{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:59:23Z","timestamp":1777543163409,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-026-01305-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:12:51Z","timestamp":1771524771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unmasking HAM\/TSP: understanding HTLV-1-driven neurological disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Arash","family":"Letafati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Tajik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona Vasei","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Shahbahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Moulaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Norouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayed-Hamidreza","family":"Mozhgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2007.02.006","volume":"61","author":"J Ahuja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahuja J, Lepoutre V, Wigdahl B, Khan ZK, Jain P (2007) Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 Tax protein as determined by multiplexed cytokine protein array analyses of human dendritic cells. Biomed Pharmacother 61(4):201\u2013208","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2017.52.2.106","volume":"52","author":"MM Akbarin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akbarin MM, Shirdel A, Bari A, Mohaddes ST, Rafatpanah H, Karimani EG et al (2017) Evaluation of the role of TAX, HBZ, and HTLV-1 proviral load on the survival of ATLL patients. Blood Res 52(2):106\u2013111","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20126","volume":"56","author":"A Araujo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Araujo A, Hall WW (2004) Human T-lymphotropic virus type II and neurological disease. Ann Neurol 56(1):10\u201319","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000832","volume":"11","author":"A Araujo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Araujo A, Bangham CRM, Casseb J, Gotuzzo E, Jacobson S, Martin F et al (2021) Management of HAM\/TSP: Systematic Review and Consensus-based Recommendations 2019. Neurol Clin Pract 11(1):49\u201356","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"1305_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318263ad7a","volume":"94","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Armstrong MJ, Corbett C, Rowe IA, Taylor GP, Neuberger JM (2012) HTLV-1 in solid-organ transplantation: current challenges and future management strategies. Transplantation 94(11):1075\u20131084","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3390\/idr15050048","volume":"15","author":"IM Assis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Assis IM, Callegari B, Sousa MS (2023) Physiotherapy methods applied in the prevention of functional loss associated with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection: an overview. Infect Dis Rep 15(5):478\u2013493","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25072","volume":"82","author":"S Azodi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azodi S, Nair G, Enose-Akahata Y, Charlip E, Vellucci A, Cortese I et al (2017) Imaging spinal cord atrophy in progressive myelopathies: HTLV-I-associated neurological disease (HAM\/TSP) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Ann Neurol 82(5):719\u2013728","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"39","key":"1305_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208970","volume":"24","author":"CR Bangham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bangham CR, Osame M (2005) Cellular immune response to HTLV-1. Oncogene 24(39):6035\u20136046","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2008.01.006","volume":"12","author":"J Bell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bell J (2008) Massage therapy helps to increase range of motion, decrease pain and assist in healing a client with low back pain and sciatica symptoms. J Bodyw Mov Ther 12(3):281\u2013289","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"1305_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180481","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0481-2018","volume":"52","author":"M Braz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braz M, Oliveira JM, R\u00eago JL, Carvalho EM, Santos SMB, Castellucci LC (2019) Polymorphism in the interleukin-10 gene is associated with overactive bladder phenotype associated with HTLV-1 infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 52:e20180481","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20160019","volume":"74","author":"RC Caiafa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caiafa RC, Orsini M, Felicio LR, Puccioni-Sohler M (2016) Muscular weakness represents the main limiting factor of walk, functional independence and quality of life of myelopathy patients associated to HTLV-1. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 74(4):280\u2013286","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1305_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12321","volume":"42","author":"LB Calixtre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calixtre LB, Moreira RF, Franchini GH, Alburquerque-Send\u00edn F, Oliveira AB (2015) Manual therapy for the management of pain and limited range of motion in subjects with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Oral Rehabil 42(11):847\u2013861","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR13","first-page":"460","volume":"4","author":"KP Cantor","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cantor KP, Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Battjes RJ (1991) HTLV-I\/II seroprevalence and HIV\/HTLV coinfection among U.S. intravenous drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988) 4(5):460\u2013467","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-008-0096-z","volume":"198","author":"BC Catalan-Soares","year":"2009","unstructured":"Catalan-Soares BC, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Da Fonseca FG, Correa-Oliveira R, Peralva-Lima D, Portela R et al (2009) HLA class I alleles in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and asymptomatic carriers from the Brazilian cohort GIPH. Med Microbiol Immunol 198(1):1\u20133","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060519862064","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519862064","volume":"48","author":"YH Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen YH, Zhang H, Meng LB, Tang XY, Gong T, Yin J (2020) Novel mutation in the periaxin gene causal to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4F. J Int Med Res 48(2):300060519862064","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"1305_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8095609","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8095609","volume":"2018","author":"MN Chowta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chowta MN, Kamath P, Ramapuram JT, Shenoy KA, Hadigal S (2018) Evaluation of adverse drug reaction profile of drugs used as first-line antiretroviral therapy. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2018:8095609","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"1305_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984274","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.984274","volume":"13","author":"A Clauze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clauze A, Enose-Akahata Y, Jacobson S (2022) T cell receptor repertoire analysis in HTLV-1-associated diseases. Front Immunol 13:984274","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1305_CR18","first-page":"958786","volume":"2012","author":"DT Costa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Costa DT, Sundberg M, Passos L, Muniz AL, Santos S (2012) Interferon beta-1a improves urinary symptoms, reduces proviral load, and modifies the immune response in a patient with HAM\/TSP. Case Rep Neurol Med 2012:958786","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"1305_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.03.003","volume":"172","author":"J de S\u00e8ze","year":"2016","unstructured":"de S\u00e8ze J, Kremer L, Collongues N (2016) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD): a new concept. Rev Neurol (Paris) 172(4\u20135):256\u2013262","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1305_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00445-1","volume":"102","author":"A Deh\u00e9e","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deh\u00e9e A, C\u00e9saire R, D\u00e9sir\u00e9 N, L\u00e9zin A, Bourdonn\u00e9 O, B\u00e9ra O et al (2002) Quantitation of HTLV-I proviral load by a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. J Virol Methods 102(1\u20132):37\u201351","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1305355","volume":"17","author":"CA DiNicola","year":"2017","unstructured":"DiNicola CA, Zand A, Hommes DW (2017) Autologous hematopoietic stem cells for refractory Crohn\u2019s disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 17(5):555\u2013564","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"1305_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006832","volume":"12","author":"DD Djuicy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Djuicy DD, Mouinga-Ond\u00e9m\u00e9 A, Cassar O, Ramassamy JL, Idam Mamimandjiami A, Bikangui R et al (2018) Risk factors for HTLV-1 infection in Central Africa: a rural population-based survey in Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(10):e0006832","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1305_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3366-5","volume":"16","author":"L Einsiedel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Einsiedel L, Woodman RJ, Flynn M, Wilson K, Cassar O, Gessain A (2016) Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in an Indigenous Australian population: epidemiological insights from a hospital-based cohort study. BMC Public Health 16:787","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-019-0499-5","volume":"16","author":"Y Enose-Akahata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Enose-Akahata Y, Jacobson S (2019) Immunovirological markers in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Retrovirology 16(1):35","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"1305_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563","volume":"8","author":"Y Enose-Akahata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Enose-Akahata Y, Vellucci A, Jacobson S (2017) Role of HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ in the pathogenesis of HAM\/TSP. Front Microbiol 8:2563","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1305_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51437","volume":"8","author":"Y Enose-Akahata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Enose-Akahata Y, Billioux BJ, Azodi S, Dwyer J, Vellucci A, Ngouth N et al (2021) Clinical trial of raltegravir, an integrase inhibitor. HAM\/TSP Ann Clin Transl Neurol 8(10):1970\u20131985","journal-title":"HAM\/TSP Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR27","first-page":"485","volume":"32","author":"E Eusebio-Ponce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eusebio-Ponce E, Anguita E, Paulino-Ramirez R, Candel FJ (2019) HTLV-1 infection: an emerging risk. Pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and associated diseases. Rev Esp Quimioter 32(6):485\u2013496","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1305_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180701777475","volume":"27","author":"M Faris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faris M (2008) Potential for molecular targeted therapy for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Int Rev Immunol 27(1\u20132):71\u201378","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1305_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01302","volume":"10","author":"S Fochi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fochi S, Bergamo E, Serena M, Mutascio S, Journo C, Mahieux R et al (2019) TRAF3 is required for NF-\u03baB pathway activation mediated by HTLV tax proteins. Front Microbiol 10:1302","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060770","volume":"3","author":"KH Fogarty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fogarty KH, Zhang W, Grigsby IF, Johnson JL, Chen Y, Mueller JD, Mansky LM (2011) New insights into HTLV-1 particle structure, assembly, and Gag-Gag interactions in living cells. Viruses 3(6):770\u2013793","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"1305_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102146","volume":"14","author":"NL Freitas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Freitas NL, Gomes YCP, Souza FDS, Torres RC, Echevarria-Lima J, Leite A et al (2022) Lessons from the cerebrospinal fluid analysis of HTLV-1-infected individuals: biomarkers of inflammation for HAM\/TSP development. Viruses 14(10):2146","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0398-8","volume":"35","author":"MP Fuggetta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fuggetta MP, Bordignon V, Cottarelli A, Macchi B, Frezza C, Cordiali-Fei P et al (2016) Downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in HTLV-1-infected T cells by Resveratrol. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 35(1):118","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1305_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.03.025","volume":"104","author":"HT Fuzii","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fuzii HT, da Silva Dias GA, de Barros RJ, Falc\u00e3o LF, Quaresma JA (2014) Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1-assoaciated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Life Sci 104(1\u20132):9\u201314","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1305_CR34","unstructured":"Gallagher S, Winston SE, Fuller SA, Hurrell JG (2008) Immunoblotting and immunodetection. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. Chapter 10:Unit 10.8"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0647","volume":"102","author":"S Gallego","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallego S, Frutos MC, Blanco S, Castro G, Balangero M, El\u00edas Panigo D et al (2020) First description of seronegative HTLV-1 carriers in Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102(4):889\u2013895","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1305_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","volume":"3","author":"A Gessain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gessain A, Cassar O (2012) Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection. Front Microbiol 3:388","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8452","key":"1305_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","volume":"2","author":"A Gessain","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, de Th\u00e9 G (1985) Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2(8452):407\u2013410","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2174\/187152808785107642","volume":"7","author":"DU Goncalves","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goncalves DU, Proietti FA, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Martins ML, Ribas JG, Martins-Filho OA et al (2008) HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) inflammatory network. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 7(2):98\u2013107","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"issue":"12","key":"1305_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5601","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-123430","volume":"111","author":"C Grant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grant C, Oh U, Yao K, Yamano Y, Jacobson S (2008) Dysregulation of TGF-beta signaling and regulatory and effector T-cell function in virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease. Blood 111(12):5601\u20135609","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1305_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grill MF (2018) Infectious myelopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 24(2, Spinal Cord Disorders):441\u201373","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000597"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/v8030074","volume":"8","author":"C Gross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gross C, Thoma-Kress AK (2016) Molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission. Viruses 8(3):74","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1305_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.09.009","volume":"334","author":"M Guerra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guerra M, Luna T, Souza A, Amorim C, Carvalho NB, Carvalho L et al (2018) Local and systemic production of proinflammatory chemokines in the pathogenesis of HAM\/TSP. Cell Immunol 334:70\u201377","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"17","key":"1305_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176020","volume":"21","author":"M Gul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gul M, Jafari AA, Shah M, Mirmoeeni S, Haider SU, Moinuddin S, Chaudhry A (2020) Molecular biomarkers in multiple sclerosis and its related disorders: a critical review. Int J Mol Sci 21(17):6020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00272-1","volume":"18","author":"C Harrer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harrer C, Otto F, Pilz G, Haschke-Becher E, Trinka E, Hitzl W et al (2021) The CXCL13\/CXCR5-chemokine axis in neuroinflammation: evidence of CXCR5+CD4 T cell recruitment to CSF. Fluids Barriers CNS 18(1):40","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.05.048","volume":"20","author":"S Hassan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hassan S, Amer S, Zervos M (2013) Tropical spastic paraparesis treated with Combivir (lamivudine-zidovudine). J Clin Neurosci 20(5):759\u2013760","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"22","key":"1305_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11106","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.22.11106-11115.2001","volume":"75","author":"J Hemelaar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hemelaar J, Bex F, Booth B, Cerundolo V, McMichael A, Daenke S (2001) Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein binds to assembled nuclear proteasomes and enhances their proteolytic activity. J Virol 75(22):11106\u201311115","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.7.1735-1738.1995","volume":"33","author":"DR Henrard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Henrard DR, Soriano V, Robertson E, Gutierrez M, Stephens J, Dronda F et al (1995) Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infection among Spanish drug users measured by HTLV-1 assay and HTLV-1 and -2 assay. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Spanish Study Group. J Clin Microbiol 33(7):1735\u20138","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1305_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2021.01.001","volume":"178","author":"MA Hossain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hossain MA (2021) CRISPR-Cas9: a fascinating journey from bacterial immune system to human gene editing. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 178:63\u201383","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100002420","volume":"30","author":"AK Howard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Howard AK, Li DK, Oger J (2003) MRI contributes to the differentiation between MS and HTLV-I associated myelopathy in British Columbian coastal natives. Can J Neurol Sci 30(1):41\u201348","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1305_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199600001-00006","volume":"13","author":"S Ijichi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ijichi S, Nakagawa M, Umehara F, Higuchi I, Arimura K, Izumo S, Osame M (1996) HAM\/TSP: recent perspectives in Japan. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 13(Suppl 1):S26-32","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"issue":"49","key":"1305_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34273","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802527200","volume":"283","author":"O Isono","year":"2008","unstructured":"Isono O, Ohshima T, Saeki Y, Matsumoto J, Hijikata M, Tanaka K, Shimotohno K (2008) Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 HBZ protein bypasses the targeting function of ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 283(49):34273\u201334282","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02536.x","volume":"74","author":"F Jadidi-Niaragh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A (2011) Th17 cell, the new player of neuroinflammatory process in multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 74(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"32","key":"1305_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22284","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.549659","volume":"289","author":"E Jaworski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jaworski E, Narayanan A, Van Duyne R, Shabbeer-Meyering S, Iordanskiy S, Saifuddin M et al (2014) Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected cells secrete exosomes that contain Tax protein. J Biol Chem 289(32):22284\u201322305","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3848","volume":"96","author":"KJ Jeffery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jeffery KJ, Usuku K, Hall SE, Matsumoto W, Taylor GP, Procter J et al (1999) HLA alleles determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(7):3848\u20133853","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"1305_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7278","volume":"165","author":"KJ Jeffery","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jeffery KJ, Siddiqui AA, Bunce M, Lloyd AL, Vine AM, Witkover AD et al (2000) The influence of HLA class I alleles and heterozygosity on the outcome of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection. J Immunol 165(12):7278\u20137284","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1305_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01151","volume":"11","author":"H Ji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ji H, Chang L, Yan Y, Jiang X, Sun H, Guo F, Wang L (2020) A strategy for screening and confirmation of HTLV-1\/2 infections in low-endemic areas. Front Microbiol 11:1151","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-01970-y","volume":"20","author":"H Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji H, Chang L, Yan Y, Wang L (2023) Development and validation of a duplex real-time PCR for the rapid detection and quantitation of HTLV-1. Virol J 20(1):9","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060794","volume":"3","author":"KS Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jones KS, Lambert S, Bouttier M, B\u00e9nit L, Ruscetti FW, Hermine O, Pique C (2011) Molecular aspects of HTLV-1 entry: functional domains of the HTLV-1 surface subunit (SU) and their relationships to the entry receptors. Viruses 3(6):794\u2013810","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.18011","volume":"58","author":"N Kawano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kawano N, Yoshida S, Kawano S, Kuriyama T, Tahara Y, Toyofuku A et al (2018) The clinical impact of human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection on the development of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) \/ atypical HAM after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and renal transplantation. J Clin Exp Hematop 58(3):107\u2013121","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hematop"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071777","volume":"11","author":"LM Kemeter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kemeter LM, Birzer A, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK (2023) Milk transmission of mammalian retroviruses. Microorganisms 11(7):1777","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060831","volume":"12","author":"W Kendle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kendle W, Hoang K, Korleski E, Panfil AR, Polakowski N, Lemasson I (2023) Upregulation of neuropilin-1 inhibits HTLV-1 infection. Pathogens 12(6):831","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"1305_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-52","volume":"10","author":"S Kinpara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kinpara S, Kijiyama M, Takamori A, Hasegawa A, Sasada A, Masuda T et al (2013) Interferon-\u03b1 (IFN-\u03b1) suppresses HTLV-1 gene expression and cell cycling, while IFN-\u03b1 combined with zidovudine induces p53 signaling and apoptosis in HTLV-1-infected cells. Retrovirology 10:52","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"1305_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-183","volume":"11","author":"J Kira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kira J (2013) Therapeutic benefits of an oral vitamin B1 derivative for human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). BMC Med 11:183","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1305_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036955","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1036955","volume":"13","author":"N Komatsu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Komatsu N, Iwanaga M, Hasegawa Y, Miura S, Fuchi N, Moriuchi H et al (2022) Frequency of HTLV-1 seroconversion between pregnancies in Nagasaki, Japan, 2011\u20132018. Front Microbiol 13:1036955","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1305_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehky TJ, Levin MC, Kubota R, Bamford RN, Flerlage AN, Soldan SS, et al (1998) Reduction in HTLV\u2010I proviral load and spontaneous lymphoproliferation in HTLV\u2010I\u2013associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients treated with humanized anti\u2010tac. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society 44(6):942-7","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440613"},{"key":"1305_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-015-0118-8","volume":"16","author":"L Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma L, Zhang H, Hu K, Lv G, Fu Y, Ayana DA et al (2015) The imbalance between Tregs, Th17 cells and inflammatory cytokines among renal transplant recipients. BMC Immunol 16:56","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050469","volume":"3","author":"B Macchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Macchi B, Balestrieri E, Ascolani A, Hilburn S, Martin F, Mastino A, Taylor GP (2011) Susceptibility of primary HTLV-1 isolates from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Viruses 3(5):469\u2013483","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"9","key":"1305_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001117","volume":"6","author":"A Macnamara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Macnamara A, Rowan A, Hilburn S, Kadolsky U, Fujiwara H, Suemori K et al (2010) HLA class I binding of HBZ determines outcome in HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 6(9):e1001117","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050342","volume":"9","author":"F Marino-Merlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marino-Merlo F, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Mastino A, Grelli S, Macchi B (2020) Antiretroviral therapy in HTLV-1 infection: an updated overview. Pathogens 9(5):342","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"11","key":"1305_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.966690","volume":"10","author":"F Martin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martin F, Taylor GP, Jacobson S (2014) Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 10(11):1531\u20131546","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1305_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593170","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.593170","volume":"10","author":"ST Martins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martins ST, Alves LR (2020) Extracellular vesicles in viral infections: two sides of the same coin? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:593170","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1305_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.10.030","volume":"371","author":"E Matsuura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsuura E, Nozuma S, Tashiro Y, Kubota R, Izumo S, Takashima H (2016) HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP): a comparative study to identify factors that influence disease progression. J Neurol Sci 371:112\u2013116","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040592","volume":"12","author":"E Matsuura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matsuura E, Nozuma S, Dozono M, Kodama D, Tanaka M, Kubota R, Takashima H (2023) Iliopsoas muscle weakness as a key diagnostic marker in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Pathogens 12(4):592","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020324","volume":"13","author":"B Meng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meng B, Lever AML (2021) The interplay between ESCRT and viral factors in the enveloped virus life cycle. Viruses. 13(2):324","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.19697","volume":"3","author":"F Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller F, Afonso PV, Gessain A, Ceccaldi PE (2012) Blood-brain barrier and retroviral infections. Virulence 3(2):222\u2013229","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"1305_CR76","first-page":"105","volume":"3","author":"M Miura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miura M, Miyazato P, Satou Y, Tanaka Y, Bangham CRM (2018) Epigenetic changes around the pX region and spontaneous HTLV-1 transcription are CTCF-independent. Wellcome Open Res 3:105","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-019-0501-2","volume":"16","author":"R Moles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moles R, Sarkis S, Galli V, Omsland M, Purcell DFJ, Yurick D et al (2019) p30 protein: a critical regulator of HTLV-1 viral latency and host immunity. Retrovirology 16(1):42","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.4.1341","volume":"99","author":"N Mori","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mori N, Sato H, Hayashibara T, Senba M, Hayashi T, Yamada Y et al (2002) Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax transactivates the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene: potential role in mediating adult T-cell leukemia invasiveness. Blood 99(4):1341\u20131349","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10065","volume":"50","author":"M Nagai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nagai M, Yamano Y, Brennan MB, Mora CA, Jacobson S (2001) Increased HTLV-I proviral load and preferential expansion of HTLV-I Tax-specific CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HAM\/TSP. Ann Neurol 50(6):807\u2013812","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.02.002","volume":"1813","author":"S Nakachi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakachi S, Nakazato T, Ishikawa C, Kimura R, Mann DA, Senba M et al (2011) Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax transactivates the matrix metalloproteinase 7 gene via JunD\/AP-1 signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1813(5):731\u2013741","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030492","volume":"12","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nakamura T (2023) HAM\/TSP pathogenesis: the transmigration activity of HTLV-1-infected T cells into tissues. Pathogens 12(3):492","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2174\/187152409788452090","volume":"9","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nakamura T, Nishiura Y, Eguchi K (2009) Therapeutic strategies in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 9(2):137\u2013149","journal-title":"Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/v8030058","volume":"8","author":"K Nakano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakano K, Watanabe T (2016) HTLV-1 Rex tunes the cellular environment favorable for viral replication. Viruses 8(3):58","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"1305_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13305","volume":"24","author":"AM Ngoma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ngoma AM, Omokoko MD, Mutombo PB, Mvika ES, Mutombo JM, Nollet KE, Ohto H (2019) Population-based prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health 24(11):1277\u20131290","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1305_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00885","volume":"10","author":"S Nozuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nozuma S, Jacobson S (2019) Neuroimmunology of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Front Microbiol 10:885","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e167422","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.167422","volume":"8","author":"S Nozuma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nozuma S, Matsuura E, Tanaka M, Kodama D, Matsuzaki T, Yoshimura A et al (2023) Identification and tracking of HTLV-1-infected T cell clones in virus-associated neurologic disease. JCI Insight 8(7):e167422","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"12","key":"1305_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-306571","volume":"117","author":"U Oh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oh U, McCormick MJ, Datta D, Turner RV, Bobb K, Monie DD et al (2011) Inhibition of immune activation by a novel nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor in HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease. Blood 117(12):3363\u20133369","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1305_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh U, Jacobson S (2008) Treatment of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: toward rational targeted therapy. Neurol Clin 26(3):781\u201397, ix-x","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02701-20","volume":"59","author":"UD Oliveira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliveira UD, Santos FLN, Galv\u00e3o-Castro B, Krieger MA, Zanchin NIT (2021) Novel Genetic Constructs for Production of Recombinant HTLV-1\/2 Antigens and Evaluation of Their Reactivity to Plasma Samples from HTLV-1-Infected Patients. J Clin Microbiol. 59(4):10\u20131128","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280110","volume":"28","author":"M Osame","year":"1990","unstructured":"Osame M, Janssen R, Kubota H, Nishitani H, Igata A, Nagataki S et al (1990) Nationwide survey of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Japan: association with blood transfusion. Ann Neurol 28(1):50\u201356","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1305_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580371","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.580371","volume":"10","author":"AR Panfil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panfil AR, Green PL, Yoder KE (2020) CRISPR genome editing applied to the pathogenic retrovirus HTLV-1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:580371","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1305_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788176","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.788176","volume":"8","author":"FM Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira FM, Santos FLN, Silva \u00c2AO, Nascimento NM, Almeida M, Carreiro RP et al (2021) Distribution of human immunodeficiency virus and human T-Leukemia virus co-infection in Bahia, Brazil. Front Med (Lausanne) 8:788176","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1305_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25192","volume":"90","author":"L Pirayeshfard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pirayeshfard L, Sharifi Z, Amini-Kafiabad S, Haghnazari Sadaghiani N (2018) Phylogenetic analysis of HTLV-1 in Iranian blood donors, HIV-1 positive patients and patients with beta thalassemia. J Med Virol 90(8):1398\u20131405","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1305_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","volume":"77","author":"BJ Poiesz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC (1980) Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77(12):7415\u20137419","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000251300.24540.c4","volume":"68","author":"M Puccioni-Sohler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Puccioni-Sohler M, Yamano Y, Rios M, Carvalho SM, Vasconcelos CC, Papais-Alvarenga R, Jacobson S (2007) Differentiation of HAM\/TSP from patients with multiple sclerosis infected with HTLV-I. Neurology 68(3):206\u2013213","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1305_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968549","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/968549","volume":"2013","author":"N Qu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qu N, Xu M, Mizoguchi I, Furusawa J, Kaneko K, Watanabe K et al (2013) Pivotal roles of T-helper 17-related cytokines, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23, in inflammatory diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2013:968549","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4032-1","volume":"19","author":"GAN Queiroz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Queiroz GAN, Mascarenhas REM, Vieillard V, Andrade RL, Galv\u00e3o-Castro B, Grassi MFR (2019) Functional capacity of natural killer cells in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) patients. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):433","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.07.004","volume":"52","author":"H Rafatpanah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rafatpanah H, Hedayati-Moghaddam MR, Fathimoghadam F, Bidkhori HR, Shamsian SK, Ahmadi S et al (2011) High prevalence of HTLV-I infection in Mashhad, Northeast Iran: a population-based seroepidemiology survey. J Clin Virol 52(3):172\u2013176","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1305_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.05.004","volume":"250","author":"H Rafatpanah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rafatpanah H, Rezaee A, Etemadi MM, Hosseini RF, Khorram B, Afsahr L et al (2012) The impact of interferon-alpha treatment on clinical and immunovirological aspects of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy in northeast of Iran. J Neuroimmunol 250(1\u20132):87\u201393","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24448","volume":"88","author":"H Rafatpanah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rafatpanah H, Torkamani M, Valizadeh N, Vakili R, Meshkani B, Khademi H et al (2016) Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of HTLV-1 in a segregated population in Iran. J Med Virol 88(7):1247\u20131253","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac312","volume":"227","author":"JL Ramassamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramassamy JL, Bilounga Ndongo C, Nnuka P, Antunes M, Le Mener M, Betsem ABE et al (2023) Epidemiological evidence of nosocomial and zoonotic transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus-1 in a large survey in a Rural Population of Central Africa. J Infect Dis 227(6):752\u2013760","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01487-4","volume":"21","author":"MF Rasul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rasul MF, Hussen BM, Salihi A, Ismael BS, Jalal PJ, Zanichelli A et al (2022) Strategies to overcome the main challenges of the use of CRISPR\/Cas9 as a replacement for cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 21(1):64","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0066","volume":"35","author":"ES Rodrigues","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigues ES, de Macedo MD, Orellana MD, Takayanagui OM, Palma PVB, Pinto MT et al (2019) Short Communication: Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Exhibit Immunosuppressive Effects on Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 T Lymphocyte from Infected Individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 35(2):164\u2013168","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"9","key":"1305_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0086","volume":"29","author":"LC Romanelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romanelli LC, Caramelli P, Martins ML, Gon\u00e7alves DU, Proietti FA, Ribas JG et al (2013) Incidence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis in a long-term prospective cohort study of initially asymptomatic individuals in Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 29(9):1199\u20131202","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"13","key":"1305_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.13.6021-6030.2000","volume":"74","author":"IA Romero","year":"2000","unstructured":"Romero IA, Prevost MC, Perret E, Adamson P, Greenwood J, Couraud PO, Ozden S (2000) Interactions between brain endothelial cells and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected lymphocytes: mechanisms of viral entry into the central nervous system. J Virol 74(13):6021\u20136030","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR106","first-page":"379","volume":"158","author":"JD Rosenblatt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosenblatt JD (1993) Human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II. West J Med 158(4):379\u2013384","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1305_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.03.002","volume":"333","author":"A Rostami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rostami A, Ciric B (2013) Role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory demyelination. J Neurol Sci 333(1\u20132):76\u201387","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1086\/423942","volume":"190","author":"AH Sabouri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sabouri AH, Saito M, Lloyd AL, Vine AM, Witkover AW, Furukawa Y et al (2004) Polymorphism in the interleukin-10 promoter affects both provirus load and the risk of human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Infect Dis 190(7):1279\u20131285","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-140335","volume":"112","author":"AH Sabouri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sabouri AH, Usuku K, Hayashi D, Izumo S, Ohara Y, Osame M, Saito M (2008) Impaired function of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-specific CD8+ T cells in HTLV-1-associated neurologic disease. Blood 112(6):2411\u20132420","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1305_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105337","volume":"103","author":"M Saffari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saffari M, Rahimzada M, Mirhosseini A, Ghezaldasht SA, Valizadeh N, Moshfegh M et al (2022) Coevolution of HTLV-1-HBZ, Tax, and proviral load with host IRF-1 and CCNA-2 in HAM\/TSP patients. Infect Genet Evol 103:105337","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"1305_CR111","first-page":"259045","volume":"2012","author":"M Saito","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saito M, Bangham CR (2012) Immunopathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: recent perspectives. Leuk Res Treatment 2012:259045","journal-title":"Leuk Res Treatment"},{"key":"1305_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-19","volume":"6","author":"M Saito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saito M, Matsuzaki T, Satou Y, Yasunaga J, Saito K, Arimura K et al (2009) In vivo expression of the HBZ gene of HTLV-1 correlates with proviral load, inflammatory markers and disease severity in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Retrovirology 6:19","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"1305_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-51","volume":"10","author":"M Saito","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saito M, Tanaka R, Arishima S, Matsuzaki T, Ishihara S, Tokashiki T et al (2013) Increased expression of OX40 is associated with progressive disease in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Retrovirology 10:51","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"1305_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1820102.x","volume":"182","author":"S Sakaguchi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Shimizu J, Yamazaki S, Sakihama T, Itoh M et al (2001) Immunologic tolerance maintained by CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance. Immunol Rev 182:18\u201332","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"1305_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963790","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.963790","volume":"10","author":"EM Santos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos EM, Silva JM, Barbosa AN, Pontes GS (2022) Clinico-epidemiological and sociodemographic profile of patients with hemophilia in the Brazilian Amazon: high prevalence of hepatitis C infection and its possible corrrelation with inhibitor development. Front Public Health 10:963790","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1305_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002479","volume":"7","author":"T Sato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sato T, Coler-Reilly A, Utsunomiya A, Araya N, Yagishita N, Ando H et al (2013) CSF CXCL10, CXCL9, and neopterin as candidate prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(10):e2479","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1305_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01651","volume":"9","author":"T Sato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sato T, Yagishita N, Tamaki K, Inoue E, Hasegawa D, Nagasaka M et al (2018a) Proposal of Classification Criteria for HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Disease Activity. Front Microbiol 9:1651","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704827","volume":"378","author":"T Sato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sato T, Coler-Reilly ALG, Yagishita N, Araya N, Inoue E, Furuta R et al (2018b) Mogamulizumab (Anti-CCR4) in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy. N Engl J Med 378(6):529\u2013538","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3510-1","volume":"18","author":"D Schor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schor D, Porto LC, Roma EH, Quintana MSB, Fabricio-Silva GM, Bonecini-Almeida MG et al (2018) Lack of association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy \/ tropical spastic paraparesis development in patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 18(1):593","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03303-0","volume":"60","author":"M Shafiei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shafiei M, Mozhgani SH (2023) Th17\/IL-17 axis in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis: novel insights into the immunity during HAMTSP. Mol Neurobiol 60(7):3839\u20133854","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1022","volume":"23","author":"K Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma K, Janik JE, O\u2019Mahony D, Stewart D, Pittaluga S, Stetler-Stevenson M et al (2017) Phase II study of Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1) in patients with HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell Leukemia\/lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 23(1):35\u201342","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1305_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.10.2125","volume":"43","author":"WA Sheremata","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sheremata WA, Benedict D, Squilacote DC, Sazant A, DeFreitas E (1993) High-dose zidovudine induction in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: safety and possible efficacy. Neurology 43(10):2125\u20132129","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1086\/595855","volume":"48","author":"MT Silva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silva MT, Coutinho F, Leite AC, Harab RC, Ara\u00fajo A, Andrada-Serpa MJ (2009) Isolated bladder dysfunction in human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 48(3):e34\u2013e36","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1305_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.08.019","volume":"13","author":"RP Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh RP, Hasan S, Sharma S, Nagra S, Yamaguchi DT, Wong DT et al (2014) Th17 cells in inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 13(12):1174\u20131181","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"1305_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2012000900007","volume":"70","author":"CM Slater","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slater CM, Ribeiro LC, Puccioni-Sohler M (2012) Difficulties in HAM\/TSP diagnosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 70(9):686\u2013690","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822012000500002","volume":"45","author":"A Souza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Souza A, Tanajura D, Toledo-Cornell C, Santos S, Carvalho EM (2012) Immunopathogenesis and neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45(5):545\u2013552","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1400203","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400203","volume":"1","author":"K Tada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tada K, Kobayashi M, Takiuchi Y, Iwai F, Sakamoto T, Nagata K et al (2015) Abacavir, an anti-HIV-1 drug, targets TDP1-deficient adult T cell leukemia. Sci Adv 1(3):e1400203","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"1305_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tagaya Y, Matsuoka M, Gallo R (2019) 40 years of the human T-cell leukemia virus: past, present, and future. F1000Res 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-228.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.17479.1","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17479.1"},{"key":"1305_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3243","volume":"381","author":"A Taniguchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taniguchi A, Mochizuki H, Yamashita A, Shiomi K, Asada Y, Nakazato M (2017) Spinal cord anteroposterior atrophy in HAM\/TSP: magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathological analyses. J Neurol Sci 381:135\u2013140","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1305_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10289","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10289-10295.1999","volume":"73","author":"GP Taylor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taylor GP, Hall SE, Navarrete S, Michie CA, Davis R, Witkover AD et al (1999) Effect of lamivudine on human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) DNA copy number, T-cell phenotype, and anti-tax cytotoxic T-cell frequency in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. J Virol 73(12):10289\u201310295","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1305_CR131","first-page":"540","volume":"160","author":"H Thiede","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thiede H, Harris NV, McGough JP, Roberts B, Khabbaz RF, Kaplan JE (1994) Prevalence of HTLV types I and II among drug users in King County, Washington. West J Med 160(6):540\u2013544","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR132","first-page":"405","volume":"1","author":"F Titti","year":"1988","unstructured":"Titti F, Rezza G, Verani P, Butt\u00f2 S, Sernicola L, Rapicetta M et al (1988) HIV, HTLV-1, and HBV infections in a cohort of Italian intravenous drug abusers: analysis of risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1(4):405\u201311","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1305_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7014-z","volume":"260","author":"A Trevi\u00f1o","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trevi\u00f1o A, Vicario JL, Lopez M, Parra P, Benito R, Ortiz de Lejarazu R et al (2013) Association between HLA alleles and HAM\/TSP in individuals infected with HTLV-1. J Neurol 260(10):2551\u20135","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1305_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199307000-00010","volume":"52","author":"F Umehara","year":"1993","unstructured":"Umehara F, Izumo S, Nakagawa M, Ronquillo AT, Takahashi K, Matsumuro K et al (1993) Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52(4):424\u2013430","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000219384","volume":"52","author":"K Umeki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Umeki K, Hisada M, Maloney EM, Hanchard B, Okayama A (2009) Proviral loads and clonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells following vertical transmission: a 10-year follow-up of children in Jamaica. Intervirology 52(3):115\u2013122","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"1305_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Weyenbergh J, Decanine D, Schnitman SV, Moro AM, Kalil J, Kruschewsky RA, et al (2014) Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody as a possible therapeutic alternative in HAM\/TSP.\u00a0Retrovirol\u00a011(1):1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-S1-O40"},{"issue":"2","key":"1305_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03039-1","volume":"377","author":"K Venkatesh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venkatesh K, Ghosh SK, Mullick M, Manivasagam G, Sen D (2019) Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications. Cell Tissue Res 377(2):125\u2013151","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1305_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.8.5121","volume":"173","author":"AM Vine","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vine AM, Heaps AG, Kaftantzi L, Mosley A, Asquith B, Witkover A et al (2004) The role of CTLs in persistent viral infection: cytolytic gene expression in CD8+ lymphocytes distinguishes between individuals with a high or low proviral load of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. J Immunol 173(8):5121\u20135129","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1305_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039372","volume":"7","author":"F von Glehn","year":"2012","unstructured":"von Glehn F, Jarius S, de Penalva Oliveira AC, Brand\u00e3o CO, Farias AS, Damasceno A et al (2012) Aquaporin-4 antibodies are not related to HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. PLoS ONE 7(7):e39372","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1305_CR140","first-page":"819467","volume":"2012","author":"JC Waite","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waite JC, Skokos D (2012) Th17 response and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Int J Inflamm 2012:819467","journal-title":"Int J Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"1305_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0009","volume":"3","author":"TA Waldmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waldmann TA (2015) The shared and contrasting roles of IL2 and IL15 in the life and death of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 3(3):219\u2013227","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02255594","volume":"4","author":"MJ Walter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Walter MJ, Lehky TJ, Levin MC, Fox CH, Jacobson S (1997) Detection of HTLV-I in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis and asymptomatic carriers by PCR-in situ hybridization. J Biomed Sci 4(1):54\u201360","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.05.022","volume":"52","author":"A Waters","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waters A, Oliveira AL, Coughlan S, de Venecia C, Schor D, Leite AC et al (2011) Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantitation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 proviral load: addressing the issue of indeterminate HTLV results. J Clin Virol 52(1):38\u201344","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"1305_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00389","volume":"3","author":"Y Yamano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamano Y, Sato T (2012) Clinical pathophysiology of human T-lymphotropic virus-type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Front Microbiol 3:389","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1305_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.88","volume":"99","author":"Y Yamano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yamano Y, Nagai M, Brennan M, Mora CA, Soldan SS, Tomaru U et al (2002) Correlation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) mRNA with proviral DNA load, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, and disease severity in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM\/TSP). Blood 99(1):88\u201394","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"1305_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23913","volume":"115","author":"Y Yamano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamano Y, Takenouchi N, Li HC, Tomaru U, Yao K, Grant CW et al (2005) Virus-induced dysfunction of CD4+CD25+ T cells in patients with HTLV-I-associated neuroimmunological disease. J Clin Invest 115(5):1361\u20131368","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"1305_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6517","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006517","volume":"4","author":"Y Yamano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamano Y, Araya N, Sato T, Utsunomiya A, Azakami K, Hasegawa D et al (2009) Abnormally high levels of virus-infected IFN-gamma+ CCR4+ CD4+ CD25+ T cells in a retrovirus-associated neuroinflammatory disorder. PLoS ONE 4(8):e6517","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1305_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107669","volume":"218","author":"J Yamauchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamauchi J, Araya N, Yagishita N, Sato T, Yamano Y (2021) An update on human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) focusing on clinical and laboratory biomarkers. Pharmacol Ther 218:107669","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1305_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2741\/1539","volume":"10","author":"I Younis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Younis I, Green PL (2005) The human T-cell leukemia virus Rex protein. Front Biosci 10:431\u2013445","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"1305_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00421","volume":"11","author":"R Zargari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zargari R, Mahdifar M, Mohammadi A, Vahidi Z, Hassanshahi G, Rafatpanah H (2020) The role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 11:421","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1305_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2016.09.006","volume":"439","author":"A Zotova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zotova A, Zotov I, Filatov A, Mazurov D (2016) Determining antigen specificity of a monoclonal antibody using genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library. J Immunol Methods 439:8\u201314","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroVirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01305-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01305-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01305-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:02:47Z","timestamp":1776261767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01305-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01305-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-0284","1538-2443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-0284","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-2443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors confirm for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}