{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T06:47:42Z","timestamp":1793342862866,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U24MH100931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RO1NS108801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1NS108801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RO1MH112391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1MH112391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RF1AG060961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG060961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R61DA048207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R61DA048207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00868-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1596204166000},"page":"459-473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Coronaviruses and the central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Morgello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"868_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246674","volume":"40","author":"CA Abbott","year":"1994","unstructured":"Abbott CA, Baker E, Sutherland GR, McCaughan GW (1994) Genomic organization, exact localization, and tissue expression of the human CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) gene. Immunogenetics 40:331\u2013338","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"868_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3502683","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3502683","volume":"2016","author":"H Algahtani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Algahtani H, Subahi A, Shirah B (2016) Neurological complications of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Case Rep Neurol Med 2016:3502683\u20133502686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/3502683","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"868_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"KG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF (2020) The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Med 26:450\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","journal-title":"Nature Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"868_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vex012","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vex012","volume":"3","author":"SJ Anthony","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anthony SJ, Johnson CK, Greig DJ, Kramer S, Che X, Wells H et al (2017) Global patterns in coronavirus diversity. Viral Evolution 3(1):vex012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ve\/vex012","journal-title":"Viral Evolution"},{"key":"868_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0720-y","volume":"43","author":"YM Arabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Harthi A, Hussein J, Bouchama A, Johani S, Hajeer AH, Saeed BT, Wahbi A, Saedy A, AlDabbagh T, Okaili R, Sadat M, Balkhy H (2015) Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). Infection 43:495\u2013501","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"19","key":"868_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","volume":"74","author":"N Arbour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arbour N, Day R, Newcombe J, Talbot PJ (2000) Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. J Virol 74(19):8913\u20138921","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"868_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","volume":"11","author":"AM Baig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H (2020) Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 11:995\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"868_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.02.008","volume":"21","author":"MJG Bakkers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakkers MJG, Lang Y, Feitsma LJ, Hulswit RJG, de Poot SAH, van Vliet ALW, Margine I, de Groot-Mijnes JDF, van Kuppeveld FJM, Langereis MA, Huizinga EG, de Groot RJ (2017) Betacoronavirus adaptation to humans involved progressive loss of hemagglutinin-esterase lectin activity. Cell Host and Microbe 21:356\u2013366","journal-title":"Cell Host and Microbe"},{"key":"868_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1205","volume":"59","author":"D Batlle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Batlle D, Soler MJ, Ye M (2010) ACE2 and diabetes: ACE of ACEs? Diabetes 59:2994\u20132996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"868_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beltran-Corbellini A, Natera-Villalba E, Parra-Diaz P, Masjuan J (2020) Acute onset smell and taste disorders in the context of Covid-19: a pilot multicenter PCR-based case-control study. Eur J Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14273","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14273"},{"key":"868_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1343","volume":"4","author":"CC Bergmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bergmann CC, Lane TE, Stohlman SA (2006) Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:121\u2013132","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"868_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(87)90034-7","volume":"5","author":"HG Bernstein","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bernstein HG, Schon E, Ansorge S, Rose I, Dorn A (1987) Immunolocalization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAPIV) in the developing human brain. Int J Devel Neurosci 5(3):237\u2013242","journal-title":"Int J Devel Neurosci"},{"key":"868_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.01.005","volume":"114","author":"HG Bernstein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Keilhoff G, Steiner J (2018) Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, which probably plays important roles in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, is upregulated in AD brain neurons and associates with amyloid plaques. Neurochem Int 114:55\u201357","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"868_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.e261","volume":"112","author":"A Bitnun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bitnun A, Allen U, Heurter H, King SM, Opavsky MA, Ford-Jones EL, Matlow A, Kitai I, Tellier R, Richardson S, Manson D, Babyn P, Read S, Other Members of the Hospital for Sick Children SARS Investigation Team (2003) Children hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related illness in Toronto. Pediatrics 112:e261\u2013e268","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"21","key":"868_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.21.JOC30885","volume":"289","author":"SM Booth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Booth SM, Matukas LM, Tomlinson GA, Rachlis AR, Rose DB, Dwosh HY et al (2003) Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. JAMA 289(21):2801\u20132809","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"868_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1073","volume":"8","author":"E Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun E, Sauter D (2019) Furin-mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer. Clinical & Translational Immunol 8:e1073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cti2.1073","journal-title":"Clinical & Translational Immunol"},{"key":"868_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bryce C, Grimes Z, Pujadas E, Ahuja S, Beasley MB, Albrecht R, et al. (2020) Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2: targeting of endothelial cells renders a complex disease with thrombotic microangiopathy and aberrant immune response. The Mount Sinai COVID-19 autopsy experience. medRxiv preprint https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.18.20099960, Accessed May 22, 2020","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.18.20099960"},{"key":"868_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7403860","volume":"209","author":"JS Burks","year":"1980","unstructured":"Burks JS, DeVald BL, Jankovsky LD, Gerdes JC (1980) Two coronaviruses isolated from central nervous system tissue of two multiple sclerosis patients. Science 209:933\u2013934","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"868_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.02.014","volume":"133","author":"MJ Cameron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A, Muller MP, Kelvin DJ (2008) Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res 133:13\u201319","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1526588","volume":"15","author":"KB Carman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carman KB, Calik M, Karal Y, Isikay S, Kocak O, Ozcelik A, Yazar AS, Nuhoglu C, Sag C, Kilic O, Dinleyici M, Lacinel Gurlevik S, Yimenicioglu S, Ekici A, Perk P, Tosun A, Isik I, Yarar C, Arslantas D, Dinleyici EC (2019) Viral etiological causes of febrile seizures for respiratory pathogens (EFES study). Human Vaccines Immunother 15(2):496\u2013502","journal-title":"Human Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"868_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa078","volume":"116","author":"L Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Li X, Chen M, Feng Y, Xiong C (2020) The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cardiovasc Res 116:1097\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa078","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"868_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7819","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7819-7826.2005","volume":"79","author":"CY Cheung","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cheung CY, Poon LLM, Ng IHY, Luk W, Sia SF, Wu MHS, Chan KH, Yuen KY, Gordon S, Guan Y, Peiris JSM (2005) Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis. J Virol 79(12):7819\u20137826","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"868_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiotos K, Bassiri H, Behrens EM, Blatz AM, Chang J, Diorio C et al (2020) Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case series. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc piaa069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/piaa069","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa069"},{"key":"868_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000077079.42302.81","volume":"4","author":"WK Chiu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chiu WK, Cheung PCH, Ng KL, Ip PLS, Sugunan VK, Luk DCK, Ma LCK, Chan BHB, Lo KL, Lai WM (2003) Severe acute respiratory syndrome in children: experience in a regional hospital in Hong Kong. Pediatr Crit Care Med 4:279\u2013283","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"868_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1086\/430301","volume":"40","author":"SS Chiu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chiu SS, Chan KH, Chu KW, Kwan SW, Guan Y, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM (2005) Human coronavirus NL63 infection and other coronavirus infections in children hospitalized with acute respiratory disease in Hong Kong, China. Clin Infect Dis 40:1721\u20131729","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR26","first-page":"105","volume":"20","author":"A Cristallo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cristallo A, Gambaro F, Biamonti G, Ferrante P, Battaglia M, Cereda PM (1997) Human coronavirus polyadenylated RNA sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. New Microbiol 20(2):105\u2013114","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"868_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.06.016","volume":"130","author":"M Desforges","year":"2007","unstructured":"Desforges M, Miletti TC, Gagnon M, Talbot PJ (2007) Activation of human monocytes after infection by human coronavirus 229E. Virus Res 130:228\u2013240","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"868_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000331","volume":"101","author":"RB Dessau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dessau RB, Lisby G, Frederiksen JL (2001) Coronaviruses in brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 101:601\u2013604","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"868_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","volume":"203","author":"Y Ding","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ding Y, He L, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Che X, Hou J, Wang H, Shen H, Qiu L, Li Z, Geng J, Cai J, Han H, Li X, Kang W, Weng D, Liang P, Jiang S (2004) Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J Pathol 203:622\u2013630","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"868_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21541","volume":"81","author":"SR Dominguez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dominguez SR, Robinson CC, Holmes KV (2009) Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: a one-year study in Colorado. J Med Virol 81(9):1597\u20131604","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"868_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00292.2006","volume":"292","author":"MF Doobay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doobay MF, Talman LS, Obr TD, Tian X, Davisson RL, Lazartigues E (2007) Differential expression of neuronal ACE2 in transgenic mice with overexpression of the brain renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Phsyiol 292:R373\u2013R381","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Phsyiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"868_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00404","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00404-18","volume":"92","author":"M Dube","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dube M, Coupanec AL, Wong AHM, Rini JM, Deforges M, Talbot PJ (2018) Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 92(17):e00404\u2013e00418","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"868_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2007.040311","volume":"93","author":"KM Elased","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elased KM, Cunha TS, Marcondes FK, Morris M (2008) Brain angiotensin-converting enzymes: role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in processing angiotensin II in mice. Exp Physiol 93(5):665\u2013675","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"868_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eliezer M, Hautefort C, Hamel AL, Verillaud B, Herman P, Houdart E, Eloit C (2020) Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0832","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0832"},{"key":"868_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0855-7","volume":"7","author":"ML Elkjaer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Reynolds R, Kacprowski T, Burton M, Kruse TA, Thomassen M, Baumbach J, Illes Z (2019) Signature of different lesion types in the brain white matter of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathologica Commun 7:205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-019-0855-7","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Commun"},{"key":"868_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C420","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00409.2004","volume":"290","author":"PE Gallagher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gallagher PE, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM, Tallant EA (2006) Distinct roles for ANG II and ANG-(1-7) in the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in rat astrocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290:C420\u2013C426","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"868_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giannis D, Ziogas IA, Gianni P (2020) Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past. J Clin Virol:104362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104362"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01248-09","volume":"84","author":"I Glowacka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glowacka I, Bertram S, Herzog P, Pfefferle S, Steffen I, Muench MO, Simmons G, Hofmann H, Kuri T, Weber F, Eichler J, Drosten C, P\u00f6hlmann S (2010) Differential downregulation of ACE2 by the spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus NL63. J Virol 84(2):1198\u20131205","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"868_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70222-X","volume":"10","author":"J Granerod","year":"2010","unstructured":"Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, Clewley JP, Walsh AL, Morgan D, Cunningham R, Zuckerman M, Mutton KJ, Solomon T, Ward KN, Lunn MP, Irani SR, Vincent A, Brown DW, Crowcroft NS, UK Health Protection Agency (HPA) Aetiology of Encephalitis Study Group (2010) Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicenter, population-based, prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis 10:835\u2013844","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"868_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061088","volume":"170","author":"J Gu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gu J, Korteweg C (2007) Pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Pathol 170(4):1136\u20131147","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"868_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","volume":"202","author":"J Gu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, Zou W, Zhan J, Wang S, Xie Z, Zhuang H, Wu B, Zhong H, Shao H, Fang W, Gao D, Pei F, Li X, He Z, Xu D, Shi X, Anderson VM, Leong ASY (2005) Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med 202(3):415\u2013424","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"868_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Ortiz C, Mendez A, Rodrigo-Rey S, Pedro-Murillo ES, Bermejo-Guerrero L, Gordo-Manas R et al (2020) Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009619","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009619"},{"key":"868_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","volume":"203","author":"I Hamming","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, van Goor H (2004) Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203:631\u2013637","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"868_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","volume":"382","author":"J Helms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, Collange O, Boulay C, Fafi-Kremer S, Ohana M, Anheim M, Meziani F (2020) Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med 382:2268\u20132270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"868_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrier T, Erichsen S et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"22","key":"868_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409465102","volume":"102","author":"H Hofmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B, Pohlmann S (2005) Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(22):7988\u20137993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"868_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13364-8","volume":"361","author":"KLE Hon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hon KLE, Leung CW, Cheng WTF, Chan PKS, Chu WCW, Kwan YW, Li AM, Fong NC, Ng PC, Chiu MC, Li CK, Tam JS, Fok TF (2003) Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children. Lancet 361:1701\u20131703","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"868_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809667116","volume":"116","author":"RJG Hulswit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hulswit RJG, Lang Y, Bakkers MJG, Li W, Li Z, Schouten A, Ophorst B, van Kuppeveld FJM, Boons GJ, Bosch BJ, Huizinga EG, de Groot RJ (2019) Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9-O-acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor-binding site in spike protein domain A. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(7):2681\u20132690","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"868_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.025437","volume":"49","author":"ECW Hung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hung ECW, Chim SSC, Chan PKS, Tong YK, Ng EKO, Chiu RWK, Leung CB, Sung JJY, Tam JS, Lo YMD (2003) Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem 49(12):2108\u20132109","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"868_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.049","volume":"349","author":"H Jacomy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jacomy H, Fragoso G, Almazan G, Mushynski WE, Talbot PJ (2006) Human coronavirus OC43 infection induces chronic encephalitis leading to disabilities in Balb\/C mice. Virology 349:335\u2013346","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"868_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.02165.x","volume":"268","author":"E Jacquinet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jacquinet E, Rao NV, Rao GV, Zhengming W, Albertine KH, Hoidal JR (2001) Cloning and characterization of the cDNA and gene for human epitheliasin. Eur J Biochem 268:2687\u20132699","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"44","key":"868_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403812101","volume":"101","author":"SA Jeffers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeffers SA, Tusell SM, Gillim-Ross L, Hemmila EM, Achenbach JE, Babcock GJ, Thomas WD, Thackray LB, Young MD, Mason RJ, Ambrosino DM, Wentworth DE, DeMartini JC, Holmes KV (2004) CD209L (L-SIGN) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(44):15748\u201315753","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"868_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00840.2009","volume":"108","author":"S Kar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kar S, Gao L, Zucker IH (2010) Exercise training normalizes ACE and ACE2 in the brain of rabbits with pacing-induced heart failure. J Appl Physiol 108:923\u2013932","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"868_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.3.227","volume":"13","author":"JE Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JE, Heo JH, Kim HO, Song SH, Park SS, Park TH, Ahn JY, Kim MK, Choi JP (2017) Neurological complications during treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome. J Clin Neurol 13(3):227\u2013233","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"868_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34859-w","volume":"8","author":"H Kleine-Weber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kleine-Weber H, Elzayat MT, Hoffmann M, Pohlmann S (2018) Functional analysis of potential cleavage sites in the MERS-coronavirus spike protein. Nature Sci Reports 8:16597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-34859-w","journal-title":"Nature Sci Reports"},{"key":"868_CR56","first-page":"449","volume":"64","author":"R Kneen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, Mehta B, Easton A, Hemingway C, Klapper PE et al (2012) Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children\u2014Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Inf Secur 64:449\u2013477","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"868_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai MMC, Stohlman SA (1992) Molecular basis of neuropathogenicity of mouse hepatitis virus. In: Molecular neurovirology, Roos, ed., Humana Press, pp 319\u2013348","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0407-7_8"},{"key":"868_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.03.061","volume":"383","author":"G Larrinaga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Larrinaga G, Callado LF, Agirregoitia N, Varona A, Gil J (2005) Subcellular distribution of membrane-bound aminopeptidases in the human and rat brain. Neurosci Lett 383:136\u2013140","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030638","volume":"10","author":"KK Lau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lau KK, Yu WC, Chu CM, Lau ST, Sheng B, Yuen KY (2004) Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 10(2):342\u2013344","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"868_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02614-05","volume":"44","author":"SKP Lau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yip CCY, Tse H, Tsoi HW, Cheng VCC, Lee P, Tang BSF, Cheung CHY, Lee RA, So LY, Lau YL, Chan KH, Yuen KY (2006) Coronavirus HKU1 and other coronavirus infections in Hong Kong. J Clin Microbiol 44(6):2063\u20132071","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"868_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-10-4166","volume":"106","author":"HKW Law","year":"2005","unstructured":"Law HKW, Cheung CY, Ng HY, Sia SF, Chan YO, Luk W, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Lau YL (2005) Chemokine up-regulation in SARS-coronavirus-infected, monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. Blood 106:2366\u20132374","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"868_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, DeSiati DR, Horoi M, LeBon SD, Rodriguez A et al (2020) Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Oto Rhino Laryngol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"issue":"20","key":"868_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030685","volume":"348","author":"N Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM, Ahuja A, Yung MY, Leung CB, To KF, Lui SF, Szeto CC, Chung S, Sung JJY (2003) Major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. New Engl J Med 348(20):1986\u20131994","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"868_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv499","volume":"213","author":"K Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li K, Wohlford-Lenane C, Perlman S, Zhao J, Jewell AK, Reznikov LR, Gibson-Corley KN, Meyerholz DK, McCray PB Jr (2016a) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4. J Infect Dis 213:712\u2013722","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"868_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000453066","volume":"59","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Y, Fan R, Wen B, Zhang J, Cao X, Wang C et al (2016b) Coronavirus infections in the central nervous system and respiratory tract show distinct features in hospitalized children. Intervirology 59:163\u2013169","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"868_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T (2020) The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may be at least partially responsible for the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25728","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728"},{"issue":"17","key":"868_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005073","volume":"382","author":"X Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. New Engl J Med 382(17):1663\u20131665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2005073","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"868_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol 77:683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"868_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/425915a","volume":"425","author":"BEE Martina","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martina BEE, Haagmans BL, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM, Rimmelzwaan GF, van Amerongen G, Peiris JSM, Lim W, Osterhaus ADME (2003) SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets. Nature 425:915","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02012-06","volume":"81","author":"PB McCray","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCray PB, Pewe L, Wohlford-Lenane C, Hickey M, Manzel H, Shi L et al (2007) Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 81(2):813\u2013821","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"868_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/44.5.8627002","volume":"44","author":"S Mentzel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mentzel S, Dijkman HBPM, van Son JPHF, Koene RAP, Assmann KJM (1996) Organ distribution of aminopeptidase A and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in normal mice. J Histochem Cytochem 44(5):445\u2013461","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"868_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25915","volume":"92","author":"AP Mondolfi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mondolfi AP, Bryce C, Grimes Z, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Lednicky J et al (2020) Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol 92:699\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25915","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"868_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1509458","volume":"375","author":"S Morfopoulou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morfopoulou S, Brown JR, Davies EG, Anderson G, Virasami A, Qasim W, Chong WK, Hubank M, Plagnol V, Desforges M, Jacques TS, Talbot PJ, Breuer J (2016) Human coronavirus OC43 associated with fatal encephalitis. N Engl J Med 375(5):497\u2013498","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"868_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","volume":"94","author":"T Moriguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, Ueno M, Sakata H, Kondo K, Myose N, Nakao A, Takeda M, Haro H, Inoue O, Suzuki-Inoue K, Kubokawa K, Ogihara S, Sasaki T, Kinouchi H, Kojin H, Ito M, Onishi H, Shimizu T, Sasaki Y, Enomoto N, Ishihara H, Furuya S, Yamamoto T, Shimada S (2020) A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis 94:55\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"868_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1376","volume":"297","author":"M Mukhtar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mukhtar M, Harley S, Chen P, BouHamdan M, Patel C, Acheampong E, Pomerantz RJ (2002) Primary isolated human brain microvascular endothelial cells express diverse HIV\/SIV-associated chemokine coreceptors and DC-SIGN and L-SIGN. Virology 297:78\u201388","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"868_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90757-G","volume":"188","author":"RS Murray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Murray RS, Cai GY, Hoel K, Zhang JY, Soike KF, Cabirac GF (1992a) Coronavirus infects and causes demyelination in primate central nervous system. Virology 188:274\u2013284","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"868_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310511","volume":"31","author":"RS Murray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Murray RS, Brown B, Brian D, Cabirac GF (1992b) Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol 31:525\u2013533","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"868_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/50140-6736(20)30980-6","volume":"395","author":"N Nathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nathan N, Prevost B, Corvol H (2020) Atypical presentation of COVID-19 in young infants. Lancet 395:1481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/50140-6736(20)30980-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"868_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","volume":"82","author":"J Netland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S (2008) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE 2. J Virol 82(15):7264\u20137275","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"868_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000078174","volume":"85","author":"PC Ng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ng PC, Leung CW, Chiu WK, Wong SF, Hon EKL (2004) SARS in newborns and children. Biol Neonate 85:293\u2013298","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"3","key":"868_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.10.024","volume":"186","author":"DL Ng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ng DL, Hosani FA, Keating MK, Gerber SI, Jones TL, Metcalfe M et al (2016) Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings in a fatal case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014. Am J Pathol 186(3):652\u2013658","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030027","volume":"3","author":"JM Nicholls","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nicholls JM, Butany J, Poon LLM, Chan KH, Beh SL, Poutanen S, Peiris JSM, Wong M (2006) The course and cellular localization of SARS-CoV nucleoprotein and RNA in lungs from fatal cases of SARS. PLoS Med 3(2):e27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030027","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"868_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","volume":"382","author":"TJ Oxley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, de Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, Skliut M, Weinberger J, Dangayach NS, Bederson JB, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT (2020) Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of COVID-19 in the young. N Engl J Med 382:e60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"868_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlman S, Wheeler DL (2016) Neurotropic coronavirus infections. In: Neurotropic viral infections, Volume 1, 2nd edition. Carol Shoshkes Reiss, ed. Springer Publishing Company, pp 115\u2013148","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33133-1_5"},{"key":"868_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1732","volume":"5","author":"S Perlman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perlman S, Dandekar AA (2005) Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for SARS. Nat Rev Immunol 5:917\u2013927","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"868_CR86","unstructured":"Perlman S, Masters PS (2020) Coronaviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Fields virology\u2014emerging viruses \u2013 Volume 1, 7th edition, Howley and Knipe, eds. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, pp 410\u2013448"},{"key":"868_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pleasure SJ, Green AJ, Josephson A (2020) The spectrum of neurologic disease in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic infection: neurologists move to the frontline. JAMA Neurology:E1\u2013E2","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1065"},{"issue":"1","key":"868_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816670820","volume":"32","author":"M Pokorn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pokorn M, Jevsnik M, Petrovec M, Steyer A, Mrvic T, Grosek S et al (2017) Respiratory and enteric virus detection in children: a prospective study comparing children with febrile seizures and healthy controls. J Child Neurol 32(1):84\u201393","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"868_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features. Radiology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090469","volume":"16","author":"N Principi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Principi N, Bosis S, Esposito S (2010) Effects of coronavirus infections in children. Emerg Infect Dis 16(2):183\u2013188","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"868_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reichard RR, Kashani KB, Boire NA, Constantopoulos E, Guo Y, Lucchinetti CF (2020) Neuropathology of OVID-19: a spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology. Acta Neuropathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-020-02166-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02166-2"},{"issue":"10237","key":"868_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31094-1","volume":"395","author":"S Riphagen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P (2020) Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 395(10237):1607\u20131608","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"868_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890060309","volume":"6","author":"H Riski","year":"1980","unstructured":"Riski H, Hovi T (1980) Coronavirus infections of man associated with diseases other than the common cold. J Med Virol 6:259\u2013265","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"868_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718755833","volume":"30","author":"DR Rissi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rissi DR (2018) A retrospective study of the neuropathology and diagnosis of naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Diagn Investig 30(3):392\u2013399","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"key":"868_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.09.003","volume":"29","author":"M Saad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saad M, Omrani AS, Baig K, Bahloul A, Elzein F, Matin MA, Selim MAA, Mutairi MA, Nakhli DA, Aidaroos AYA, Sherbeeni NA, al-Khashan HI, Memish ZA, Albarrak AM (2014) Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 29:301\u2013306","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"868_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000178157.70142.33","volume":"46","author":"A Sakima","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sakima A, Averill DB, Gallagher PE, Kasper SO, Tommasi EN, Ferrario CM, Diz DI (2005) Impaired heart rate baroreflex in older rats: role of endogenous angiotensin-(1-7) at the nucleus tractus solitarii. Hypertension 46:333\u2013340","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2013","volume":"94","author":"RL Schnaar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schnaar RL, Gerardy-Schahn R, Hildebrandt H (2014) Sialic acids in the brain: gangliosides and polysialic acid in nervous system development, stability, disease, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 94(2):461\u2013518","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"868_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-012-0216-0","volume":"49","author":"S Sharma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma S, Mishra D, Aneja S, Kumar R, Jain A, Vashishtha VM, for the Expert Group on Encephalitis, Indian Academy of Pediatrics (2012) Consensus guidelines on evaluation and management of suspected viral encephalitis in children in India. Indian Pediatr 49:897\u2013910","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"868_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40377.x","volume":"100","author":"X Shi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shi X, Gong E, Gao D, Zhang B, Zheng Z, Gao Z et al (2005) Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus is detected in intestinal tissues of fatal cases. Am J Gastroenterol 100(1):169\u2013176","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"868_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7015","volume":"368","author":"J Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi J, Wen Z, Zhong G, Yang H, Wang C, Huang B, Liu R, He X, Shuai L, Sun Z, Zhao Y, Liu P, Liang L, Cui P, Wang J, Zhang X, Guan Y, Tan W, Wu G, Chen H, Bu Z (2020) Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Science 368:1016\u20131020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"868_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.012","volume":"517","author":"K Shirato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shirato K, Kawase M, Matsuyama S (2018) Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry. Virology 517:9\u201315","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"868_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2018.06.001","volume":"92","author":"LCD Smyth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smyth LCD, Rustenhoven J, Scotter EL, Schweder P, Faull RLM, Park TIH, Dragunow M (2018) Markers for human brain pericytes and smooth muscle cells. J Chem Neuroanat 92:48\u201360","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"issue":"1","key":"868_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2011.7","volume":"71","author":"R Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song R, Preston G, Yosypiv IV (2012) Ontogeny of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Pediatric Res 71(1):13\u201319","journal-title":"Pediatric Res"},{"key":"868_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0279-4","volume":"16","author":"AM South","year":"2020","unstructured":"South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA (2020) Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVD-19 pandemic. Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-020-0279-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"20","key":"868_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","volume":"323","author":"G Spinato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spinato G, Fabbris C, Polesel J, Cazzafor D, Borsetto D, Hopkins C, Boscolo-Rizzo P (2020) Alterations in small or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA 323(20):2089\u20132090","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"868_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90220-J","volume":"191","author":"JN Stewart","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stewart JN, Mounir S, Talbot PJ (1992) Human coronavirus gene expression in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Virology 191:502\u2013505","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"16","key":"868_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8824","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.16.8824-8834.2004","volume":"78","author":"JR St-Jean","year":"2004","unstructured":"St-Jean JR, Jacomy H, Desforges M, Vabret A, Freymuth F, Talbot PJ (2004) Human respiratory coronavirus OC43: genetic stability and neuroinvasion. J Virol 78(16):8824\u20138834","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"868_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e","volume":"117","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Saito K, Min WP, Vladau C, Toida K, Itoh H, Murakami S (2007) Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope 117(2):272\u2013277","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"868_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tagarro A, Epalza C, Santos M, Sanz-Santaeufemia FJ, Otheo E, Moraleda C, Calvo C (2020) Screening and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children in Madrid, Spain. JAMA Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1346","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1346"},{"issue":"10","key":"868_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm934","volume":"3","author":"G Thomas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas G (2002) Furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3(10):753\u2013766","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"868_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, Ruiz L, Invernizzi P, Cuzzoni MG, Franciotta D, Baldanti F, Daturi R, Postorino P, Cavallini A, Micieli G (2020) Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. New Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191"},{"key":"868_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.11.1669","volume":"61","author":"LK Tsai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsai LK, Hsieh ST, Chao CC, Chen YC, Lin YH, Chang SC, Chang YC (2004) Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch Neurol 61:1669\u20131673","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"868_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.7977","volume":"174","author":"CTK Tseng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tseng CTK, Perrone LA, Zhu H, Makino S, Peters CJ (2005) Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the innate immune responses: modulation of effector cell function without productive infection. J Immunol 174:7977\u20137985","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"868_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/589747","volume":"47","author":"AR Tunkel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, Sejvar JJ, Marra CM, Roos KL, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Infectious Diseases Society of America (2008) The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 47:303\u2013327","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"868_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.165716","volume":"10","author":"C Turgay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turgay C, Emine T, Ozlem K, Muhammet SP, Haydar AT (2015) A rare case of acute flaccid paralysis: human coronaviruses. J Pediatr Neurosci 10:280\u2013281","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"868_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25828","volume":"92","author":"L Turtle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turtle L (2020) Respiratory failure alone does not suggest central nervous system invasion by SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 92:705\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25828","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"868_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0519-8","volume":"251","author":"T Umapathi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Umapathi T, Kor AC, Venketasubramanian N, Lim CCT, Pang BC, Yeo TT, Lee CC, Lim PL, Ponnudurai K, Chuah KL, Tan PH, Tai DYH, Ang SPB (2004) Large artery ischemic stroke in acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Neurol 251:1227\u20131231","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"868_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4461","volume":"235","author":"D Van Riel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T (2015) The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. J Pathol 235:277\u2013287","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"868_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/50140-6736(20)30937-5","volume":"395","author":"Z Varga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F, Moch H (2020) Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet 395:1417\u20131418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/50140-6736(20)30937-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"868_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0189","volume":"142","author":"MP Vawter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vawter MP, Basaric-Keys J, Li Y, Lester DS, Lebovics RS, Lesch KP, Kulaga H, Freed WJ, Sunderland T, Wolozin B (1996) Human olfactory neuroepithelial cells: tyrosine phosphorylation and process extension are increased by the combination of IL-1b, IL-6, NGF, and bFGF. Exp Neurol 142:179\u2013194","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"868_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458","volume":"57","author":"A Venkatesan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, Lauring AS, Sejvar J, Bitnun A, Stahl JP, Mailles A, Drebot M, Rupprecht CE, Yoder J, Cope JR, Wilson MR, Whitley RJ, Sullivan J, Granerod J, Jones C, Eastwood K, Ward KN, Durrheim DN, Solbrig MV, Guo-Dong L, Glaser CA, on behalf of the International Encephalitis Consortium, Sheriff H, Brown D, Farnon E, Messenger S, Paterson B, Soldatos A, Roy S, Visvesvara G, Beach M, Nasci R, Pertowski C, Schmid S, Rascoe L, Montgomery J, Tong S, Breiman R, Franka R, Keuhnert M, Angulo F, Cherry J (2013) Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium. Clinical Infect Dis 57(8):1114\u20131128","journal-title":"Clinical Infect Dis"},{"key":"868_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601704","volume":"57","author":"B Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang B, Brand-Miller J (2003) The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutrition 57:1351\u20131369","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutrition"},{"key":"868_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","volume":"181","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu L, Niu S, Song C, Zhang Z, Lu G, Qiao C, Hu Y, Yuen KY, Wang Q, Zhou H, Yan J, Qi J (2020) Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2. Cell 181:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"868_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wee LE, Chan YFZ, Teo NWY, Cherng BPZ, Thien SY, Wong H et al (2020) The role of self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as a screening criterion for suspected COVID-19. Eur Arch Oto Rhino Laryn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-020-05999-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05999-5"},{"key":"868_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei M, Yuan J, Liu Y, Fu T, Yu X, Zhang Z-J (2020) Novel coronavirus infection in hospitalized infants under 1 year of age in China. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.2131","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2131"},{"key":"868_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20164052","volume":"20","author":"M Wicinski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wicinski M, Gorski K, Walczak M, Wodkiewicz E, Slupski M, Pawlak-Osinska K et al (2019) Neuroprotective properties of linagliptin: focus on biochemical mechanisms in cerebral ischemia, vascular dysfunction and certain neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 20:4052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20164052","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"868_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/444461","volume":"41","author":"J Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu J, Zhong S, Liu J, Li L, Li Y, Wu X, Li Z, Deng P, Zhang J, Zhong N, Ding Y, Jiang Y (2005) Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine Mig in pathogenesis. Clin Infect Dis 41:1089\u20131096","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"868_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9807-7","volume":"12","author":"L Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao L, Yi X, Pinto JM, Yuan X, Guo Y, Liu Y, Wei Y (2018) Olfactory cortex and olfactory bulb volume alterations in patients with post-infectious olfactory loss. Brain Imaging Behav 12:1355\u20131362","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"868_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.e73","volume":"113","author":"EA Yeh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yeh EA, Collins A, Cohen ME, Duffner PK, Faden H (2004) Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatrics 113:e73\u2013e76","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"868_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J et al (2020) Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.3204","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3204"},{"issue":"17","key":"868_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2007575","volume":"382","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, Chen H, Ding X, Zhao H, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao J, Sun X, Tian R, Wu W, Wu D, Ma J, Chen Y, Zhang D, Xie J, Yan X, Zhou X, Liu Z, Wang J, du B, Qin Y, Gao P, Qin X, Xu Y, Zhang W, Li T, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang S (2020) Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med 382(17):e38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2007575","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"868_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30109-5","volume":"19","author":"H Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, Liu J, Chen S (2020) Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet 19(5):383\u2013384","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"868_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0446-6","volume":"12","author":"J Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou J, Chu H, Chan JFW, Yuen KY (2015) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: virus-host cell interactions and implications on pathogenesis. Virol J 12:218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-015-0446-6","journal-title":"Virol J"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroVirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00868-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00868-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00868-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T23:28:29Z","timestamp":1627687709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00868-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00868-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-0284","1538-2443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-0284","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-2443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}