{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:59:34Z","timestamp":1783112374579,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005088","name":"Beijing Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11000023T000002044300-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11000023T000002044300-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spinal ependymal tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms encompassing four subtypes: spinal ependymoma (SP-EPN), spinal ependymoma,\n                      <jats:italic>MYCN<\/jats:italic>\n                      -amplification (SP-EPN-\n                      <jats:italic>MYCN<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), spinal myxopapillary ependymoma (SP-MPE), and spinal subependymoma (SP-SE). However, the molecular differences among these subtypes remain largely unknown.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using an integrated multi-omics approach (whole-genome sequencing, RNA-seq, and mass spectrometry), we identified the distinct molecular characteristics of three subtypes except for SP-EPN-\n                      <jats:italic>MYCN<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In SP-EPN, abnormal enrichment of ciliary signaling, particularly involving the\n                      <jats:italic>MKS<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex, was evident. SP-MPE exhibited significant dysregulation of mitochondrial metabolism, reflecting a metabolic profile aligned with the Warburg effect. SP-SE tumors showed enhanced activity of immune-related pathways, including interferon signaling and extracellular vesicle dynamics, suggesting a distinct tumor microenvironment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot study identifies candidate molecular markers in a single-center spinal ependymal tumor cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-025-01122-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:52:26Z","timestamp":1761745946000},"page":"1987-2000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-omics analysis delineates molecular signatures of spinal ependymal tumor"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Weihao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaowu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1122_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","volume":"21","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Q.T. Ostrom, G. Cioffi, H. Gittleman, N. Patil, K. Waite, C. Kruchko, J.S. Barnholtz-Sloan, CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the united States in 2012\u20132016. Neuro Oncol. 21, v1\u2013v100 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"1122_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200211000-00010","volume":"51","author":"F Hanbali","year":"2002","unstructured":"F. Hanbali, D.R. Fourney, E. Marmor, D. Suki, L.D. Rhines, J.S. Weinberg, I.E. McCutcheon, I. Suk, Z.L. Gokaslan, Spinal cord ependymoma: radical surgical resection and outcome. Neurosurgery. 51, 1162\u20131172 (2002). discussion 1172\u2009\u2013\u20091164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-200211000-00010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1122_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1215\/S1152851704001231","volume":"7","author":"DR Gomez","year":"2005","unstructured":"D.R. Gomez, B.T. Missett, W.M. Wara, K.R. Lamborn, M.D. Prados, S. Chang, M.S. Berger, D.A. Haas-Kogan, High failure rate in spinal ependymomas with long-term follow-up. Neuro Oncol. 7, 254\u2013259 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/S1152851704001231","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"1122_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00433-2","volume":"22","author":"AH Saleh","year":"2022","unstructured":"A.H. Saleh, N. Samuel, K. Juraschka, M.H. Saleh, M.D. Taylor, M.G. Fehlings, The biology of ependymomas and emerging novel therapies. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 22, 208\u2013222 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-021-00433-2","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"1122_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33918","volume":"128","author":"S Gritsch","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Gritsch, T.T. Batchelor, L.N. Gonzalez Castro, Diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications of the 2021 world health organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer. 128, 47\u201358 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.33918","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1122_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.04.002","volume":"27","author":"KW Pajtler","year":"2015","unstructured":"K.W. Pajtler, H. Witt, M. Sill, D.T. Jones, V. Hovestadt, F. Kratochwil, K. Wani, R. Tatevossian, C. Punchihewa, P. Johann et al., Molecular classification of ependymal tumors across all CNS Compartments, histopathological Grades, and age groups. Cancer Cell. 27, 728\u2013743 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.04.002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"1122_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02668-9","volume":"147","author":"S Neyazi","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Neyazi, E. Yamazawa, K. Hack, S. Tanaka, G. Nagae, C. Kresbach, T. Umeda, A. Eckhardt, K. Tatsuno, L. Pohl et al., Transcriptomic and epigenetic dissection of spinal ependymoma (SP-EPN) identifies clinically relevant subtypes enriched for tumors with and without NF2 mutation. Acta Neuropathol. 147, 22 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-023-02668-9","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1122_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02056-2","volume":"138","author":"DR Ghasemi","year":"2019","unstructured":"D.R. Ghasemi, M. Sill, K. Okonechnikov, A. Korshunov, S. Yip, P.W. Schutz, D. Scheie, A. Kruse, P.N. Harter, M. Kastelan et al., MYCN amplification drives an aggressive form of spinal ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol. 138, 1075\u20131089 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-019-02056-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1122_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00973-y","volume":"8","author":"M Raffeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Raffeld, Z. Abdullaev, S.D. Pack, L. Xi, S. Nagaraj, N. Briceno, E. Vera, S. Pittaluga, L. Abath Neto, O. Quezado, M., et al., High level MYCN amplification and distinct methylation signature define an aggressive subtype of spinal cord ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 8, 101 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-020-00973-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"1122_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac088","volume":"24","author":"M Bockmayr","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Bockmayr, K. Harnisch, L.C. Pohl, L. Schweizer, T. Mohme, M. Korner, M. Alawi, A.K. Suwala, M.M. Dorostkar, C.M. Monoranu et al., Comprehensive profiling of myxopapillary ependymomas identifies a distinct molecular subtype with relapsing disease. Neuro Oncol. 24, 1689\u20131699 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac088","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"1122_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.257246.119","volume":"31","author":"S Uhrig","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Uhrig, J. Ellermann, T. Walther, P. Burkhardt, M. Frohlich, B. Hutter, U.H. Toprak, O. Neumann, A. Stenzinger, C. Scholl et al., Accurate and efficient detection of gene fusions from RNA sequencing data. Genome Res. 31, 448\u2013460 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.257246.119","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"1122_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz859","volume":"36","author":"T Aramaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Aramaki, R. Blanc-Mathieu, H. Endo, K. Ohkubo, M. Kanehisa, S. Goto, H. Ogata, KofamKOALA: KEGG ortholog assignment based on profile HMM and adaptive score threshold. Bioinformatics. 36, 2251\u20132252 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz859","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1122_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","volume":"16","author":"G Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"G. Yu, L.G. Wang, Y. Han, Q.Y. He, ClusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. OMICS. 16, 284\u2013287 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"1122_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Suvakov, A. Panda, C. Diesh, I. Holmes, A. Abyzov, CNVpytor: a tool for copy number variation detection and analysis from read depth and allele imbalance in whole-genome sequencing. Gigascience. 10 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giab074","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab074"},{"key":"1122_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02300-8","volume":"141","author":"C Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"C. Thomas, F. Thierfelder, M. Trager, P. Soschinski, M. Muther, D. Edelmann, A. Forster, C. Geiler, H.Y. Kim, K. Filipski et al., TERT promoter mutation and chromosome 6 loss define a high-risk subtype of ependymoma evolving from posterior fossa subependymoma. Acta Neuropathol. 141, 959\u2013970 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-021-02300-8","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1122_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0506-500","volume":"38","author":"M Reich","year":"2006","unstructured":"M. Reich, T. Liefeld, J. Gould, J. Lerner, P. Tamayo, J.P. Mesirov, GenePattern 2.0. Nat. Genet. 38, 500\u2013501 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng0506-500","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1122_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D941","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1015","volume":"47","author":"JG Tate","year":"2019","unstructured":"J.G. Tate, S. Bamford, H.C. Jubb, Z. Sondka, D.M. Beare, N. Bindal, H. Boutselakis, C.G. Cole, C. Creatore, E. Dawson et al., COSMIC: the catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D941\u2013D947 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gky1015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1122_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110017","volume":"37","author":"P Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"P. Zhang, H. Luo, Y. Li, Y. Wang, J. Wang, Y. Zheng, Y. Niu, Y. Shi, H. Zhou, T. Song et al., NyuWa genome resource: A deep whole-genome sequencing-based variation profile and reference panel for the Chinese population. Cell. Rep. 37, 110017 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110017","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"1122_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22981","volume":"37","author":"JT den Dunnen","year":"2016","unstructured":"den J.T. Dunnen, R. Dalgleish, D.R. Maglott, R.K. Hart, M.S. Greenblatt, J. McGowan-Jordan, A.F. Roux, T. Smith, S.E. Antonarakis, P.E. Taschner, HGVS recommendations for the description of sequence variants: 2016 update. Hum. Mutat. 37, 564\u2013569 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/humu.22981","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"1122_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105607","volume":"163","author":"R Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"R. Ma, N.A. Kutchy, L. Chen, D.D. Meigs, G. Hu, Primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders. Neurobiol. Dis. 163, 105607 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105607","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"1122_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E.K. Ho, T. Stearns, Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development. 148 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.195552","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.195552"},{"key":"1122_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac147","volume":"25","author":"T de Almeida Magalhaes","year":"2023","unstructured":"de T. Almeida Magalhaes, A. Veiga Cruzeiro, G. Ribeiro de Sousa, G. Englinger, B.F.P. Nagano, L. Ancliffe, M.R. da Silva, K. Jiang, L. Gojo, J.C. Liu, Y., et al., Activation of Hedgehog signaling by the oncogenic RELA fusion reveals a primary cilia-dependent vulnerability in supratentorial ependymoma. Neuro Oncol. 25, 185\u2013198 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac147","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"1122_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw032","volume":"44","author":"M Babiceanu","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Babiceanu, F. Qin, Z. Xie, Y. Jia, K. Lopez, N. Janus, L. Facemire, S. Kumar, Y. Pang, Y. Qi et al., Recurrent chimeric fusion RNAs in non-cancer tissues and cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, 2859\u20132872 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkw032","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1122_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16465","volume":"530","author":"S Pillay","year":"2016","unstructured":"S. Pillay, N.L. Meyer, A.S. Puschnik, O. Davulcu, J. Diep, Y. Ishikawa, L.T. Jae, J.E. Wosen, C.M. Nagamine, M.S. Chapman, J.E. Carette, An essential receptor for adeno-associated virus infection. Nature. 530, 108\u2013112 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16465","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1122_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"I.P. Heremans, F. Caligiore, I. Gerin, M. Bury, M. Lutz, J. Graff, V. Stroobant, D. Vertommen, A.A. Teleman, Van E. Schaftingen, G.T. Bommer, Parkinson\u2019s disease protein PARK7 prevents metabolite and protein damage caused by a glycolytic metabolite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 119 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2111338119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111338119"},{"key":"1122_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.2.357","volume":"123","author":"D Masson","year":"1993","unstructured":"D. Masson, T.E. Kreis, Identification and molecular characterization of E-MAP-115, a novel microtubule-associated protein predominantly expressed in epithelial cells. J. Cell. Biol. 123, 357\u2013371 (1993). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.123.2.357","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"1122_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)80148-8","volume":"86","author":"CM Chen","year":"1996","unstructured":"C.M. Chen, N. Kraut, M. Groudine, H. Weintraub, I-mf, a novel myogenic repressor, interacts with members of the myod family. Cell. 86, 731\u2013741 (1996). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)80148-8","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1122_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.003","volume":"38","author":"Z Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Z. Yang, K.K. Wang, Glial fibrillary acidic protein: from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker. Trends Neurosci. 38, 364\u2013374 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1122_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23594","volume":"67","author":"EJ van Bodegraven","year":"2019","unstructured":"van E.J. Bodegraven, van J.V. Asperen, P.A.J. Robe, E.M. Hol, Importance of GFAP isoform-specific analyses in Astrocytoma. Glia. 67, 1417\u20131433 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.23594","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"1122_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","volume":"32","author":"WM Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"W.M. Schneider, M.D. Chevillotte, C.M. Rice, Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 32, 513\u2013545 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1122_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216080","volume":"556","author":"HM Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"H.M. Nguyen, S. Gaikwad, M. Oladejo, M.Y. Agrawal, S.K. Srivastava, L.M. Wood, Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) in cancer: an update. Cancer Lett. 556, 216080 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216080","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"1122_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.891","volume":"43","author":"FR Garcia-Gonzalo","year":"2011","unstructured":"F.R. Garcia-Gonzalo, K.C. Corbit, M.S. Sirerol-Piquer, G. Ramaswami, E.A. Otto, T.R. Noriega, A.D. Seol, J.F. Robinson, C.L. Bennett, D.J. Josifova et al., A transition zone complex regulates mammalian ciliogenesis and ciliary membrane composition. Nat. Genet. 43, 776\u2013784 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.891","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1122_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl459","volume":"16","author":"HR Dawe","year":"2007","unstructured":"H.R. Dawe, U.M. Smith, A.R. Cullinane, D. Gerrelli, P. Cox, J.L. Badano, S. Blair-Reid, N. Sriram, N. Katsanis, T. Attie-Bitach et al., The Meckel-Gruber syndrome proteins MKS1 and Meckelin interact and are required for primary cilium formation. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16, 173\u2013186 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddl459","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1122_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31751-0","volume":"13","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Wang, X. Wen, Z. Wang, Z. Lin, C. Li, H. Zhou, H. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Cheng, Y. Chen et al., Ciliary transition zone proteins coordinate ciliary protein composition and ectosome shedding. Nat. Commun. 13, 3997 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-31751-0","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1122_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41450-z","volume":"14","author":"HM Truong","year":"2023","unstructured":"H.M. Truong, K.O. Cruz-Colon, J.Y. Martinez-Marquez, J.R. Willer, A.M. Travis, S.K. Biswas, W.K. Lo, H.J. Bolz, J.N. Pearring, The tectonic complex regulates membrane protein composition in the photoreceptor cilium. Nat. Commun. 14, 5671 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-41450-z","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1122_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M.K. Oklinski, M.T. Skowronski, A. Skowronska, M. Rutzler, K. Norgaard, J.D. Nieland, T.H. Kwon, S. Nielsen, Aquaporins in the spinal cord. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17122050","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122050"},{"key":"1122_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-022-00513-x","volume":"8","author":"JK Tabor","year":"2022","unstructured":"J.K. Tabor, B. Ryu, D. Schneider, D.M. Sciubba, A. Narayana, A. Zlochower, R.S. Amico, Multifocal lumbar myxopapillary ependymoma presenting with drop metastasis: a case report and review of the literature. Spinal Cord Ser. Cases. 8, 43 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-022-00513-x","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser. Cases"},{"key":"1122_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687969","volume":"71","author":"T Kubota","year":"1986","unstructured":"T. Kubota, J. Ishise, T. Yamashima, S. Yamamoto, Abnormal cilia in a malignant ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol. 71, 100\u2013105 (1986). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00687969","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1122_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173399","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173399","volume":"12","author":"SC Goetz","year":"2017","unstructured":"S.C. Goetz, F. Bangs, C.L. Barrington, N. Katsanis, K.V. Anderson, The Meckel syndrome- associated protein MKS1 functionally interacts with components of the BBSome and IFT complexes to mediate ciliary trafficking and Hedgehog signaling. PLoS One. 12, e0173399 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173399","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1122_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00008","volume":"6","author":"G Wheway","year":"2018","unstructured":"G. Wheway, L. Nazlamova, J.T. Hancock, Signaling through the primary cilium. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 6, 8 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2018.00008","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"1122_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18552","volume":"182","author":"R Dummer","year":"2020","unstructured":"R. Dummer, A. Guminksi, R. Gutzmer, J.T. Lear, K.D. Lewis, A.L.S. Chang, P. Combemale, L. Dirix, M. Kaatz, R. Kudchadkar et al., Long-term efficacy and safety of sonidegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: 42-month analysis of the phase II randomized, double-blind BOLT study. Br. J. Dermatol. 182, 1369\u20131378 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.18552","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"1122_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2745","volume":"17","author":"PM LoRusso","year":"2011","unstructured":"P.M. LoRusso, C.M. Rudin, J.C. Reddy, R. Tibes, G.J. Weiss, M.J. Borad, C.L. Hann, J.R. Brahmer, I. Chang, W.C. Darbonne et al., Phase I trial of Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib (GDC-0449) in patients with refractory, locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 2502\u20132511 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2745","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1122_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2650","volume":"21","author":"SC Mack","year":"2015","unstructured":"S.C. Mack, S. Agnihotri, K.C. Bertrand, X. Wang, D.J. Shih, H. Witt, N. Hill, K. Zayne, M. Barszczyk, V. Ramaswamy et al., Spinal myxopapillary ependymomas demonstrate a Warburg phenotype. Clin. Cancer Res. 21, 3750\u20133758 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2650","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1122_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.09.003","volume":"355","author":"D Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"D. Zhang, J. Li, F. Wang, J. Hu, S. Wang, Y. Sun, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose targeting of glucose metabolism in cancer cells as a potential therapy. Cancer Lett. 355, 176\u2013183 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.09.003","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"1122_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S.J. Fu, S.L. Shen, S.Q. Li, Y.P. Hua, W.J. Hu, B. Guo, B.G. Peng, Hornerin promotes tumor progression and is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 18 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-018-4719-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4719-5"},{"key":"1122_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03347-9","volume":"24","author":"Q Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Q. Li, T. Wang, Y. Tang, X. Zou, Z. Shen, Z. Tang, Y. Zhou, J. Shi, A novel prognostic signature based on smoking-associated genes for predicting prognosis and immune microenvironment in NSCLC smokers. Cancer Cell. Int. 24, 171 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12935-024-03347-9","journal-title":"Cancer Cell. Int."},{"key":"1122_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.004","volume":"38","author":"J Gojo","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Gojo, B. Englinger, L. Jiang, J.M. Hubner, M.L. Shaw, O.A. Hack, S. Madlener, D. Kirchhofer, I. Liu, J. Pyrdol et al., Single-Cell RNA-Seq reveals cellular hierarchies and impaired developmental trajectories in pediatric ependymoma. Cancer Cell. 38, 44\u201359e49 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"1122_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108023","volume":"32","author":"AE Gillen","year":"2020","unstructured":"A.E. Gillen, K.A. Riemondy, V. Amani, A.M. Griesinger, A. Gilani, S. Venkataraman, K. Madhavan, E. Prince, B. Sanford, T.C. Hankinson et al., Single-Cell RNA sequencing of childhood ependymoma reveals neoplastic cell subpopulations that impact molecular classification and etiology. Cell. Rep. 32, 108023 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108023","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"1122_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27018-9","volume":"12","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Q. Zhang, S. Cheng, Y. Wang, M. Wang, Y. Lu, Z. Wen, Y. Ge, Q. Ma, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang et al., Interrogation of the microenvironmental landscape in spinal ependymomas reveals dual functions of tumor-associated macrophages. Nat. Commun. 12, 6867 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-27018-9","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Cellular Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13402-025-01122-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13402-025-01122-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13402-025-01122-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T08:56:59Z","timestamp":1765443419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13402-025-01122-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13402-025-01122-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5761045\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2211-3436"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-3436","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (KY2022-089-02), and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were consented to the informed consent process and consented to publish.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}