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Neurovirol."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite suppression of viral replication by antiretroviral therapy (cART) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) may persist. This involves chronic inflammation with activation of the monocyte-macrophage-microglia axis. We examined CXCL13, a chemokine released by these cells, as a possible marker for HAND treatment response. We longitudinally analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from before and during newly initiated cART of people living with HIV (PLWH) with HIV-associated dementia (HAD). CXCL13\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    was determined by ELISA. We studied the correlation of CXCL13\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    with HAD as measured by the Memorial Sloan Kettering score (MSK-score) and with CSF and blood parameters. Twelve treatment-na\u00efve patients with HAD were included. Prior to cART the correlation of CXCL13\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\u03c4_b\u2009=\u20090.575,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.051) with MSK-score narrowly missed significance. At an average of 2,9 months after start of cART, CXCL13\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    strongly correlated with MSK-score (\u03c4_b\u2009=\u20090.746,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.005). Also, the magnitude of the longitudinal change of CXCL-13\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    correlated with the change of MSK-score (\u03c4_b\u2009=\u20090.460,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.048). No correlation was found between MSK-score and CSF white blood cell count (WBC\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) as well as HIV-RNA (plasma, CSF). CXCL13\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    showed a significant correlation with HAD but not with WBC\n                    <jats:sub>CSF<\/jats:sub>\n                    and HIV-RNA. As CXCL13 in the CNS is secreted by macrophages and microglia our results suggest a significant role of the monocyte-macrophage-microglia axis as a line of immunological defense relatively independent of viral replication. If supported by further studies CXCL13 might serve as CSF biomarker in HIV patients with HAD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-025-01293-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T17:46:40Z","timestamp":1772473600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CSF CXCL13 as a longitudinal marker for neurocognition in HIV-1-associated dementia after start of treatment in cART-na\u00efve patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Panholzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Tr\u00f6scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raimund","family":"Helbok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"1293_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","volume":"69","author":"A Antinori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. 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