo H, Ikeda K, Hayashi Y, McGeer PL (1994) Expression of the receptor for macrophage colony stimulating factor by brain microglia and its upregulation in brains of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res 639:171\u2013174","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"844_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0313-7","volume":"21","author":"SE Beck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beck SE, Kelly KM, Queen SE, Adams RJ, Zink MC, Tarwater PM, Mankowski JL (2015a) Macaque species susceptibility to simian immunodeficiency virus: increased incidence of SIV central nervous system disease in pigtailed macaques versus rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 21:148\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-015-0313-7","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"844_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0582-4","volume":"24","author":"SE Beck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beck SE, Queen SE, Metcalf Pate KA, Mangus LM, Abreu CM, Gama L, Witwer KW, Adams RJ, Zink MC, Clements JE, Mankowski JL (2018) An SIV\/macaque model targeted to study HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 24:204\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-017-0582-4","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"844_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.018","volume":"759","author":"SE Beck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beck SE, Queen SE, Witwer KW, Metcalf Pate KA, Mangus LM, Gama L, Adams RJ, Clements JE, Christine Zink M, Mankowski JL (2015b) Paving the path to HIV neurotherapy: predicting SIV CNS disease. Eur J Pharmacol 759:303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"844_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075001","volume":"30","author":"JM Brenchley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brenchley JM, Douek DC (2012) Microbial translocation across the GI tract. Annu Rev Immunol 30:149\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"844_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.03.005","volume":"39","author":"V Chitu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chitu V, Gokhan S, Nandi S, Mehler MF, Stanley ER (2016) Emerging roles for CSF-1 receptor and its ligands in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 39:378\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2016.03.005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"844_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.015","volume":"53","author":"E Dardiotis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dardiotis E, Siokas V, Pantazi E, Dardioti M, Rikos D, Xiromerisiou G, Markou A, Papadimitriou D, Speletas M, Hadjigeorgiou GM (2017) A novel mutation in TREM2 gene causing Nasu-Hakola disease and review of the literature. Neurobiol Aging 53:194.e13\u2013194.e22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"844_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14582","volume":"147","author":"JA Fields","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fields JA, Spencer B, Swinton M, Qvale EM, Marquine MJ, Alexeeva A, Gough S, Soontornniyomkij B, Valera E, Masliah E, Achim CL, Desplats P (2018) Alteration in brain TREM2 and amyloid-beta levels are associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy. J Neurochem 147:784\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.14582","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"844_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000512","volume":"6","author":"M Gissl\u00e9n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gissl\u00e9n M, Heslegrave A, Veleva E, Yilmaz A, Andersson LM, Hagberg L, Spudich S, Fuchs D, Price RW, Zetterberg H (2018) CSF concentrations of soluble TREM2 as a marker of microglial activation in HIV-1 infection. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 6:e512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000512","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"844_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4189","volume":"19","author":"Z Guan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guan Z, Kuhn JA, Wang X, Colquitt B, Solorzano C, Vaman S, Guan AK, Evans-Reinsch Z, Braz J, Devor M, Abboud-Werner SL, Lanier LL, Lomvardas S, Basbaum AI (2016) Injured sensory neuron-derived CSF1 induces microglial proliferation and DAP12-dependent pain. Nat Neurosci 19:94\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4189","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"844_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211851","volume":"368","author":"R Guerreiro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, Carrasquillo M, Rogaeva E, Majounie E, Cruchaga C, Sassi C, Kauwe JS, Younkin S, Hazrati L, Collinge J, Pocock J, Lashley T, Williams J, Lambert JC, Amouyel P, Goate A, Rademakers R, Morgan K, Powell J, St George-Hyslop P, Singleton A, Hardy J (2013) TREM2 variants in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 368:117\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1211851","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"844_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0203-5","volume":"3","author":"IR Holtman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holtman IR, Raj DD, Miller JA, Schaafsma W, Yin Z, Brouwer N, Wes PD, M\u00f6ller T, Orre M, Kamphuis W, Hol EM, Boddeke EWGM, Eggen BJL (2015) Induction of a common microglia gene expression signature by aging and neurodegenerative conditions: a co-expression meta-analysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 3:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-015-0203-5","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"844_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12731","volume":"29","author":"DL Irons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irons DL, Meinhardt T, Allers C, Juroda MJ, Kim WK (2019) Overexpression and activation of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor in the SIV\/macaque model of HIV infection and neuroHIV. Brain Pathol 29:826\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12731","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"844_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142322","volume":"212","author":"TR Jay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jay TR, Miller CM, Cheng PJ, Graham LC, Bemiller S, Broihier ML, Xu G, Margevicius D, Karlo JC, Sousa GL, Cotleur AC, Butovsky O, Bekris L, Staugaitis SM, Leverenz JB, Pimplikar SW, Landreth GE, Howell GR, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT (2015) TREM2 deficiency eliminates TREM2+ inflammatory macrophages and ameliorates pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models. J Exp Med 212:287\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20142322","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"844_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211103","volume":"368","author":"T Jonsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jonsson T, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Jonsdottir I, Jonsson PV, Snaedal J, Bjornsson S, Huttenlocher J, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Rujescu D, Hampel H, Giegling I, Andreassen OA, Engedal K, Ulstein I, Djurovic S, Ibrahim-Verbaas C, Hofman A, Ikram MA, van Duijn CM, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Stefansson K (2013) Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 368:107\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1211103","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"844_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx115","volume":"77","author":"AC Knight","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knight AC, Brill SA, Queen SE, Tarwater PM, Mankowski JL (2018) Increased microglial CSF1R expression in the SIV\/macaque model of HIV CNS disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 77:199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlx115","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"844_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11138","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1238-16.2016","volume":"36","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kobayashi M, Konishi H, Sayo A, Takai T, Kiyama H (2016) TREM2\/DAP12 signal elicits proinflammatory response in microglia and exacerbates neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 36:11138\u201311150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1238-16.2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"844_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Konishi H, Kiyama H (2018) Microglial TREM2\/DAP12 signaling: a double-edged sword in neural diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2018.00206","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00206"},{"key":"844_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","volume":"47","author":"S Krasemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krasemann S, Madore C, Cialic R, Baufeld C, Calcagno N, El Fatimy R, Beckers L, O\u2019Loughlin E, Xu Y, Fanek Z, Greco DJ, Smith ST, Tweet G, Humulock Z, Zrzavy T, Conde-Sanroman P, Gacias M, Weng Z, Chen H, Tjon E, Mazaheri F, Hartmann K, Madi A, Ulrich JD, Glatzel M, Worthmann A, Heeren J, Budnik B, Lemere C, Ikezu T, Heppner FL, Litvak V, Holtzman DM, Lassmann H, Weiner HL, Ochando J, Haass C, Butovsky O (2017) The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity. 47:566\u2013581.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"844_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.07.047","volume":"179","author":"VA Laast","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laast VA, Shim B, Johanek LM, Dorsey JL, Hauer PE, Tarwater PM, Adams RJ, Pardo CA, McArthur JC, Ringkamp M, Mankowski JL (2011) Macrophage-mediated dorsal root ganglion damage precedes altered nerve conduction in SIV-infected macaques. Am J Pathol 179:2337\u20132345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.07.047","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"844_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1744","volume":"10","author":"K Otero","year":"2009","unstructured":"Otero K, Turnbull IR, Poliani PL, Vermi W, Cerutti E, Aoshi T, Tassi I, Takai T, Stanley SL, Miller M, Shaw AS, Colonna M (2009) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces the proliferation and survival of macrophages via a pathway involving DAP12 and \u03b2-catenin. Nat Immunol 10:734\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1744","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"844_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Satoh J, Asahina N, Kitano S, Kino Y (2014) A comprehensive profile of ChIP-Seq-based PU.1\/Spi1 target genes in microglia. Gene Regul Syst Bio. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/GRSB.S19711","DOI":"10.4137\/GRSB.S19711"},{"key":"844_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.53","volume":"12","author":"D Saylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saylor D, Dickens AM, Sacktor N, Haughey N, Slusher B, Pletnikov M, Mankowski JL, Brown A, Volsky DJ, McArthur JC (2016) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder \u2013 pathogenesis and prospects for treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 12:309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.53","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"844_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01243.x","volume":"83","author":"CD Schmid","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schmid CD, Sautkulis LN, Danielson PE, Cooper J, Hasel KW, Hilbush BS, Sutcliffe JG, Carson MJ (2002) Heterogeneous expression of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 on adult murine microglia. J Neurochem 83:1309\u20131320","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"844_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stanley ER, Chitu V (2014) CSF-1 receptor signaling in myeloid cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a021857","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021857"},{"key":"844_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.018","volume":"35","author":"M Thelen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thelen M, Razquin C, Hernandez I, Gorostidi A, Sanchez-Valle R, Ortega-Cubero S, Wolfsgruber S, Drichel D, Fliessbach K, Duenkel T, Damian M, Heilmann S, Slotosch A, Lennarz M, Seijo-Martinez M, Rene R, Kornhuber J, Peters O, Luckhaus C, Jahn H, Hull M, Ruther E, Wiltfang J, Lorenzo E, Gascon J, Lleo A, Llado A, Campedalacreu J, Moreno F, Ahmadzadehfar H, Spanish DG, Consortium FJ, Indakoetxea B, Heneka MT, Wetter A, Pastor MA, Riverol M, Becker T, Frolich L, Tarraga L, Boada M, Wagner M, Jessen F, Maier W, Clarimon J, Lopez de Munain A, Ruiz A, Pastor P, Ramirez A (2014) Investigation of the role of rare TREM2 variants in frontotemporal dementia subtypes. Neurobiol Aging 35:2657.e13\u20132657.e19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"844_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202743","volume":"18","author":"M Uden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Uden M, Morley GM, Dibb NJ (1999) Evidence that downregulation of the M-CSF receptor is not dependent upon receptor kinase activity. Oncogene. 18:3846\u20133851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.onc.1202743","journal-title":"Oncogene."},{"key":"844_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151948","volume":"213","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Y, Ulland TK, Ulrich JD, Song W, Tzaferis JA, Hole JT, Yuan P, Mahan TE, Shi Y, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Grutzendler S, DeMattos RB, Cirrito JR, Holtzman DM, Colonna M (2016) TREM2-mediated early microglial response limits diffusion and toxicity of amyloid plaques. J Exp Med 213:667\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20151948","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"844_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm15146","volume":"22","author":"SS Yarandi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yarandi SS, Peterson DA, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, Pasricha PJ (2016) Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 22:201\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5056\/jnm15146","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"844_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.03.008","volume":"23","author":"FL Yeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yeh FL, Hansen DV, Sheng M (2017) TREM2, microglia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Mol Med 23:512\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.03.008","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroVirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00844-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00844-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00844-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T20:31:06Z","timestamp":1622579466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00844-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00844-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-0284","1538-2443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-0284","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-2443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All animal studies were approved by the Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Committee.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}