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Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to describe a challenging case of a Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) meningoencephalitis-vasculopathy in an immunocompromised patient with severe Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), emphasizing on diagnostic tools.\u00a0Hereby, we present an elderly immunocompromised patient with RA that developed meningoencephalitis and Central Nervous System (CNS) vasculitis, only two months after discontinuation of her RA medication due to a VZV rash.\u00a0The clinical, imaging and laboratory investigation that was performed led to a diagnostic dilemma, as it could argue in favor both of VZV infection and RA activation in CNS. The intrathecal production of VZV-IgG antibodies and \u201cAntibody Index\u201d are fundamental tools in the diagnosis of VZV vasculopathy, rather than the presence of virus in CNS itself. Based on this finding in our patient and taking into consideration that RA vasculopathy is rarer, the patient was treated with acyclovir and methylprednisolone as indicated for VZV meningoencephalitis-vasculopathy.\u00a0Since the therapeutic approach of CNS complications in immunocompromised patients is an additional challenge, the correct diagnosis becomes even more necessary. This article highlights the diagnostic tools that can assist neurologists making the correct diagnosis promptly, even when biopsy is not possible or undesirable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>KEYWORDS:\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-026-01306-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:54:29Z","timestamp":1770040469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Varicella zoster virus meningoencephalitis and vasculopathy in an immunocompromised patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a diagnostic challenge"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1619-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mantatzis","family":"Michail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannidis","family":"Panagiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigoriadis","family":"Nikolaos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afrantou","family":"Theodora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1306_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003023420906","volume":"342","author":"DH Gilden","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gilden DH, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B, LaGuardia JJ, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ (2000) Neurologic complications of the reactivation of varicella\u2013zoster virus. N Engl J Med 342:635\u2013645","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1306_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_120_18","volume":"9","author":"K Jayaraman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jayaraman K, Rangasami R, Chandrasekharan A (2018) Magnetic resonance imaging findings in viral encephalitis: a pictorial essay. J Neurosciences Rural Pract 9:556\u2013560","journal-title":"J Neurosciences Rural Pract"},{"key":"1306_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00857-w","volume":"26","author":"PG Kennedy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kennedy PG, Mogensen TH (2020) Determinants of neurological syndromes caused by varicella Zoster virus (VZV). 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