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This study aimed to investigate whether intrahepatic and circulating immune profiles in HCC patients correlate with patient characteristics or clinical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fresh tumor tissue, paired non-tumor liver tissue, and peripheral blood samples from 93 patients with HCC were analyzed using multiparametric flow cytometry to characterize lymphocyte subsets (T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and B cells), immune checkpoint molecule expression (ICOS, 4-1BB, OX40, PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, and CTLA-4), and activation status. Associations between immune parameters and patient demographic or clinical features were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels positively correlated with tumor-infiltrating PD-1high CD8+ T cell frequency (r=0.45, p&lt;0.0001), but this correlation was not observed in non-tumoral or circulating compartments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AFP-producing HCC is linked to intra-tumoral immune exhaustion, marked by PD-1high CD8+ T cell accumulation, suggesting a localized immunosuppressive effect mediated by tumor-secreted AFP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-026-01170-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T14:21:57Z","timestamp":1770128517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intratumoral PD-1high CD8+ T cells correlate with AFP levels in HCC patients: a brief report"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Macek Jilkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Ghelfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucile","family":"Dumolard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bleuenn","family":"Brusset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Teyssier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Costentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Decaens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R.L. 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The names have been corrected","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13402-026-01176-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13402-026-01176-8","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and French legislation governing local sample collection (DC-2014-2295 and AC-2019-3627) and approved by the Ethics Committee of CHU Grenoble-Alpes. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"39"}}