{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:17:05Z","timestamp":1780582625013,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010803","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of West Bengal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR20922\/MED\/122\/37\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR20922\/MED\/122\/37\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010803","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of West Bengal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR17241\/MED\/30\/1709\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR17241\/MED\/30\/1709\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010803","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of West Bengal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR4530\/MED\/30\/715\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR4530\/MED\/30\/715\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010803","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of West Bengal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR14260\/MED\/30\/437\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR14260\/MED\/30\/437\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-021-00945-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T15:17:43Z","timestamp":1612797463000},"page":"197-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Murine-\u03b2-coronavirus-induced neuropathogenesis sheds light on CNS pathobiology of SARS-CoV2"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Debanjana","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayasri","family":"Das Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"945_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Sarraj S, Troakes C, Hanley B, Osborn M, Richardson MP, Hotopf M, Bullmore E, Everall IP et al (2020)Invited review: The spectrum of neuropathology in COVID-19. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1\u2013 14","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12667"},{"key":"945_CR2","first-page":"1372","volume":"41","author":"K Andries","year":"1980","unstructured":"Andries K, Pensaert MB (1980) Immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection in pigs after oronasal inoculation. Am J Vet Res 41:1372\u20131378","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"945_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.12.014","volume":"385","author":"D Anghelina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anghelina D, Zhao J, Trandem K, Perlman S (2009) Role of regulatory T cells in coronavirus-induced acute encephalitis. Virol 385:358\u2013367","journal-title":"Virol"},{"key":"945_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbour N, C\u00f4t\u00e9 G, Lachance C, Tardieu M, Cashman NR, Talbot PJ et al (1999a) Acute and persistent infection of human neural cell lines by human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 73:3338\u20133350","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3338-3350.1999"},{"key":"945_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","volume":"74","author":"N Arbour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arbour N, Day R, Newcombe J, Talbot PJ (2000) Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. J Virol 74:8913\u20138921","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbour N, Ekand\u00e9 S, C\u00f4t\u00e9 G, Lachance C, Chagnon F, Tardieu M, Cashman NR, Talbot PJ et al (1999b) Persistent infection of human oligodendrocytic and neuroglial cell lines by human coronavirus 229E. J Virol 73:3326\u20133337","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3326-3337.1999"},{"key":"945_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athmer J, Fehr AR, Grunewald ME, Qu W, Wheeler DL, Graepel KW, Channappanavar R, Sekine A, Aldabeeb DS, Gale M, Denison MR, Perlman S et al (2018) Selective packaging in murine coronavirus promotes virulence by limiting type i interferon responses. mBio 9:e00272\u201318","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00272-18"},{"key":"945_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, Michailidis E, Hoffmann H-H, Zhang Y, Dorgham K, Philippot Q, Rosain J, B\u00e9ziat V, Manry J, Shaw E, Haljasm\u00e4gi L, Peterson P, Lorenzo L, Bizien L, Trouillet-Assant S, Dobbs K, de Jesus AA, Belot A, Kallaste A, Catherinot E, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Le Pen J, Kerner G, Bigio B, Seeleuthner Y, Yang R, Bolze A, Spaan AN, Delmonte OM, Abers MS, Aiuti A, Casari G, Lampasona V, Piemonti L, Ciceri F, Bilguvar K, Lifton RP, Vasse M, Smadja DM, Migaud M, Hadjadj J, Terrier B, Duffy D, Quintana-Murci L, van de Beek D, Roussel L, Vinh DC, Tangye SG, Haerynck F, Dalmau D, Martinez-Picado J, Brodin P, Nussenzweig MC, Boisson-Dupuis S, Rodr\u00edguez-Gallego C, Vogt G, Mogensen TH, Oler AJ, Gu J, Burbelo PD, Cohen J, Biondi A, Bettini LR, D'Angio M, Bonfanti P, Rossignol P, Mayaux J, Rieux-Laucat F, Husebye ES, Fusco F, Ursini MV, Imberti L, Sottini A, Paghera S, Quiros-Roldan E, Rossi C, Castagnoli R, Montagna D, Licari A, Marseglia GL, Duval X, Ghosn J, Tsang JS, Goldbach-Mansky R, Kisand K, Lionakis MS, Puel A, Zhang S-Y, Holland SM, Gorochov G, Jouanguy E, Rice CM, Cobat A, Notarangelo LD, Abel L, Su HC, Casanova J-L et al (2020) Auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Sci 370","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585"},{"key":"945_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9202-2","volume":"5","author":"SJ Bender","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bender SJ, Weiss SR (2010) Pathogenesis of murine coronavirus in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 5:336\u2013354","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"945_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1343","volume":"4","author":"CC Bergmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bergmann CC, Lane TE, Stohlman SA (2006) Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:121\u2013132","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.01.005","volume":"114","author":"HG Bernstein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Keilhoff G, Steiner J (2018) Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, which probably plays important roles in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, is upregulated in AD brain neurons and associates with amyloid plaques. Neurochem Int 114:55\u201357","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"945_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.07.004","volume":"170","author":"K Biswas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biswas K, Chatterjee D, Addya S, Khan RS, Kenyon LC, Choe A, Cohrs RJ, Shindler KS, Das Sarma J et al (2016) Demyelinating strain of mouse hepatitis virus infection bridging innate and adaptive immune response in the induction of demyelination. Clin Immunol 170:9\u201319","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","volume":"181","author":"D Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, M\u00f8ller R, Jordan TX, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D, Wang TT, Schwartz RE, Lim JK, Albrecht RA, tenOever BR et al (2020) Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19. Cell 181:1036-1045.e9","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"945_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e777","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000777","volume":"7","author":"G Brun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brun G, Hak J-F, Coze S, Kaphan E, Carvelli J, Girard N, Stellmann JP et al (2020) COVID-19\u2014White matter and globus pallidum lesions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7:e777","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"945_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02272-13","volume":"88","author":"NB Butchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Butchi NB, Hinton DR, Stohlman SA, Kapil P, Fensterl V, Sen GC, Bergmann CC et al (2014) Ifit2 deficiency results in uncontrolled neurotropic coronavirus replication and enhanced encephalitis via impaired alpha\/beta interferon induction in macrophages. J Virol 88:1051\u20131064","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-023770","volume":"109","author":"L Cervantes-Barragan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cervantes-Barragan L, Z\u00fcst R, Weber F, Spiegel M, Lang KS, Akira S, Thiel V, Ludewig B et al (2007) Control of coronavirus infection through plasmacytoid dendritic-cell-derived type I interferon. Blood 109:1131\u20131137","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"945_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakravarty D, Saadi F, Kundu S, Bose A, Khan R, Dine K, Kenyon LC, Shindler KS, Das Sarma J et al (2020) CD4 deficiency causes poliomyelitis and axonal blebbing in murine coronavirus induced neuroinflammation. J Virol JVI:00548\u201320.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00548-20"},{"key":"945_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.007","volume":"19","author":"R Channappanavar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, Mack M, Zhao J, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S et al (2016) Dysregulated type I interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice. Cell Host Microbe 19:181\u2013193","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"945_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111351","volume":"9","author":"D Chatterjee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chatterjee D, Addya S, Khan RS, Kenyon LC, Choe A, Cohrs RJ, Shindler KS, Sarma JD et al (2014) Mouse hepatitis virus infection upregulates genes involved in innate immune responses. PLoS ONE 9:e111351\u2013e111351","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"945_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141706","volume":"25","author":"J Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen J, Subbarao K (2007) The Immunobiology of SARS*. Annu Rev Immunol 25:443\u2013472","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.203","volume":"528","author":"JY Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi JY, Lee HK, Park JH, Cho SJ, Kwon M, Jo C, Koh YH et al (2020) Altered COVID-19 receptor ACE2 expression in a higher risk group for cerebrovascular disease and ischemic stroke. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 528:413\u2013419","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"945_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30004-5","volume":"1","author":"H Chu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chu H, Chan JFW, Yuen TTT, Shuai H, Yuan S, Wang Y, Hu B, Yip CCY, Tsang JOL, Huang X, Chai Y, Yang D, Hou Y, Chik KKH, Zhang X, Fung AYF, Tsoi HW, Cai JP, Chan WM, Ip JD, Chu AWH, Zhou J, Lung DC, Kok KH, To KKW, Tsang OTY, Chan KH, Yuen KY et al (2020) Comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of COVID-19: an observational study. The Lancet Microbe 1:e14\u2013e23","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"945_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003","volume":"53","author":"F Coperchini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, Magri F, Rotondi M (2020) The cytokine storm in COVID-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine\/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 53:25\u201332","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"945_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C (2018) Chapter Eight - Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses. In: Advances in Virus Research. Kielian M, Mettenleiter TC, Roossinck MJ, (eds). Academic Press, pp 163\u2013188","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2018.01.001"},{"key":"945_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.6115-6120.2001","volume":"75","author":"AA Dandekar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dandekar AA, Wu GF, Pewe L, Perlman S (2001) Axonal damage is T cell mediated and occurs concomitantly with demyelination in mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus. J Virol 75:6115\u20136120","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109239","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/109239","volume":"2010","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Das Sarma J (2010) A mechanism of virus-induced demyelination. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010:109239","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"945_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0188-4","volume":"20","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Das Sarma J (2014) Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is an amplifier of virus-induced neuropathology. Journal of NeuroVirology 20:122\u2013136","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroVirology"},{"key":"945_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.2001.2378","volume":"71","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Das Sarma J, Fu L, Hingley ST, Lavi E (2001) Mouse hepatitis virus type-2 infection in mice: an experimental model system of acute meningitis and hepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 71:1\u201312","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"945_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9206","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9206-9213.2000","volume":"74","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2000","unstructured":"Das Sarma J, Fu L, Tsai JC, Weiss SR, Lavi E (2000) Demyelination determinants map to the spike glycoprotein gene of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus. J Virol 74:9206","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01488-07","volume":"82","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Das Sarma J, Iacono K, Gard L, Marek R, Kenyon LC, Koval M, Weiss SR et al (2008) Demyelinating and nondemyelinating strains of mouse hepatitis virus differ in their neural cell tropism. J Virol 82:5519","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10272","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1975-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Das Sarma J, Kenyon LC, Hingley ST, Shindler KS (2009) Mechanisms of primary axonal damage in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 29:10272","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"945_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280260422686","volume":"8","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Das Sarma J, Scheen E, Seo SH, Koval M, Weiss SR (2002) Enhanced green fluorescent protein expression may be used to monitor murine coronavirus spread in vitro and in the mouse central nervous system. Journal of NeuroVirology 8:381\u2013391","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroVirology"},{"issue":"11","key":"945_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009034","volume":"16","author":"J Das Sarma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das Sarma J, Burrows A, Rayman P, Hwang MH, Kundu S et al (2020) Ifit2 deficiency restricts microglial activation and leukocyte migration following murine coronavirus (m-CoV) CNS infection. PLOS Pathogens 16(11):e1009034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009034","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"945_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10382","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00747-06","volume":"80","author":"N De Albuquerque","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Albuquerque N, Baig E, Ma X, Zhang J, He W, Rowe A, Habal M, Liu M, Shalev I, Downey GP, Gorczynski R, Butany J, Leibowitz J, Weiss SR, McGilvray ID, Phillips MJ, Fish EN, Levy GA et al (2006) Murine hepatitis virus strain 1 produces a clinically relevant model of severe acute respiratory syndrome in A\/J mice. J Virol 80:10382","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR35","first-page":"1","volume":"419","author":"AH de Wilde","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Wilde AH, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, van Hemert MJ (2018) Host factors in coronavirus replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 419:1\u201342","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81","volume":"14","author":"E de Wit","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ (2016) SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:523\u2013534","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49655","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17912","volume":"8","author":"Z Ding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ding Z, Fang L, Yuan S, Zhao L, Wang X, Long S, Wang M, Wang D, Foda MF, Xiao S et al (2017) The nucleocapsid proteins of mouse hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus share the same IFN-\u03b2 antagonizing mechanism: attenuation of PACT-mediated RIG-I\/ MDA5 activation. Oncotarget 8:49655\u201349670","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"945_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2090","volume":"7","author":"L Du","year":"2009","unstructured":"Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S (2009) The spike protein of SARS-CoV\u2014a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:226\u2013236","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00404","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00404-18","volume":"92","author":"M Dub\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dub\u00e9 M, Le Coupanec A, Wong AHM, Rini JM, Desforges M, Talbot PJ et al (2018) Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 92:e00404-e418","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1086\/428138","volume":"191","author":"F Esper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Esper F, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS (2005) Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. J Infect Dis 191:492\u2013498","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"945_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","volume":"1282","author":"AR Fehr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015) Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ) 1282:1\u201323","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ)"},{"key":"945_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.58.3.869-875.1986","volume":"58","author":"JO Fleming","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fleming JO, Trousdale MD, el-Zaatari FA, Stohlman SA, Weiner LP (1986) Pathogenicity of antigenic variants of murine coronavirus JHM selected with monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 58:869\u2013875","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.09.001","volume":"25","author":"D Forni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M (2017) Molecular evolution of human coronavirus genomes. Trends Microbiol 25:35\u201348","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR44","first-page":"611","volume":"18","author":"JA Frontera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frontera JA (2012) Metabolic encephalopathies in the critical care unit. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 18:611\u2013639","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"945_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01441","volume":"11","author":"LF Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda LF (2020) Immune response, inflammation, and the clinical spectrum of COVID-19. Front Immunol 11:1441","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22809","volume":"28","author":"JF Gautier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gautier JF, Ravussin Y (2020) A new symptom of COVID-19: loss of taste and smell. Obesity 28:848\u2013848","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"945_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4030","volume":"173","author":"WG Glass","year":"2004","unstructured":"Glass WG, Subbarao K, Murphy B, Murphy PM (2004) Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice. J Immunol 173:4030\u20134039","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14286","volume":"27","author":"T Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto T, Luna-Rodr\u00edguez A, Moreno-Est\u00e9banez A, Agirre-Beitia G, Rodr\u00edguez-Antig\u00fcedad A, Ruiz-Lopez M et al (2020) Emergency room neurology in times of COVID-19: malignant ischaemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Neurol 27:e35\u2013e36","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"945_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050496","volume":"168","author":"JM Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez JM, Bergmann CC, Ramakrishna C, Hinton DR, Atkinson R, Hoskin J, Macklin WB, Stohlman SA et al (2006) Inhibition of interferon-gamma signaling in oligodendroglia delays coronavirus clearance without altering demyelination. Am J Pathol 168:796\u2013804","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"945_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","volume":"202","author":"J Gu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, Zou W, Zhan J, Wang S, Xie Z, Zhuang H, Wu B, Zhong H, Shao H, Fang W, Gao D, Pei F, Li X, He Z, Xu D, Shi X, Anderson VM, Leong AS et al (2005) Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med 202:415\u2013424","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"945_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061088","volume":"170","author":"J Gu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gu J, Korteweg C (2007) Pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Pathol 170:1136\u20131147","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"945_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS et al (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382:1708\u20131720","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"945_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ortiz C, M\u00e9ndez A, Rodrigo-Rey S, San Pedro-Murillo E, Bermejo-Guerrero L, Gordo-Ma\u00f1as R, de Arag\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez F, Benito-Le\u00f3n J et al (2020) Miller Fisher Syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurol","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009619"},{"key":"945_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(99)00020-X","volume":"76","author":"S Hadziefendic","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hadziefendic S, Haxhiu MA (1999) CNS innervation of vagal preganglionic neurons controlling peripheral airways: a transneuronal labeling study using pseudorabies virus. J Auton Nerv Syst 76:135\u2013145","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"945_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30115-4","volume":"1","author":"B Hanley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanley B, Naresh KN, Roufosse C, Nicholson AG, Weir J, Cooke GS, Thursz M, Manousou P, Corbett R, Goldin R, Al-Sarraj S, Abdolrasouli A, Swann OC, Baillon L, Penn R, Barclay WS, Viola P, Osborn M et al (2020) Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study. Lancet Microbe 1:e245\u2013e253","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"945_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","volume":"382","author":"J Helms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, Collange O, Boulay C, Fafi-Kremer S, Ohana M, Anheim M, Meziani F (2020) Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med 382:2268\u20132270","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"945_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41285","volume":"72","author":"LA Henderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson LA, Canna SW, Schulert GS, Volpi S, Lee PY, Kernan KF, Caricchio R, Mahmud S, Hazen MM, Halyabar O, Hoyt KJ, Han J, Grom AA, Gattorno M, Ravelli A, De Benedetti F, Behrens EM, Cron RQ, Nigrovic PA (2020) On the alert for cytokine storm: immunopathology in COVID-19. Arthritis & Rheumatology 72:1059\u20131063","journal-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatology"},{"key":"945_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kr\u00fcger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu N-H, Nitsche A, M\u00fcller MA, Drosten C, P\u00f6hlmann S (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181:271-280.e8","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"945_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000937","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000937","volume":"6","author":"MP Hosking","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hosking MP, Lane TE (2010) The role of chemokines during viral infection of the CNS. PLoS Pathog 6:e1000937\u2013e1000937","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"945_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289609146902","volume":"2","author":"JJ Houtman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Houtman JJ, Fleming JO (1996) Pathogenesis of mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelination. J Neurovirol 2:361\u2013376","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"945_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 395:497\u2013506","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"945_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.025437","volume":"49","author":"ECW Hung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hung ECW, Chim SSC, Chan PKS, Tong YK, Ng EKO, Chiu RWK, Leung CB, Sung JJY, Tam JS, Lo YMD (2003) Detection of SARS Coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem 49:2108\u20132109","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"945_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang M, Bergmann CC (2018) Alpha\/Beta Interferon (IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2) Signaling in Astrocytes Mediates Protection against Viral Encephalomyelitis and Regulates IFN-\u03b3-Dependent Responses. J Virol 92","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01901-17"},{"key":"945_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2018.0101","volume":"32","author":"M Hwang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hwang M, Bergmann CC (2019) Intercellular communication is key for protective IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2 signaling during viral central nervous system infection. Viral Immunol 32:1\u20136","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","volume":"14","author":"LB Ivashkiv","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT (2014) Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat Rev Immunol 14:36\u201349","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.049","volume":"349","author":"H Jacomy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jacomy H, Fragoso G, Almazan G, Mushynski WE, Talbot PJ (2006) Human coronavirus OC43 infection induces chronic encephalitis leading to disabilities in BALB\/C mice. Virology 349:335\u2013346","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"945_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00323-4","volume":"315","author":"H Jacomy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jacomy H, Talbot PJ (2003) Vacuolating encephalitis in mice infected by human coronavirus OC43. Virology 315:20\u201333","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"945_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901930211","volume":"193","author":"M Kalia","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kalia M, Mesulam MM (1980) Brain stem projections of sensory and motor components of the vagus complex in the cat: II. Laryngeal, tracheobronchial, pulmonary, cardiac, and gastrointestinal branches. J Comp Neurol 193:467\u2013508","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"945_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanberg N, Ashton NJ, Andersson L-M, Yilmaz A, Lindh M, Nilsson S, Price RW, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gissl\u00e9n M et al (2020) Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 95(12):e1754-e1759","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010111"},{"key":"945_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenyon LC, Biswas K, Shindler KS, Nabar M, Stout M, Hingley ST, Grinspan JB, Das Sarma J et al (2015) Gliopathy of demyelinating and non-demyelinating strains of mouse hepatitis virus. Front Cell Neurosci 9","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00488"},{"key":"945_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.3.227","volume":"13","author":"JE Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JE, Heo JH, Kim HO, Song SH, Park SS, Park TH, Ahn JY, Kim MK, Choi JP (2017) Neurological Complications during treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome. J Clin Neurol 13:227\u2013233","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"945_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25807","volume":"88","author":"IJ Koralnik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koralnik IJ, Tyler KL (2020) COVID-19: a global threat to the nervous system. Ann Neurol 88:1\u201311","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"945_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)81768-4","volume":"5","author":"TE Lane","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lane TE, Buchmeier MJ (1997) Murine coronavirus infection: a paradigm for virus-induced demyelinating disease. Trends Microbiol 5:9\u201314","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v30.i2.20","volume":"30","author":"TE Lane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lane TE, Hosking MP (2010) The pathogenesis of murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system. Crit Rev Immunol 30:119\u2013130","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.3.1415-1424.2000","volume":"74","author":"TE Lane","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lane TE, Liu MT, Chen BP, Asensio VC, Samawi RM, Paoletti AD, Campbell IL, Kunkel SL, Fox HS, Buchmeier MJ et al (2000) A central role for CD4(+) T cells and RANTES in virus-induced central nervous system inflammation and demyelination. J Virol 74:1415\u20131424","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030638","volume":"10","author":"KK Lau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lau KK, Yu WC, Chu CM, Lau ST, Sheng B, Yuen KY (2004) Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 10:342\u2013344","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"945_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2020.104474","volume":"115","author":"E Lavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lavi E, Cong L (2020) Type I astrocytes and microglia induce a cytokine response in an encephalitic murine coronavirus infection. Exp Mol Pathol 115:104474\u2013104474","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"945_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavi E, Gilden DH, Highkin MK, Weiss SR (1984a) Persistence of mouse hepatitis virus A59 RNA in a slow virus demyelinating infection in mice as detected by in situ hybridization. J Virol 51:563\u2013566","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.51.2.563-566.1984"},{"key":"945_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavi E, Gilden DH, Wroblewska Z, Rorke LB, Weiss SR (1984b) Experimental demyelination produced by the A59 strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Neurology 34:597\u2013603","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.5.597"},{"key":"945_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061166","volume":"8","author":"L Lei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lei L, Ying S, Baojun L, Yi Y, Xiang H, Wenli S, Zounan S, Deyin G, Qingyu Z, Jingmei L, Guohui C et al (2013) Attenuation of mouse hepatitis virus by deletion of the LLRKxGxKG region of Nsp1. PLoS ONE 8:e61166","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"945_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","volume":"5","author":"M Letko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V (2020) Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol 5:562\u2013569","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02615-14","volume":"89","author":"F Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li F (2015) Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies. J Virol 89:1954","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","volume":"426","author":"W Li","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M et al (2003) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nat 426:450\u2013454","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"945_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","volume":"92","author":"YC Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T (2020) The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 92:552\u2013555","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"945_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.12.021","volume":"163","author":"YC Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li YC, Bai WZ, Hirano N, Hayashida T, Hashikawa T (2012) Coronavirus infection of rat dorsal root ganglia: ultrastructural characterization of viral replication, transfer, and the early response of satellite cells. Virus Res 163:628\u2013635","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"945_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9","volume":"26","author":"M Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao M, Liu Y, Yuan J, Wen Y, Xu G, Zhao J, Cheng L, Li J, Wang X, Wang F, Liu L, Amit I, Zhang S, Zhang Z et al (2020) Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19. Nat Med 26:842\u2013844","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"945_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.1.383-391.1997","volume":"71","author":"MT Lin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lin MT, Stohlman SA, Hinton DR (1997) Mouse hepatitis virus is cleared from the central nervous systems of mice lacking perforin-mediated cytolysis. J Virol 71:383\u2013391","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:24:2:111","volume":"24","author":"MT Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu MT, Lane TE (2001) Chemokine expression and viral infection of the central nervous system: regulation of host defense and neuropathology. Immunol Res 24:111\u2013119","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"945_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16399","volume":"61","author":"L Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu L, Xiong W, Liu D, Liu J, Yang D, Li N, Mu J, Guo J, Li W, Wang G, Gao H, Zhang Y, Lin M, Chen L, Shen S, Zhang H, Sander JW, Luo J, Chen S, Zhou D et al (2020) New onset acute symptomatic seizure and risk factors in coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective multicenter study. Epilepsia 61:e49\u2013e53","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"945_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04487-2","volume":"41","author":"F Manganelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manganelli F, Vargas M, Iovino A, Iacovazzo C, Santoro L, Servillo G (2020) Brainstem involvement and respiratory failure in COVID-19. Neurological sciences\u202f: official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 41:1663\u20131665","journal-title":"Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"945_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao L, Wang M, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Li Y, Jin H, Hu B et al (2020) Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study. medRxiv:2020.02.22.20026500.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3544840"},{"key":"945_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2775-2778.2003","volume":"77","author":"NW Marten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marten NW, Stohlman SA, Zhou J, Bergmann CC (2003) Kinetics of virus-specific CD8+ -T-cell expansion and trafficking following central nervous system infection. J Virol 77:2775\u20132778","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matschke J, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Hagel C, Sperhake JP, Schr\u00f6der AS, Edler C, Mushumba H, Fitzek A, Allweiss L, Dandri M, Dottermusch M, Heinemann A, Pfefferle S, Schwabenland M, Sumner Magruder D, Bonn S, Prinz M, Gerloff C, P\u00fcschel K, Krasemann S, Aepfelbacher M, Glatzel M et al (2020) Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series. Lancet Neurol","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30308-2"},{"key":"945_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menter T, Haslbauer JD, Nienhold R, Savic S, Deigendesch H, Frank S, Turek D, Willi N, Pargger H, Bassetti S, Leuppi JD, Cathomas G, Tolnay M, Mertz KD, Tzankov A et al (2020 Postmortem examination of COVID-19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction. Histopathology n\/a","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14134"},{"key":"945_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merad M, Martin JC (2020) Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0353-y"},{"key":"945_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01851-07","volume":"82","author":"TA Miura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miura TA, Travanty EA, Oko L, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Weiss SR, Beauchemin N, Holmes KV et al (2008) The spike glycoprotein of murine coronavirus MHV-JHM mediates receptor-independent infection and spread in the central nervous systems of Ceacam1a-\/- Mice. J Virol 82:755\u2013763","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00272-10","volume":"84","author":"M Mordstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mordstein M, Neugebauer E, Ditt V, Jessen B, Rieger T, Falcone V, Sorgeloos F, Ehl S, Mayer D, Kochs G, Schwemmle M, G\u00fcnther S, Drosten C, Michiels T, Staeheli P et al (2010) Lambda interferon renders epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts resistant to viral infections. J Virol 84:5670\u20135677","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1509458","volume":"375","author":"S Morfopoulou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morfopoulou S, Brown JR, Davies EG, Anderson G, Virasami A, Qasim W, Chong WK, Hubank M, Plagnol V, Desforges M, Jacques TS, Talbot PJ, Breuer J (2016) Human coronavirus OC43 associated with fatal encephalitis. N Engl J Med 375:497\u2013498","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"945_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","volume":"94","author":"T Moriguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, Ueno M, Sakata H, Kondo K, Myose N, Nakao A, Takeda M, Haro H, Inoue O, Suzuki-Inoue K, Kubokawa K, Ogihara S, Sasaki T, Kinouchi H, Kojin H, Ito M, Onishi H, Shimizu T, Sasaki Y, Enomoto N, Ishihara H, Furuya S, Yamamoto T, Shimada S et al (2020) A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis 94:55\u201358","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"945_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2787-6","volume":"586","author":"C Mu\u00f1oz-Fontela","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fontela C, Dowling WE, Funnell SGP, Gsell PS, Riveros-Balta AX, Albrecht RA, Andersen H, Baric RS, Carroll MW, Cavaleri M, Qin C, Crozier I, Dallmeier K, de Waal L, de Wit E, Delang L, Dohm E, Duprex WP, Falzarano D, Finch CL, Frieman MB, Graham BS, Gralinski LE, Guilfoyle K, Haagmans BL, Hamilton GA, Hartman AL, Herfst S, Kaptein SJF, Klimstra WB, Knezevic I, Krause PR, Kuhn JH, Le Grand R, Lewis MG, Liu WC, Maisonnasse P, McElroy AK, Munster V, Oreshkova N, Rasmussen AL, Rocha-Pereira J, Rockx B, Rodr\u00edguez E, Rogers TF, Salguero FJ, Schotsaert M, Stittelaar KJ, Thibaut HJ, Tseng CT, Vergara-Alert J, Beer M, Brasel T, Chan JFW, Garc\u00eda-Sastre A, Neyts J, Perlman S, Reed DS, Richt JA, Roy CJ, Segal\u00e9s J, Vasan SS, Henao-Restrepo AM, Barouch DH et al (2020) Animal models for COVID-19. Nat 586:509\u2013515","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"945_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4972-4978.2003","volume":"77","author":"S Navas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Navas S, Weiss SR (2003) Murine coronavirus-induced hepatitis: JHM genetic background eliminates A59 spike-determined hepatotropism. J Virol 77:4972\u20134978","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","volume":"82","author":"J Netland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S (2008) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 82:7264","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","volume":"382","author":"TJ Oxley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, De Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, Skliut M, Weinberger J, Dangayach NS, Bederson JB, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT et al (2020) Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med 382:e60","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"945_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90446-7","volume":"170","author":"S Perlman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Perlman S, Jacobsen G, Afifi A (1989) Spread of a neurotropic murine coronavirus into the CNS via the trigeminal and olfactory nerves. Virology 170:556\u2013560","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"945_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90426-R","volume":"175","author":"S Perlman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Perlman S, Jacobsen G, Olson AL, Afifi A (1990) Identification of the spinal cord as a major site of persistence during chronic infection with a murine coronavirus. Virology 175:418\u2013426","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"945_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2147","volume":"7","author":"S Perlman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perlman S, Netland J (2009) Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:439\u2013450","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3382","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03307-12","volume":"87","author":"TW Phares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phares TW, Stohlman SA, Hinton DR, Bergmann CC (2013) Astrocyte-derived CXCL10 drives accumulation of antibody-secreting cells in the central nervous system during viral encephalomyelitis. J Virol 87:3382\u20133392","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7752","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7752-7760.1999","volume":"73","author":"JJ Phillips","year":"1999","unstructured":"Phillips JJ, Chua MM, Lavi E, Weiss SR (1999) Pathogenesis of chimeric MHV4\/MHV-A59 recombinant viruses: the murine coronavirus spike protein is a major determinant of neurovirulence. J Virol 73:7752","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1551","volume":"301","author":"JJ Phillips","year":"2002","unstructured":"Phillips JJ, Chua MM, Rall GF, Weiss SR (2002) Murine coronavirus spike glycoprotein mediates degree of viral spread, inflammation, and virus-induced immunopathology in the central nervous system. Virology 301:109\u2013120","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"945_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","volume":"296","author":"N Poyiadji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B et al (2020) COVID-19\u2013associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: imaging features. Radiol 296:E119\u2013E120","journal-title":"Radiol"},{"key":"945_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","volume":"495","author":"VS Raj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DH, M\u00fcller MA, Dijkman R, Muth D, Demmers JA, Zaki A, Fouchier RA, Thiel V, Drosten C, Rottier PJ, Osterhaus AD, Bosch BJ, Haagmans BL et al (2013) Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nat 495:251\u2013254","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"945_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02166-2","volume":"140","author":"RR Reichard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reichard RR, Kashani KB, Boire NA, Constantopoulos E, Guo Y, Lucchinetti CF et al (2020) Neuropathology of COVID-19: a spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology. Acta Neuropathol 140:1\u20136","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"945_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.023","volume":"318","author":"JD Rempel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rempel JD, Murray SJ, Meisner J, Buchmeier MJ (2004) Differential regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in viral encephalitis. Virology 318:381\u2013392","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"945_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7189","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00013-07","volume":"81","author":"JK Roth-Cross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roth-Cross JK, Mart\u00ednez-Sobrido L, Scott EP, Garc\u00eda-Sastre A, Weiss SR (2007) Inhibition of the alpha\/beta interferon response by mouse hepatitis virus at multiple levels. J Virol 81:7189","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rout SS, Singh M, Shindler KS, Das Sarma J (2020) One proline deletion in the fusion peptide of neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) restricts retrograde axonal transport and neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.011918"},{"key":"945_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.2001.2378","volume":"71","author":"JD Sarma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sarma JD, Fu L, Hingley ST, Lavi E (2001) Mouse hepatitis virus type-2 infection in mice: an experimental model system of acute meningitis and hepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 71:1\u201312","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"945_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03022","volume":"9","author":"C Savarin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Savarin C, Bergmann CC (2018) Fine tuning the cytokine storm by IFN and IL-10 following neurotropic coronavirus encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 9:3022\u20133022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer IM, Padera RF, Solomon IH, Kanjilal S, Hammer MM, Hornick JL, Sholl LM et al (2020) In situ detection of SARS-CoV-2 in lungs and airways of patients with COVID-19. Mod Pathol","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0595-z"},{"key":"945_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11727","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003138117","volume":"117","author":"J Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, Ye G, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F (2020) Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117:11727","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"945_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","volume":"581","author":"J Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F et al (2020) Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nat 581:221\u2013224","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"945_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31821da499","volume":"70","author":"KS Shindler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shindler KS, Chatterjee D, Biswas K, Goyal A, Dutt M, Nassrallah M, Khan RS, Das Sarma J (2011) Macrophage-mediated optic neuritis induced by retrograde axonal transport of spike gene recombinant mouse hepatitis virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70:470\u2013480","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"945_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8882","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00920-08","volume":"82","author":"KS Shindler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shindler KS, Kenyon LC, Dutt M, Hingley ST, Sarma JD (2008) Experimental optic neuritis induced by a demyelinating strain of mouse hepatitis virus. J Virol 82:8882","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12552","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01890-13","volume":"87","author":"K Shirato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shirato K, Kawase M, Matsuyama S (2013) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection mediated by the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2. J Virol 87:12552\u201312561","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8064","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004418","volume":"294","author":"M Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh M, Kishore A, Maity D, Sunanda P, Krishnarjuna B, Vappala S, Raghothama S, Kenyon LC, Pal D, Das Sarma J et al (2019) A proline insertion-deletion in the spike glycoprotein fusion peptide of mouse hepatitis virus strongly alters neuropathology. J Biol Chem 294:8064\u20138087","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"945_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.1.38","volume":"31","author":"SA Stohlman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stohlman SA, Weiner LP (1981) Chronic central nervous system demyelination in mice after JHM virus infection. Neurology 31:38\u201344","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"945_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","volume":"24","author":"S Su","year":"2016","unstructured":"Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF et al (2016) Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol 24:490\u2013502","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"945_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talbot PJ, \u00c9kand\u00e9 S, Cashman NR, Mounir S, Stewart JN (1993) Neurotropism of human coronavirus 229E. In: Coronaviruses: molecular biology and virus-host interactions. Laude H, Vautherot J-F, (eds). Springer US: Boston, MA, pp 339\u2013346","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2996-5_52"},{"key":"945_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.60.2.574-582.1986","volume":"60","author":"M Tardieu","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tardieu M, Boespflug O, Barb\u00e9 T (1986) Selective tropism of a neurotropic coronavirus for ependymal cells, neurons, and meningeal cells. J Virol 60:574\u2013582","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690797","volume":"58","author":"M Tardieu","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tardieu M, Goffinet A, Harmant-van Rijckevorsel G, Lyon G (1982) Ependymitis, leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and thrombotic vasculitis following chronic infection by mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV 3). Acta Neuropathol 58:168\u2013176","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"945_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tay MZ, Poh CM, R\u00e9nia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP (2020) The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8"},{"key":"945_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","volume":"382","author":"G Toscano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, Ruiz L, Invernizzi P, Cuzzoni MG, Franciotta D, Baldanti F, Daturi R, Postorino P, Cavallini A, Micieli G et al (2020) Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 382:2574\u20132576","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"945_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01702-06","volume":"81","author":"CTK Tseng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tseng CTK, Huang C, Newman P, Wang N, Narayanan K, Watts DM, Makino S, Packard MM, Zaki SR, Chan TS, Peters CJ et al (2007) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of mice transgenic for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 virus receptor. J Virol 81:1162","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR133","first-page":"280","volume":"10","author":"C Turgay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turgay C, Emine T, Ozlem K, Muhammet S, Haydar A (2015) A rare cause of acute flaccid paralysis: Human coronaviruses 10:280\u2013281","journal-title":"A rare cause of acute flaccid paralysis: Human coronaviruses"},{"key":"945_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200S01.1","volume":"12","author":"L van der Hoek","year":"2007","unstructured":"van der Hoek L (2007) Human coronaviruses: what do they cause? Antivir Ther 12:651\u2013658","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"945_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x","volume":"30","author":"L van der Hoek","year":"2006","unstructured":"van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Berkhout B (2006) Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30:760\u2013773","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"945_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","volume":"395","author":"Z Varga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F, Moch H et al (2020) Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet (London, England) 395:1417\u20131418","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"945_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","volume":"181","author":"AC Walls","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D et al (2020) Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 181:281-292.e6","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"945_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16988","volume":"531","author":"AC Walls","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walls AC, Tortorici MA, Bosch BJ, Frenz B, Rottier PJM, DiMaio F, Rey FA, Veesler D et al (2016) Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer. Nat 531:114\u2013117","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"945_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017192","volume":"6","author":"G Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang G, Chen G, Zheng D, Cheng G, Tang H (2011) PLP2 of mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59) targets TBK1 to negatively regulate cellular type I interferon signaling pathway. PLoS ONE 6:e17192\u2013e17192","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"945_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang K, Gheblawi M, Oudit Gavin Y (2020) Angiotensin converting enzyme 2: a double-edged sword. Circ 0","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047049"},{"key":"945_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2","volume":"81","author":"SR Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL (2011) Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 81:85\u2013164","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"945_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005","volume":"69","author":"SR Weiss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S (2005) Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 69:635","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"945_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1086\/497151","volume":"192","author":"PC Woo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Woo PC, Lau SK, Tsoi HW, Huang Y, Poon RW, Chu CM, Lee RA, Luk WK, Wong GK, Wong BH, Cheng VC, Tang BS, Wu AK, Yung RW, Chen H, Guan Y, Chan KH, Yuen KY et al (2005) Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Dis 192:1898\u20131907","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"945_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","volume":"367","author":"D Wrapp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS, McLellan JS et al (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Sci 367:1260\u20131263","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"945_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.004","volume":"94","author":"D Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z (2020) The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. International journal of infectious diseases\u202f: IJID\u202f: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 94:44\u201348","journal-title":"International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"945_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu GF, Dandekar AA, Pewe L, Perlman S (2000) CD4 and CD8 T cells have redundant but not identical roles in virus-induced demyelination. J Immunol (Baltimore, Md : 1950) 165:2278\u20132286","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2278"},{"key":"945_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","volume":"87","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, Liu C, Yang C et al (2020) Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun 87:18\u201322","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"945_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, Li T, Chen Q (2020a) High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 12:8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x"},{"key":"945_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L, Tai Y, Bai C, Gao T, Song J, Xia P, Dong J, Zhao J, Wang FS et al (2020b) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 8:420\u2013422","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"945_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01634-06","volume":"81","author":"Y Ye","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ye Y, Hauns K, Langland JO, Jacobs BL, Hogue BG (2007) Mouse hepatitis coronavirus A59 nucleocapsid protein is a type I interferon antagonist. J Virol 81:2554\u20132563","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04374-x","volume":"162","author":"L Zanin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zanin L, Saraceno G, Panciani PP, Renisi G, Signorini L, Migliorati K, Fontanella MM et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir 162:1491\u20131494","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"945_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Bastard P, Liu Z, Le Pen J, Moncada-Velez M, Chen J, Ogishi M, Sabli IKD, Hodeib S, Korol C, Rosain J, Bilguvar K, Ye J, Bolze A, Bigio B, Yang R, Arias AA, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Onodi F, Korniotis S, Karpf L, Philippot Q, Chbihi M, Bonnet-Madin L, Dorgham K, Smith N, Schneider WM, Razooky BS, Hoffmann HH, Michailidis E, Moens L, Han JE, Lorenzo L, Bizien L, Meade P, Neehus AL, Ugurbil AC, Corneau A, Kerner G, Zhang P, Rapaport F, Seeleuthner Y, Manry J, Masson C, Schmitt Y, Schl\u00fcter A, Le Voyer T, Khan T, Li J, Fellay J, Roussel L, Shahrooei M, Alosaimi MF, Mansouri D, Al-Saud H, Al-Mulla F, Almourfi F, Al-Muhsen SZ, Alsohime F, Al Turki S, Hasanato R, van de Beek D, Biondi A, Bettini LR, D\u2019Angio M, Bonfanti P, Imberti L, Sottini A, Paghera S, Quiros-Roldan E, Rossi C, Oler AJ, Tompkins MF, Alba C, Vandernoot I, Goffard JC, Smits G, Migeotte I, Haerynck F, Soler-Palacin P, Martin-Nalda A, Colobran R, Morange P-E, Keles S, \u00c7\u00f6lkesen F, Ozcelik T, Yasar KK, Senoglu S, Karabela \u015eN, Gallego CR, Novelli G, Hraiech S, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Duval X, Laou\u00e9nan C, Snow AL, Dalgard CL, Milner J, Vinh DC, et al (2020) Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Sci 370","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4570"},{"key":"945_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8408","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00769-13","volume":"87","author":"L Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao L, Birdwell LD, Wu A, Elliott R, Rose KM, Phillips JM, Li Y, Grinspan J, Silverman RH, Weiss SR et al (2013) Cell-type-specific activation of the oligoadenylate synthetase\u2013RNase L pathway by a murine coronavirus. J Virol 87:8408","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"945_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.04.011","volume":"11","author":"L Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao L, Jha Babal K, Wu A, Elliott R, Ziebuhr J, Gorbalenya Alexander E, Silverman Robert H, Weiss Susan R et al (2012) Antagonism of the interferon-induced OAS-RNase L Pathway by murine coronavirus ns2 protein is required for virus replication and liver pathology. Cell Host Microbe 11:607\u2013616","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"945_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0401-3","volume":"17","author":"HY Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng HY, Zhang M, Yang CX, Zhang N, Wang XC, Yang XP, Dong XQ, Zheng YT et al (2020) Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol 17:541\u2013543","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"945_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL et al (2020a) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nat 579:270\u2013273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"945_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao C, Qi Y, Sun R, Tian Z, Xu X, Wei H (2020b). Pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 patients. Natl Scie Rev nwaa041","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041"},{"key":"945_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W et al (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382:727\u2013733","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"945_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035","volume":"181","author":"CGK Ziegler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, Mbano IM, Miao VN, Tzouanas CN, Cao Y, Yousif AS, Bals J, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Muus C, Wadsworth MH, Kazer SW, Hughes TK, Doran B, Gatter GJ, Vukovic M, Taliaferro F, Mead BE, Guo Z, Wang JP, Gras D, Plaisant M, Ansari M, Angelidis I, Adler H, Sucre JMS, Taylor CJ, Lin B, Waghray A, Mitsialis V, Dwyer DF, Buchheit KM, Boyce JA, Barrett NA, Laidlaw TM, Carroll SL, Colonna L, Tkachev V, Peterson CW, Yu A, Zheng HB, Gideon HP, Winchell CG, Lin PL, Bingle CD, Snapper SB, Kropski JA, Theis FJ, Schiller HB, Zaragosi L-E, Barbry P, Leslie A, Kiem H-P, Flynn JL, Fortune SM, Berger B, Finberg RW, Kean LS, Garber M, Schmidt AG, Lingwood D, Shalek AK, Ordovas-Montanes J, Banovich N, Barbry P, Brazma A, Desai T, Duong TE, Eickelberg O, Falk C, Farzan M, Glass I, Haniffa M, Horvath P, Hung D, Kaminski N, Krasnow M, Kropski JA, Kuhnemund M, Lafyatis R, Lee H, Leroy S, Linnarson S, Lundeberg J, Meyer K, Misharin A, Nawijn M, Nikolic MZ, Ordovas-Montanes J, Pe\u2019er D, Powell J, Quake S, Rajagopal J, Tata PR, Rawlins EL, Regev A, Reyfman PA, Rojas M, et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell 181:1016-1035.e19","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"945_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102324","volume":"44","author":"A Zoghi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zoghi A, Ramezani M, Roozbeh M, Darazam IA, Sahraian MA (2020) A case of possible atypical demyelinating event of the central nervous system following COVID-19. Mult Scler Relat Disord 44:102324","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroVirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00945-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00945-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00945-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T14:09:36Z","timestamp":1671113376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00945-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00945-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-0284","1538-2443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-0284","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-2443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}