{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T01:58:00Z","timestamp":1781315880181,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008899","name":"University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008899","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examined behavioral, clinical, and hematologic factors associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) among people with HIV (PWH) using the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) within a randomized clinical trial. This secondary analysis used data from the Hospital Visit as Opportunity for Prevention and Engagement for HIV-Infected Drug Users (HOPE) study, which enrolled 801 PWH who use substances from 11 U.S. hospitals. CD4 cell count, HIV-1 viral load, Global Severity Index (GSI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Physical and Mental Component Scores (PCS, MCS) were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. HAND was defined as an IHDS score\u2009\u2264\u200910. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to identify baseline correlates of IHDS score and HAND, respectively. Linear mixed models were applied to evaluate the longitudinal changes in clinical outcomes. HAND prevalence was 76.3% (84.2% for females and 72.5% for males). Multivariable linear models revealed that obesity, CD4 cell counts\u2009&lt;\u2009200 cells\/ \u00b5L, higher hemoglobin level and hematocrit, and higher GAF scores were significantly associated with IHDS score (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Furthermore, logistic models showed that recent alcohol use, obesity, viral suppression (\u2264\u2009200 copies\/mL), hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and GAF scores were associated with lower odds of HAND, whereas platelet count was linked to higher odds. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated significant increases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, PCS, and MCS over time, alongside decreases in platelet count and GSI. Compared with participants without HAND, those with HAND consistently exhibited lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, GAF, and GSI scores, and higher platelet counts and MCS scores across follow-up. These findings underscore the complex interplay between hematologic and mental health, substance use, and functional status in shaping neurocognitive outcomes among PWH. Targeting modifiable hematologic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors may help reduce HAND risk and improve long-term cognitive and functional outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01612169.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-026-01315-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:29:40Z","timestamp":1778160580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and behavioral predictors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder among people with HIV who use substances: a secondary analysis of the HOPE trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Gloria","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-9-20","volume":"9","author":"IM Aas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aas IM (2010) Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): properties and frontier of current knowledge. Ann Gen Psychiatry 9:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1744-859X-9-20","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1315_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","volume":"69","author":"A Antinori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69:1789\u20131799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1315_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0181","volume":"23","author":"AJ Applebaum","year":"2009","unstructured":"Applebaum AJ, Reilly LC, Gonzalez JS, Richardson MA, Leveroni CL, Safren SA (2009) The impact of neuropsychological functioning on adherence to HAART in HIV-infected substance abuse patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 23:455\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2008.0181","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"1315_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716435","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.716435","volume":"9","author":"G Chiva-Blanch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiva-Blanch G, Vilella-Figuerola A, Padr\u00f3 T, Formiga F, Ferrer A, Badimon L (2021) Functional and Cognitive Decline Is Associated With Increased Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Platelet Activation: Liquid Biopsy of Microvesicles in Community- Dwelling Octogenarians. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:716435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.716435","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"1315_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Derogatis LR (2011) Brief Symptom Inventory-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t07502-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t07502-000"},{"key":"1315_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834a40cd","volume":"25","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Badiee J, Vaida F, Letendre S, Heaton RK, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman B, McArthur J, Morgello S, McCutchan JA, Grant I (2011) CD4 nadir is a predictor of HIV neurocognitive impairment in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 25:1747\u20131751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834a40cd","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1315_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00879-y","volume":"19","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M, Fields JA, Schlachetzki JCM (2023) Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 19:668\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-023-00879-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1315_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-025-00308-0","volume":"5","author":"BS Fatokun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fatokun BS, Uwishema O, Mugisha N, Abdulraheem BO, Rivera-Caza\u00f1o CV, d\u2019Arc UJ, Bekele HT (2025) Psychiatric comorbidities in HIV\/AIDS patients and its overlap with neurological disorders. Discov Ment Health 5:165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44192-025-00308-0","journal-title":"Discov Ment Health"},{"key":"1315_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-13-191","volume":"1","author":"PL Fazeli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fazeli PL, Crowe M, Ross LA, Wadley V, Ball K, Vance DE (2014) Cognitive Functioning in Adults Aging with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cognitive Subtypes and Influential Factors. J Clin Res HIV AIDS Prev 1:155\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-13-191","journal-title":"J Clin Res HIV AIDS Prev"},{"key":"1315_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13080178","volume":"26","author":"K Goodkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goodkin K, Hardy DJ, Singh D, Lopez E (2014) Diagnostic Utility of the International HIV Dementia Scale for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment and Disorder in South Africa. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 26:352\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13080178","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1315_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9095-0","volume":"19","author":"AA Gorman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gorman AA, Foley JM, Ettenhofer ML, Hinkin CH, Van Gorp WG (2009) Functional Consequences of HIV-Associated Neuropsychological Impairment. Neuropsychol Rev 19:186\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-009-9095-0","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1315_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir627","volume":"53","author":"G Guaraldi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guaraldi G, Orlando G, Zona S, Menozzi M, Carli F, Garlassi E, Berti A, Rossi E, Roverato A, Palella F (2011) Premature Age-Related Comorbidities Among HIV-Infected Persons Compared With the General Population. Clin Infect Dis 53:1120\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cir627","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1315_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61826","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061826","volume":"8","author":"LJ Haddow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haddow LJ, Floyd S, Copas A, Gilson RJC (2013) A Systematic Review of the Screening Accuracy of the HIV Dementia Scale and International HIV Dementia Scale. PLoS ONE 8:e61826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0061826","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1315_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428239","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1428239","volume":"15","author":"A Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu A, Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Wang X, Ouyang J, Chen Y (2024) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: key implications of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol 15:1428239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1428239","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1315_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv754","volume":"213","author":"AR Kallianpur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kallianpur AR, Wang Q, Jia P, Hulgan T, Zhao Z, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Collier AC, Marra CM, Clifford DB, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, Morgello S, Simpson DM, McCutchan JA, Grant I (2016) Anemia and Red Blood Cell Indices Predict HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era. J Infect Dis 213:1065\u20131073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv754","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1315_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-014-0028-5","volume":"1","author":"CA Kennedy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kennedy CA, Zerbo E (2014) HIV-Related Neurocognitive Disorders and Drugs of Abuse: Mired in Confound, Surrounded by Risk. Curr Addict Rep 1:229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-014-0028-5","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"1315_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12137","volume":"15","author":"NS Ku","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ku NS, Lee Y, Ahn JY, Song JE, Kim MH, Kim SB, Jeong SJ, Hong K-W, Kim E, Han SH, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Song YG, Kim WJ, Kim JM, Smith DM, Choi JY (2014) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in HIV-infected Koreans: the Korean NeuroAIDS Project. HIV Med 15:470\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.12137","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"1315_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1683562","volume":"28","author":"PY Litvin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Litvin PY, Siders CA, Waite EN, Woo E, Romero E, Foley J, Ettenhofer ML, Gooding AL, Castellon S, Hinkin C, Wright MJ (2021) Recent cocaine use and memory impairment in HIV. Appl Neuropsychology: Adult 28:685\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2019.1683562","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychology: Adult"},{"key":"1315_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9093-2","volume":"19","author":"PM Maki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maki PM, Martin-Thormeyer E (2009) HIV, Cognition and Women. Neuropsychol Rev 19:204\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-009-9093-2","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1315_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maki PM, Rubin LH, Springer G, Seaberg EC, Sacktor N, Miller EN, Valcour V, Young MA, Becker JT, Martin EM Neuropsychology Working Groups of the Women\u02bcs Interagency HIV Study and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 2018. Differences in Cognitive Function Between Women and Men With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 79, 101\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001764","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001764"},{"key":"1315_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168225","volume":"11","author":"V Marin-Webb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marin-Webb V, Jessen H, Kopp U, Jessen AB, Hahn K (2016) Validation of the International HIV Dementia Scale as a Screening Tool for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in a German-Speaking HIV Outpatient Clinic. PLoS ONE 11:e0168225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168225","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1315_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182478d64","volume":"78","author":"JA McCutchan","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCutchan JA, Marquie-Beck JA, FitzSimons CA, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, Wolfson T, Rosario D, Alexander TJ, Marra C, Ances BM, Grant I (2012) Role of obesity, metabolic variables, and diabetes in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Neurology 78:485\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182478d64","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1315_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720001022","volume":"27","author":"EC McIntosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"McIntosh EC, Tureson K, Rotblatt LJ, Singer EJ, Thames AD (2021) Vascular Risk Factors, and Cognition in the Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 27:365\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720001022","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"1315_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.034","volume":"149","author":"CS Meade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meade CS, Towe SL, Skalski LM, Robertson KR (2015) Independent effects of HIV infection and cocaine dependence on neurocognitive impairment in a community sample living in the southern United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 149:128\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.034","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1315_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15935-x","volume":"23","author":"B Mekuriaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mekuriaw B, Belayneh Z, Teshome W, Akalu Y (2023) Prevalence and variability of HIV\/AIDS-associated neurocognitive impairments in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 23:997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15935-x","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1315_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33403-0","volume":"8","author":"EC Mesquita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mesquita EC, Hottz ED, Amancio RT, Carneiro AB, Palhinha L, Coelho LE, Grinsztejn B, Zimmerman GA, Rondina MT, Weyrich AS, Bozza PT, Bozza FA (2018) Persistent platelet activation and apoptosis in virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals. Sci Rep 8:14999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-33403-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1315_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8914","volume":"316","author":"LR Metsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Metsch LR, Feaster DJ, Gooden L, Matheson T, Stitzer M, Das M, Jain MK, Rodriguez AE, Armstrong WS, Lucas GM, Nijhawan AE, Drainoni M-L, Herrera P, Vergara-Rodriguez P, Jacobson JM, Mugavero MJ, Sullivan M, Daar ES, McMahon DK, Ferris DC, Lindblad R, VanVeldhuisen P, Oden N, Castell\u00f3n PC, Tross S, Haynes LF, Douaihy A, Sorensen JL, Metzger DS, Mandler RN, Colfax GN, del Rio C (2016) Effect of Patient Navigation With or Without Financial Incentives on Viral Suppression Among Hospitalized Patients With HIV Infection and Substance Use: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 316:156\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.8914","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1315_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001968","volume":"32","author":"B Milanini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Milanini B, Paul R, Bahemana E, Adamu Y, Kiweewa F, Langat R, Owuoth J, Allen E, Polyak C, Ake J, Valcour V, AFRICOS study Team (2018) Limitations of the International HIV Dementia Scale in the current era. AIDS 32:2477\u20132483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001968","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1315_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0143","volume":"36","author":"C Moran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moran C, Phan TG, Chen J, Blizzard L, Beare R, Venn A, M\u00fcnch G, Wood AG, Forbes J, Greenaway TM, Pearson S, Srikanth V (2013) Brain Atrophy in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 36:4036\u20134042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-0143","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1315_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e025218","DOI":"10.7322\/abcshs.2023152.2440","volume":"50","author":"JCMD Nascimento","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nascimento JCMD, Wendt GW, Titon JP, Vicentini GE, Azevedo LBHD, Ferreto LED (2025) Factors associated with neurocognitive disorders in people living with HIV aged\u2009\u2265\u200950 years old in Brazil: a cross-sectional study. ABCS Health Sci 50:e025218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7322\/abcshs.2023152.2440","journal-title":"ABCS Health Sci"},{"key":"1315_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00813-2","volume":"19","author":"S Nightingale","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nightingale S, Ances B, Cinque P, Dravid A, Dreyer AJ, Gissl\u00e9n M, Joska JA, Kwasa J, Meyer A-C, Mpongo N, Nakasujja N, Pebody R, Pozniak A, Price RW, Sandford C, Saylor D, Thomas KGF, Underwood J, Vera JH, Winston A (2023) Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: consensus recommendations for a new approach. Nat Rev Neurol 19:424\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-023-00813-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1315_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003155","volume":"92","author":"OK Okwuegbuna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okwuegbuna OK, Kaur H, Jennifer I, Bush WS, Bharti A, Umlauf A, Ellis RJ, Franklin DR, Heaton RK, McCutchan JA, Kallianpur AR, Letendre SL (2023) Anemia and Erythrocyte Indices Are Associated With Neurocognitive Performance Across Multiple Ability Domains in Adults With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 92:414\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003155","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1315_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e244","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00373-3","volume":"10","author":"KJ Petersen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petersen KJ, Lu T, Wisch J, Roman J, Metcalf N, Cooley SA, Babulal GM, Paul R, Sotiras A, Vaida F, Ances BM (2023) Effects of clinical, comorbid, and social determinants of health on brain ageing in people with and without HIV: a retrospective case-control study. Lancet HIV 10:e244\u2013e253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00373-3","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"1315_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-011-0053-2","volume":"17","author":"AB Ragin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ragin AB, D\u2019Souza G, Reynolds S, Miller E, Sacktor N, Selnes OA, Martin E, Visscher BR, Becker JT (2011) Platelet decline as a predictor of brain injury in HIV infection. J Neurovirol 17:487\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-011-0053-2","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"1315_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e023918","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023918","volume":"11","author":"J Ramos-Cejudo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramos-Cejudo J, Johnson AD, Beiser A, Seshadri S, Salinas J, Berger JS, Fillmore NR, Do N, Zheng C, Kovbasyuk Z, Ardekani BA, Pomara N, Bubu OM, Parekh A, Convit A, Betensky RA, Wisniewski TM, Osorio RS (2022) Platelet Function Is Associated With Dementia Risk in the Framingham Heart Study. JAHA 11:e023918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.121.023918","journal-title":"JAHA"},{"key":"1315_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.1.22","volume":"18","author":"CJ Recklitis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Recklitis CJ, Parsons SK, Shih M-C, Mertens A, Robison LL, Zeltzer L (2006) Factor structure of the brief symptom inventory\u201318 in adult survivors of childhood cancer: results from the childhood cancer survivor study. Psychol Assess 18:22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.18.1.22","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1315_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280500516500","volume":"12","author":"D Riedel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Riedel D, Ghate M, Nene M, Paranjape R, Mehendale S, Bollinger R, Sacktor N, McArthur J, Nath A (2006) Screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia in an HIV clade C-infected population in India. J Neurovirol 12:34\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13550280500516500","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"1315_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061124","volume":"11","author":"EC Rosca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosca EC, Tadger P, Cornea A, Tudor R, Oancea C, Simu M (2021) International HIV Dementia Scale for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 11:1124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11061124","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"1315_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001755","volume":"79","author":"LH Rubin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rubin LH, Radtke KK, Eum S, Tamraz B, Kumanan KN, Springer G, Maki PM, Anastos K, Merenstein D, Karim R, Weber KM, Gustafson D, Greenblatt RM, Bishop JR (2018) Cognitive Burden of Common Non-antiretroviral Medications in HIV-Infected Women. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 79:83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001755","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1315_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-016-0111-x","volume":"10","author":"M Rytil\u00e4-Manninen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rytil\u00e4-Manninen M, Fr\u00f6jd S, Haravuori H, Lindberg N, Marttunen M, Kettunen K, Therman S (2016) Psychometric properties of the Symptom Checklist-90 in adolescent psychiatric inpatients and age- and gender-matched community youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 10:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-016-0111-x","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"1315_CR41","first-page":"1367","volume":"19","author":"NC Sacktor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sacktor NC, Wong M, Nakasujja N, Skolasky RL, Selnes OA, Musisi S, Robertson K, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Katabira E (2005) The International HIV Dementia Scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS 19:1367\u20131374","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1315_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061631","volume":"13","author":"F Salis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salis F, Belfiori M, Bellisai A, Bernardini E, Murtas M, Piras R, Serreli S, Ortu F, Piano P, Del Giacco S, Mandas A (2024) Cognitive Impairment in People Living with HIV and the Impact of Mood: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study. JCM 13:1631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13061631","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"1315_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001102","volume":"23","author":"R Saloner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saloner R, Cysique LA (2017) HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Global Perspective. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 23:860\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617717001102","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"1315_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12979","volume":"22","author":"M Sanmart\u00ed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanmart\u00ed M, Meyer AC, Jaen A, Robertson K, Tan N, Mapesi H, Samson L, Ndaki R, Battegay M, Tanner M, Weisser M, Dalmau D, Letang E, Group KIULARCO (2021) HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment in stable people living with HIV on ART in rural Tanzania. HIV Med 22:102\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.12979","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"1315_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-25","volume":"1","author":"J Shahriar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shahriar J, Delate T, Hays RD, Coons SJ (2003) Commentary on using the SF-36 or MOS-HIV in studies of persons with HIV disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes 1:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-1-25","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"1315_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4674","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302318","volume":"192","author":"MV Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh MV, Davidson DC, Jackson JW, Singh VB, Silva J, Ramirez SH, Maggirwar SB (2014) Characterization of Platelet\u2013Monocyte Complexes in HIV-1\u2013Infected Individuals: Possible Role in HIV-Associated Neuroinflammation. J Immunol 192:4674\u20134684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1302318","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1315_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","volume-title":"Measuring Alcohol Consumption","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sobell LC, Sobell MB (1992) Timeline Follow-Back. In: Litten RZ, Allen JP (eds) Measuring Alcohol Consumption. Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp 41\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3"},{"key":"1315_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-016-0440-y","volume":"39","author":"GJ Treisman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Treisman GJ, Soudry O (2016) Neuropsychiatric Effects of HIV Antiviral Medications. Drug Saf 39:945\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40264-016-0440-y","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"1315_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables W, Ripley B (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S, Fourth edition. ed. Springer, New York","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"1315_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010752","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu M, Lu Q, Farrell M, Lappin JM, Shi J, Lu L, Bao Y (2020) Global prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: A meta-analysis. Neurol 95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010752","journal-title":"Neurol 95"},{"key":"1315_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","volume":"34","author":"J Ware","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ware J, Kosinski M, Keller SD (1996) A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 34:220\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"1315_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581346","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.581346","volume":"11","author":"J Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei J, Hou J, Su B, Jiang T, Guo C, Wang W, Zhang Y, Chang B, Wu H, Zhang T (2020) The Prevalence of Frascati-Criteria-Based HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) in HIV-Infected Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 11:581346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.581346","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1315_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2001.26268","volume":"42","author":"K Yamauchi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamauchi K, Ono Y, Baba K, Ikegami N (2001) The actual process of rating the global assessment of functioning scale. Compr Psychiatr 42:403\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/comp.2001.26268","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"key":"1315_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001964","volume":"81","author":"B Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu B, Pasipanodya E, Montoya JL, Moore RC, Gianella S, McCutchan A, Ellis R, Heaton RK, Jeste DV, Moore DJ, Marquine MJ (2019) Metabolic Syndrome and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 81:95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001964","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1315_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814362","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.814362","volume":"13","author":"Y Zenebe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zenebe Y, Necho M, Yimam W, Akele B (2022) Worldwide Occurrence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and Its Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 13:814362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.814362","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroVirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01315-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01315-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01315-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T01:03:11Z","timestamp":1781312591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01315-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-026-01315-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-0284","1538-2443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-0284","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-2443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}