{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T13:42:33Z","timestamp":1786196553311,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008132","name":"Universidade Federal De Pernambuco","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurovirol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with a broad spectrum of neurological manifestations, including conditions that may precede the development of HTLV-1\u2013associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). This analytical, descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection and describe associated sociodemographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics among patients with neurological disorders followed at a tertiary public hospital in Northeast Brazil between 2024 and 2025. A total of 300 patients underwent serological screening using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a commercial kit (DiaSorin Murex HTLV-1\u2009+\u20092). Samples with positive or indeterminate results underwent DNA extraction and molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to differentiate viral types. Three patients tested positive for HTLV-1, resulting in an overall prevalence of 1.0%. All HTLV-1-positive individuals were women aged 43 to 72 years with low educational attainment and income. Univariate analyses identified significant associations with injection drug use, history of blood transfusion, and family history of HTLV-1 infection. Clinically, HTLV-1-positive patients presented heterogeneous neurological manifestations, ranging from urinary dysfunction and lower limb sensory and motor impairment to musculoskeletal and inflammatory symptoms. These findings highlight the broad spectrum of neurological involvement associated with HTLV-1 infection. Early identification of HTLV-1 may contribute to improved clinical management and inform public health strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-026-01322-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:11:27Z","timestamp":1783347087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HTLV-1 infection in patients with neurological manifestations in Northeast Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Artur Fernando Soares","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan Charles","family":"da Silva Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Tiemi","family":"Oikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Eliza Vargas Eskinazi","family":"Sant\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Galindo","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarice Neuenschwander Lins","family":"de Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"de Almeida Neves Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5671-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ros\u00e2ngela Cunha Duarte","family":"Co\u00ealho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1322_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101333","volume":"17","author":"A Altieri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Altieri A et al (2025) HTLV-1 and ATLL: Epidemiology, oncogenesis, and opportunities for community-informed research in the United States. Viruses v 17(10):1333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17101333","journal-title":"Viruses v"},{"key":"1322_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo A, Wedemann D (2019) HTLV-1 associated neurological complex: what is hidden below the water? AIDS Rev 21:3403 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24875\/AIDSRev.19000108","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.19000108"},{"key":"1322_CR3","unstructured":"Assis IM et al (2021) Analysis of proviral load levels in HTLV-1 carriers with different neurological impairment conditions [in Portuguese]. Res Soc Dev 10:e22310313264"},{"key":"1322_CR4","volume-title":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Guia de Manejo Cl\u00ednico da Infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo HTLV [Clinical Management Guide for HTLV Infection, in Portuguese]","author":"Brasil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brasil (2021) Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Guia de Manejo Cl\u00ednico da Infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo HTLV [Clinical Management Guide for HTLV Infection, in Portuguese]. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Bras\u00edlia, DF"},{"key":"1322_CR15","unstructured":"Brazilian Ministry of Health (2020). Health surveillance secretariat. Prevalence of HTLV-1\/2 Infection in Brazil [Preval\u00eancia da infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo HTLV-1\/2 no Brasil]. Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gico v51(48)."},{"issue":"10","key":"1322_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.931","volume":"22","author":"CM Castro-Costa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Castro-Costa CM et al (2006) Proposal for diagnostic criteria of tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses v 22(10):931\u2013935","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses v"},{"issue":"5","key":"1322_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20900","DOI":"10.34119\/bjhrv4n5-193","volume":"4","author":"VF da Lima","year":"2021","unstructured":"da Lima VF et al (2021) Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2): literature review [in Portuguese]. Brazilian J Health Rev v 4(5):20900\u201320923","journal-title":"Brazilian J Health Rev v"},{"key":"1322_CR6","unstructured":"Eusebio-Ponce E et al (2019) HTLV-1 infection: an emerging risk. pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and associated diseases. Rev Esp Quimioter v32(6):485\u2013496"},{"key":"1322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira QR et al (2024) Neurological aspects of HTLV-1 infection: symptoms in apparently asymptomatic carriers. J Neurovirol 30:353\u2013361 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-024-01197-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-024-01197-9"},{"key":"1322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gascon MR et al (2019) Memory impairment: an intermediate clinical syndrome symptom in HTLV-1-infected patients? Arq Neuropsiquiatr 77:429\u2013435 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282x20190062","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20190062"},{"key":"1322_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haziot ME et al (2019) Detection of clinical and neurological signs in apparently asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected carriers: association with high proviral load. 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Accessed 20 Jun 2026"},{"key":"1322_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107669","volume":"218","author":"J Yamauchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamauchi J et al (2021) An update on human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) focusing on clinical and laboratory biomarkers. 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