{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T01:36:20Z","timestamp":1793928980764,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000774","name":"Newcastle University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There are over 3 million people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) aged 50 and over living with HIV. HIV and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) exposure may accelerate the ageing in this population, and thus increase the prevalence of premature frailty. There is a paucity of data on the prevalence of frailty in an older HIV\u2009+\u2009population in SSA and screening and diagnostic tools to identify frailty in SSA. Patients aged\u2009\u2265\u200950 were recruited from a free Government HIV clinic in Tanzania. Frailty assessments were completed, using 3 diagnostic and screening tools: the Fried frailty phenotype (FFP), Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and Brief Frailty Instrument for Tanzania (B-FIT 2). The 145 patients recruited had a mean CD4\u2009+\u2009of 494.84\u00a0cells\/\u00b5L, 99.3% were receiving cART and 72.6% were virally suppressed. The prevalence of frailty by FFP was 2.758%. FFP frailty was significantly associated with female gender (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.006), marital status (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007) and age (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.038). Weight loss was the most common FFP domain failure. The prevalence of frailty using the B-FIT 2 and the CFS was 0.68%. The B-FIT 2 correlated with BMI (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.467,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0001) and CD4 count in females (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.244,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02). There is an absence of frailty in this population, as compared to other clinical studies. This may be due to the high standard of HIV care at this Government clinic. Undernutrition may be an important contributor to frailty. It is unclear which tool is most accurate for detecting the prevalence of frailty in this setting as levels of correlation are low.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00915-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T03:41:15Z","timestamp":1610422875000},"page":"58-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Low levels of frailty in HIV-positive older adults on antiretroviral therapy in northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4728-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"Bristow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Hillsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Rainey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Urasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengua","family":"Koipapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aloyce","family":"Kisoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Japhet","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Anderson","family":"Saria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherika","family":"Ranasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Dotchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta","family":"Mukaetova-Ladinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Howlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Makupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella-Maria","family":"Paddick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"915_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(02)02338-4","volume":"23","author":"V Appay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Appay V, Rowland-Jones SL (2002) Premature ageing of the immune system: the cause of AIDS? Trends Immunol 23:580\u2013585","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"915_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280148c05","volume":"21","author":"JH Arnsten","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arnsten JH, Freeman R, Howard AA, Floris-Moore M, Lo Y, Klein RS (2007) Decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in aging men with or at risk for HIV infection. Aids 21:617\u2013623","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"915_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1083","volume":"18","author":"I-M Berges","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berges I-M, Graham JE, Ostir GV, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ (2009) Sex differences in mortality among older frail Mexican Americans. Journal of Women\u2019s Health 18:1647\u20131651","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"915_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","volume":"5","author":"RRA Bourne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourne RRA, Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, Das A, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Kempen JH, Leasher J, Limburg H, Naidoo K, Pesudovs K, Resnikoff S, Silvester A, Stevens GA, Tahhan N, Wong TY, Taylor HR, Bourne R, Ackland P, Arditi A, Barkana Y, Bozkurt B, Braithwaite T, Bron A, Budenz D, Cai F, Casson R, Chakravarthy U, Choi J, Cicinelli MV, Congdon N, Dana R, Dandona R, Dandona L, Das A, Dekaris I, Del Monte M, Deva J, Dreer L, Ellwein L, Frazier M, Frick K, Friedman D, Furtado J, Gao H, Gazzard G, George R, Gichuhi S, Gonzalez V, Hammond B, Hartnett ME, He M, Hejtmancik J, Hirai F, Huang J, Ingram A, Javitt J, Jonas J, Joslin C, Keeffe J, Kempen J, Khairallah M, Khanna R, Kim J, Lambrou G, Lansingh VC, Lanzetta P, Leasher J, Lim J, Limburg H, Mansouri K, Mathew A, Morse A, Munoz B, Musch D, Naidoo K, Nangia V, Palaiou M, Parodi MB, Pena FY, Pesudovs K, Peto T, Quigley H, Raju M, Ramulu P, Resnikoff S, Robin A, Rossetti L, Saaddine J, Sandar MYA, Serle J, Shen T, Shetty R, Sieving P, Silva JC, Silvester A, Sitorus RS, Stambolian D, Stevens G et al (2017) Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health 5:e888\u2013e897","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"915_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","volume":"381","author":"A Clegg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K (2013) Frailty in elderly people. The Lancet 381:752\u2013762","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"915_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-014-0350-4","volume":"107","author":"A Cournil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cournil A, Eymard-Duvernay S, Diouf A, groupe d\u2019\u00e9tude de la cohorte A (2014) Vieillissement osseux et syndrome de fragilit\u00e9 \u00e0 10 ans de traitements ARV au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie exotique 107:238\u2013240","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie exotique"},{"key":"915_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","volume":"35","author":"CL Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, Oja P (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1381\u20131395","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"915_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-108","volume":"14","author":"E Dent","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dent E, Hoogendijk EO (2014) Psychosocial factors modify the association of frailty with adverse outcomes: a prospective study of hospitalised older people. BMC Geriatr 14:108","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"915_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.11.1279","volume":"62","author":"L Desquilbet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Desquilbet L, Jacobson LP, Fried LP, Phair JP, Jamieson BD, Holloway M, Margolick JB (2007) HIV-1 infection is associated with an earlier occurrence of a phenotype related to frailty. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 62:1279\u20131286","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"issue":"50","key":"915_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181945eb0","volume":"1999","author":"L Desquilbet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Desquilbet L, Margolick JB, Fried LP, Phair JP, Jamieson BD, Holloway M, Jacobson LP, Multicenter ACS (2009) Relationship between a frailty-related phenotype and progressive deterioration of the immune system in HIV-infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999(50):299\u2013306","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"915_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs054","volume":"41","author":"F Dewhurst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dewhurst F, Dewhurst MJ, Gray WK, Orega G, Howlett W, Chaote P, Dotchin C, Longdon AR, Paddick S-M, Walker RW (2012) The prevalence of disability in older people in Hai, Tanzania. Age Ageing 41:517\u2013523","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"915_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2012.59","volume":"27","author":"MJ Dewhurst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dewhurst MJ, Dewhurst F, Gray WK, Chaote P, Orega GP, Walker RW (2013) The high prevalence of hypertension in rural-dwelling Tanzanian older adults and the disparity between detection, treatment and control: a rule of sixths? J Hum Hypertens 27:374\u2013380","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"915_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs119","volume":"42","author":"CL Dotchin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dotchin CL, Akinyemi RO, Gray WK, Walker RW (2012) Geriatric medicine: services and training in Africa. Age Ageing 42:124\u2013128","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"915_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182716e38","volume":"61","author":"KM Erlandson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erlandson KM, Allshouse AA, Jankowski CM, Duong S, MaWhinney S, Kohrt WM, Campbell TB (2012) Risk factors for falls in HIV-infected persons. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 61:484\u2013489","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"915_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit147","volume":"208","author":"KM Erlandson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erlandson KM, Allshouse AA, Jankowski CM, Lee EJ, Rufner KM, Palmer BE, Wilson CC, MaWhinney S, Kohrt WM, Campbell TB (2013) Association of functional impairment with inflammation and immune activation in HIV type 1-infected adults receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 208:249\u2013259","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"63","key":"915_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318289bb7e","volume":"1999","author":"KM Erlandson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erlandson KM, Allshouse AA, Jankowski CM, MaWhinney S, Kohrt WM, Campbell TB (2013) Functional impairment is associated with low bone and muscle mass among persons aging with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999(63):209\u2013215","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"915_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x","volume":"908","author":"C Franceschi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Franceschi C, Bonaf\u00c8 M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E, De Benedictis G (2000) Inflamm-aging: an evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 908:244\u2013254","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"915_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M146\u2013M156","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"915_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2017.1298957","volume":"43","author":"WK Gray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gray WK, Orega G, Kisoli A, Rogathi J, Paddick S-M, Longdon AR, Walker RW, Dewhurst F, Dewhurst M, Chaote P, Dotchin C (2017) Identifying frailty and its outcomes in older people in rural Tanzania. Exp Aging Res 43:257\u2013273","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"key":"915_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988714522695","volume":"27","author":"WK Gray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gray WK, Paddick S-M, Kisoli A, Dotchin CL, Longdon AR, Chaote P, Samuel M, Jusabani AM, Walker RW (2014) Development and Validation of the Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) Study Dementia Screening Instrument. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 27:110\u2013118","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"915_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4415","volume":"31","author":"WK Gray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gray WK, Paddick SM, Collingwood C, Kisoli A, Mbowe G, Mkenda S, Lissu C, Rogathi J, Kissima J, Walker RW, Mushi D, Chaote P, Ogunniyi A, Dotchin CL (2016) Community validation of the IDEA study cognitive screen in rural Tanzania. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 31:1199\u20131207","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"915_CR22","first-page":"43","volume":"5","author":"DR Gustafson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gustafson DR, Shi Q, Thurn M, Holman S, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Plankey MW, Havlik R, Sharma A, Gange S, Gandhi M, Milam J, Hoover D (2016) Frailty and constellations of factors in aging HIV-infected and uninfected women-The Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study. The Journal of frailty & aging 5:43\u201348","journal-title":"The Journal of frailty & aging"},{"key":"915_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000316","volume":"7","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010) Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLOS Medicine 7:e1000316","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"915_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283558526","volume":"26","author":"JA Hontelez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hontelez JA, de Vlas SJ, Baltussen R, Newell ML, Bakker R, Tanser F, Lurie M, Barnighausen T (2012) The impact of antiretroviral treatment on the age composition of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Aids 26(Suppl 1):S19-30","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"915_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.07.009","volume":"21","author":"E Hunter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hunter E, Rogathi J, Chigudu S, Jusabani A, Jackson M, McNally R, Gray W, Whittaker RG, Iqbal A, Birchall D, Aris E, Walker R (2012) Prevalence of active epilepsy in rural Tanzania: a large community-based survey in an adult population. Seizure 21:691\u2013698","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"915_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12065","volume":"254","author":"NR Klatt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klatt NR, Chomont N, Douek DC, Deeks SG (2013) Immune activation and HIV persistence: implications for curative approaches to HIV infection. Immunol Rev 254:326\u2013342","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"915_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0247-3","volume":"12","author":"SX Leng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leng SX, Margolick JB (2015) Understanding frailty, aging, and inflammation in HIV infection. Current HIV\/AIDS Reports 12:25\u201332","journal-title":"Current HIV\/AIDS Reports"},{"key":"915_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12112","volume":"7","author":"DP Leong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leong DP, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Kutty VR, Lanas F, Hui C, Quanyong X, Zhenzhen Q, Jinhua T, Noorhassim I, AlHabib KF, Moss SJ, Rosengren A, Akalin AA, Rahman O, Chifamba J, Orlandini A, Kumar R, Yeates K, Gupta R, Yusufali A, Dans A, Avezum \u00c1, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Poirier P, Heidari H, Zatonska K, Iqbal R, Khatib R, Yusuf S (2016) Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125,462 healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle 7:535\u2013546","journal-title":"Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle"},{"key":"915_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0967-0","volume":"18","author":"EG Lewis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewis EG, Coles S, Howorth K, Kissima J, Gray W, Urasa S, Walker R, Dotchin C (2018) The prevalence and characteristics of frailty by frailty phenotype in rural Tanzania. BMC Geriatr 18:283","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"915_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis EG, Whitton LA, Collin H, Urasa S, Howorth K, Walker RW, Dotchin C, Mulligan L, Shah B, Mohamed A, Mdegella D, Mkodo J, Zerd F, Gray WK (2019). A brief frailty screening tool in Tanzania: external validation and refinement of the B-FIT screen. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01406-0"},{"key":"915_CR31","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney FI, Barthel DW (1965) Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State Med J 14:61\u201365","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"key":"915_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.076349","volume":"88","author":"J Negin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Negin J, Cumming RG (2010) HIV infection in older adults in sub-Saharan Africa: extrapolating prevalence from existing data. Bull World Health Organ 88:847\u2013853","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"915_CR33","first-page":"350","volume":"10","author":"MW O'Dell","year":"1995","unstructured":"O\u2019Dell MW, Lubeck DP, O\u2019Driscoll P, Matsuno S (1995) Validity of the Karnofsky performance status in an HIV-infected sample. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 10:350\u2013357","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"915_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198601)42:1<28::AID-JCLP2270420104>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"42","author":"JG Orme","year":"1986","unstructured":"Orme JG, Reis J, Herz EJ (1986) Factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. J Clin Psychol 42:28\u201333","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"915_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0040-1","volume":"15","author":"S-M Paddick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paddick S-M, Gray WK, Ogunjimi L, Lwezuala B, Olakehinde O, Kisoli A, Kissima J, Mbowe G, Mkenda S, Dotchin CL, Walker RW, Mushi D, Collingwood C, Ogunniyi A (2015) Validation of the Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) cognitive screen in Nigeria and Tanzania. BMC geriatrics 15:53\u201353","journal-title":"BMC geriatrics"},{"key":"915_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642014DN82000006","volume":"8","author":"S-M Paddick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paddick S-M, Longdon A, Gray WK, Dotchin C, Kisoli A, Chaote P, Walker R (2014) The association between educational level and dementia in rural Tanzania. Dementia & neuropsychologia 8:117\u2013125","journal-title":"Dementia & neuropsychologia"},{"key":"915_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.368","volume":"381","author":"SM Paddick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paddick SM, Kellet-Wright J, Flatt A, Eaton P, Kisoli A, Thornton J, Irwin C, McCartney J, Yarwood V, Walker R, Dotchin C, Gray WK, Lwezuala B, Mukaetova-Ladinska E, Akinyemi R, Urasa S (2017) Prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (hand) amongst adults aged 50 and over attending a HIV clinic in Northern Tanzania. J Neurol Sci 381:118","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"915_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318273b631","volume":"62","author":"S Pathai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pathai S, Gilbert C, Weiss HA, Cook C, Wood R, Bekker L-G, Lawn SD (2013) Frailty in hiv-infected adults in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 62:43\u201351","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"915_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054910","volume":"8","author":"DA Piggott","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piggott DA, Muzaale AD, Mehta SH, Brown TT, Patel KV, Leng SX, Kirk GD (2013) Frailty, HIV infection, and mortality in an aging cohort of injection drug users. PLoS ONE 8:e54910","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"915_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillay NK, Maharaj P (2013). Population ageing in Africa. In: Aging and health in Africa. Maharaj P, (ed). Springer US: Boston, MA, pp 11\u201351.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8357-2_2"},{"key":"915_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, Mitnitski A (2005). A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 173: 489\u2013495.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051"},{"key":"915_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200320110-00003","volume":"20","author":"V Rollason","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rollason V, Vogt N (2003) Reduction of polypharmacy in the elderly. Drugs Aging 20:817\u2013832","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"915_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.05.025","volume":"120","author":"GA Stevens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevens GA, White RA, Flaxman SR, Price H, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Leasher J, Naidoo K, Pesudovs K, Resnikoff S, Taylor H, Bourne RRA (2013) Global prevalence of vision impairment and blindness: magnitude and temporal trends, 1990\u20132010. Ophthalmology 120:2377\u20132384","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"915_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000132397.49094.b3","volume":"42","author":"H Temkin-Greener","year":"2004","unstructured":"Temkin-Greener H, Bajorska A, Peterson DR, Kunitz SJ, Diane G, Williams TF, Mukamel DB (2004) Social support and risk-adjusted mortality in a frail older population. Med Care 42:779\u2013788","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"915_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1090","volume":"18","author":"AS Terzian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Terzian AS, Holman S, Nathwani N, Robison E, Weber K, Young M, Greenblatt RM, Gange SJ (2009) Factors associated with preclinical disability and frailty among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in the era of cART. Journal of Women\u2019s Health 18:1965\u20131974","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"915_CR46","unstructured":"The United Republic of Tanzania (2017). National Guidelines for the management of HIV and AIDS. Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children, (ed): Dar es Salaam, pp 177."},{"key":"915_CR47","unstructured":"The World Bank (2019 ). Data for Tanzania"},{"key":"915_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2190","volume":"92","author":"VA Triant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK (2007) Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2506\u20132512","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"915_CR49","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2017). United Republic of Tanzania In: Country factsheets."},{"key":"915_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.043","volume":"66","author":"W Van Damme","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Damme W, Kober K, Kegels G (2008) Scaling-up antiretroviral treatment in Southern African countries with human resource shortage: how will health systems adapt? Soc Sci Med 66:2108\u20132121","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"915_CR51","unstructured":"Webb Z (2018). The association of nutritional factors with cognitive impairment in ART-treated HIV-positive adults aged 50 and older in Northern Tanzania"},{"key":"915_CR52","first-page":"6","volume":"1","author":"AL Willig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willig AL, Overton ET, Saag MS (2016) The Silent Epidemic - Frailty and Aging with HIV. Total patient care in HIV & HCV 1:6\u201317","journal-title":"Total patient care in HIV & HCV"},{"key":"915_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx150","volume":"46","author":"AJ Yarnall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yarnall AJ, Sayer AA, Clegg A, Rockwood K, Parker S, Hindle JV (2017) New horizons in multimorbidity in older adults. Age Ageing 46:882\u2013888","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"915_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4326","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4326","volume":"6","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Guo H, Gu H, Zhao X (2018) Gender-associated factors for frailty and their impact on hospitalization and mortality among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional population-based study. PeerJ 6:e4326\u2013e4326","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroVirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00915-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00915-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00915-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T22:34:00Z","timestamp":1674858840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00915-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00915-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-0284","1538-2443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-0284","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-2443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}